Effects of ambient humidity and temperature on partial discharge characteristics of conventional and nanocomposite enameled magnet wires

Effects of ambient humidity and temperature on partial discharge (PD) characteristics in twisted pairs with conventional and nanocomposite enameled magnet wires have been investigated. Measurements of the PD inception voltage (PDIV) and the apparent PD charge were performed by applying an ac sinusoidal waveform voltage of 60 Hz to the twisted pair. The observed PDIV in this study can be classified into the following three behaviors. First, the PDIV in both wires decreases with increasing relative humidity (RH) at low temperature. Secondly, the PDIV in both wires slightly increases when increasing the RH at high temperature. Thus, there is a certain value of the absolute humidity to determine the lowest PDIV in both cases with the conventional and nanocomposite enameled wires. Thirdly, the PDIV in the conventional enameled wire significantly decreases at the RH of 95 %, while the decrease rate of that in the nanocomposite enameled wire is relatively small. The observed PD phenomena are discussed in terms of material characterization of the enameled wires such as changes in permittivity due to moisture absorption and wettabilitiy under voltage application.     

Partial discharge inception and propagation characteristics of magnet wire for inverter-fed motor under surge voltage application

In inverter-fed motor coils, surge voltages with the rise time of several tens or hundreds of nano-second may cause partial discharge (PD) and degradation of electrical insulation performance of the inverter-fed motor coils. This paper discusses PD inception characteristics as well as PD propagation characteristics after PD inception for magnet wire of inverter-fed motor under surge voltage application. Experimental results firstly revealed that PD inception voltage (PDIV) decreased with the increase in the length of enamel-coated wire, which was evaluated in terms of the stressed wire contact length under surge voltage application, i.e. size effect. We proposed a regression line for the size effect on PDIV for the electrical insulation design of inverter-fed motor coils. Secondly, PD propagation characteristics were also investigated under the higher voltage application, and their mechanisms were discussed in terms of generation probability of initial electrons, space charge behavior in the wedge-shaped air gap, charging on the enamel surface and so on     

交直流复合电压下油中局部放电的起始过程

换流变阀侧绕组同时承受交流、直流、交直流叠加、极性反转等多种特殊电压形式,其许用场强却未得到同等关注。因此,采用针-板、板-板典型电极模型和脉冲电流法及宽频带电流传感器检测法,研究了变压器油在交流、直流、交直流复合电压条件下的局部放电起始过程;总结了该起始电压随电压类型变化的规律曲线,为换流变许用场强的提出奠定了基础。试验结果表明:针-板电极模型下局放起始电压基本只与交流、直流、复合电压的幅值有关,而与电压类型、复合电压分量所占比例无明显关系;板-板电极模型中,复合电压下交流局部放电起始电压受直流分量的影响很小。通过高速摄像仪记录复合电压下局部放电引发击穿的全过程并估算出了放电增长速率约为1.8km/s;利用扫描电镜观测放电通道表面形貌特征,进而采用表面能谱分析法检测其主要元素含量由高至低依次为C、O、Cu、Si。最后通过复合电压下油中局部放电产生随机分布气泡的仿真模型算出,气泡使局部放电场强严重畸变,不均匀系数f达1.6。     

Partial discharge characteristics of inverter-fed motor coil samples under ac and surge voltage conditions

This work investigates the partial discharge (PD) characteristics of twisted pair samples for inverter-fed motor coil under ac and surge voltage conditions. It also discusses the difference in the PD inception characteristics of a twisted pair under 60-Hz voltage and surge voltages with a steep wave front. The PDIV under ac voltage was measured and was found to agree well with the theoretical value using electric field analysis and Paschen's law. The PDIV under surge voltage was measured for different repetition rates and the PDIV for 60-pps repetition was found to be lower than those for 6 pps and for the single shot, which suggested that the electrical insulation performance would be influenced by the repetition rate. The PDIV under surge voltages was 1.5 to 1.8 and 2.3 to 2.7 times higher than those under AC voltage application for the used and virgin samples, respectively.     

高温气冷堆核电站主氦风机驱动电机绝缘系统评定技术研究

设计了一套在0.1 MPa氦气和空气环境下测试绝缘系统电气绝缘性能的试验装置,完成了0.1 MPa气压下氦气和空气中主氦风机驱动电机绝缘系统模型的局部放电起始电压(PDIV)、起晕电压、匝间冲击、绝缘电阻和工频击穿电压对比试验。试验结果表明:在0.1 MPa气压下,绝缘系统在氦气环境下的部分绝缘性能较空气中大幅下降,氦气环境下绝缘系统的PDIV值约为空气中的50%,起晕电压值约为空气中的20%~25%,闪络(击穿)电压约为空气中的50%。     

振荡冲击电压下典型绝缘模型局部放电解析(英文)

The aim of this paper was to give an overview on partial discharges under oscillating impulse voltage.Three models(void in solid,needle-plate in air and oil) were presented,which describe the stochastic discharge process and represent internal discharges in solids and corona in air or silicon oil.Moreover,an air cored Rogowski coil and a sampling resistor for partial discharge(PD) measurement were developed and introduced in this paper.PD inception and extinction voltages(PDIV,PDEV) under single oscillating impulse voltage and AC voltage were investigated with different test samples.Experimental results firstly revealed that the PD inception voltage(PDIV) decreased with increasing applied voltage;secondly the PD inception voltage for three different insulating materials,showed an escalating trend with increasing frequency of the applied voltage.It was proven that the characteristics of PD under oscillating impulse voltage were identical to the features under AC voltage,which could be measured with the phase resolved partial discharge analysis(PRPDA) technique.Based on the reorganization and analysis of PDs under oscillating impulse voltage,the information about insulation defects was extracted from the measured data and used for estimating the risk of insulation failure of the equipment.     

Modeling PD inception voltage of epoxy resin post insulators usingan adaptive neural network

One of the parameters used to characterize the partial discharge (PD) behavior is its inception voltage. The partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) should always be higher than the operating voltage to ensure that PD does not occur at or near operating voltage. Under these circumstances, other PD parameters such as apparent charge, energy dissipation need not be considered. This paper deals with modeling of PDIV of epoxy-resin post insulators using a neural network (NN). The PDIV is obtained experimentally for various shapes and sizes of post insulators, with a working voltage in the range of 3.3 to 33 kV. The electrode spacing d and creepage length l are the key parameters employed for the present modeling. An adaptively trained multilayer NN is employed for the modeling. Detailed studies are carried out to optimize the NN parameters for minimum error. The model results obtained closely follow the experimental data indicating the effectiveness of NN as an efficient tool in estimation of PDIV of epoxy-resin postinsulators     

Dielectric characteristics of turn-to-turn insulation models of gas-insulated transformer under very fast transient voltages

This paper deals with the partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) and breakdown voltage (BDV) characteristics of turn-to-turn insulation models for SF₆ gas-insulated transformers in the presence of steep-front short-pulse voltages, whose waveforms are 35/65 ns and 50/370 ns. It was determined that PDIV at nanosecond pulses were 1.05 to 1.15 times higher than those at standard impulse voltages and that the BDV at nanosecond pulses were about 1.4 times higher than those at standard impulse voltages. The ratio of impulse PDIV to ac PDIV is 1.40 to 1.48 for standard impulse voltages and 1.32 to 1.37 for switching impulses. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 121(3): 36–43, 1997     

标准操作冲击电压下220 kV GIS中典型缺陷局部放电特征

通过在实验室搭建的冲击电压下220 kV GIS局部放电测试系统,研究了在220 kV GIS母线段中设置典型缺陷在标准操作冲击电压下局部放电特性。大量试验表明,在标准操作冲击电压下,局部放电具有较工频具有显著性差异。局部放电从PDIV开始就表现出较高的放电脉冲幅值、放电次数以及更宽的放电区域范围,此趋势随着施加电压的上升而越明显,且负极性的放电概率要高于正极性下的放电。     

Development of a Partial Discharge Inception Calculation Model of a Nonuniform Air Gap Considering the Effect of Humidity

Insulation design employing discharge simulation based on physics phenomena is used in designing electrical instruments to facilitate their miniaturization and obtain high insulation reliability. We developed a partial discharge inception calculation model for a nonuniform air gap based on the theories of electron avalanche and streamer phenomena. The calculated and experimental PDIVs (Partial Discharge Inception Voltages) were compared under conditions of constant humidity, and we confirmed that these agreed well with each other to within about 10%. Furthermore, we incorporated a relationship between negative ions and humidity into the model and confirmed that the calculated and experimental PDIVs agreed to within about 15%. Therefore, this model was judged to be an effective method for predicting changes in the PDIV when the humidity changes. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 186(3): 1–9, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.22351     

污秽绝缘子表面电场分布仿真及绝缘特性试验

In this paper,the electrical fields along the insulator surface under different scenarios,such as asymmetric pollution on top/bottom surface,and uneven circumferential distribution of surface pollution,have been calculated with finite element method for field simulation.Tests on artificial pollution insulators are conducted to study the 50% withstand voltage U50 of artificial pollution suspension insulators under different NSDD(non-soluble deposit density)and asymmetric pollution on the top/bottom surface,and study the change of leakage current with air humidity under different voltage and different ESDD(equivalent salt deposit density).The result shows that asymmetric top/bottom surface pollution has a greater impact on the insulator electrical field distribution,and the leakage current will jump under low air humidity,if had large ESDD,which has practical meanings to the anti-pollution design of the transmission line under different pollution levels across the country.     

一种含分布式电源的中低压配电网状态估计方法研究

为解决含分布式电源的中低压配电网中三相不平衡的状态估计问题,提出一种含分布式电源的中低压配电网状态估计方法。在包含分布式电源的中低压配电网中引入变压器等值模型,以节点注入电流方程为基础,建立了可同时处理三相三线制和三相四线制量测量的量测方程,扩大了其实用范围并提高了对系统的估计精度。其次,将直角坐标下线性零注入约束作为等式约束条件加入中低压配网状态估计模型中,使节点注入功率严格为零,并使计算过程得到简化。最后,采用细菌群体趋药性算法(BCC)对该模型进行状态估计。IEEE13节点修正系统算例的仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性,且表明该方法具有良好的估计精度和收敛性。     

The influence of surface charge on lightning impulse breakdown ofspacers in SF6

We have investigated the influence of surface charges on the discharge development across particle contaminated spacer surfaces under SF₆ for lightning impulse (LI) voltages (1.2/50 μs). Surface charges may be generated by dc, ac or lightning impulse stress. The discharge characteristic shows a strong reduction of the insulation strength if the applied voltage and the surface charge have opposite polarities. The investigations were performed with a needle protrusion attached to the bottom electrode to give severe field distortion. The bottom electrode was biased positively. The influence on the discharge process is observed by measuring the surface charge distribution and predischarge currents. The results reveal changes in streamer onset voltage, streamer to leader transition, and leader development     

无机复合绝缘扁绕组线的高温环境老化性能研究

对自主研制的耐高温无机复合绝缘扁绕组线的常规性能和高温老化性能进行研究,初步探索高温对无机复合绝缘扁绕组线性能的影响。经测试,扁绕组线的无机复合绝缘材料热失重较小。在600℃温度下老化,无机复合绝缘扁绕组线的击穿电压和绝缘电阻随老化时间的增加先降低,后趋于稳定;导体电阻最终增加率为0.30%。试验结果表明,无机复合绝缘扁绕组线在高温老化后具有较好的耐热和电气稳定性。     

研究冲击电压下SF_6预放电过程的光电及电流信号方法

探讨了用光电倍增管和电流探头两种方法同时研究冲击电压下SF_6气体在尖板间隙中的预放电过程。实验表明这两种方法的结果是一致的。     

TV爆炸事故分析及防范悬浮放电危害的措施

减少悬浮放电对电力设备绝缘性能的影响,提高电网供电可靠性。通过分析一起220 kV SF6气体绝缘电磁式电压互感器（简称TV）爆炸事故,发现事故发生的主要原因是设备内部存在悬浮放电,引起SF6气体绝缘性能下降,在不高的雷击过电压下造成TV一次引线对地短路。通过试验室验证了悬浮放电造成设备内部电气连接不稳定,导致TV二次端电压波动,设备绝缘在线监测装置的误判断。提出防范电力设备内部悬浮放电的措施和处理对策。     

方波脉冲电压频率对变频牵引电机绞线对绝缘特性的影响

测试了不同频率方波脉冲电压下牵引电机绞线对的电热联合老化寿命、介质损耗因数（tanδ）及局部放电平均放电量,测试结果表明：方波脉冲电压频率升高,使局部放电平均放电量增大,局部放电对绞线对绝缘的破坏作用加强,使绞线对的老化寿命缩短;方波脉冲电压频率升高,使绞线对老化程度加深,陷阱密度增大,降低了自由载流子浓度,使局部放电起始放电电压（PDIV）增大,从而使介质损耗因数曲线转折点电压升高.     

真空绝缘沿面闪络特性实验研究现状

文中系统总结了目前高压真空绝缘闪络特性的实验研究成果,具体阐述了几种典型实验模型及研究方法,以及几种重要物理因素,即绝缘材料介电常数、绝缘体几何形状及长度、施加电场波形、绝缘体表面处理、绝缘体几何面积、绝缘体预放电处理、磁场作用、多层高梯度绝缘技术等等,对真空绝缘闪络特性的影响。     

老化绝缘纸表面的沿面放电试验分析

在故障变压器检修及事故调查中发现,变压器内绝缘纸界面发生沿面闪络后会留下烧灼痕迹,对此分析了油纸绝缘界面沿面闪络的起因及影响因素。测量了在添加和不添加绝缘纸板条件下绝缘油的击穿电压和起始局放电压,分析不同热老化程度的绝缘纸沿面闪络电压和起始局放电压的变化规律。研究结果表明:添加新绝缘纸不会改变油间隙的电气强度,但是老化后的绝缘纸会大幅降低油间隙的沿面闪络电压以及起始局放电压,在老化过程中产生的大量水分子可能是导致上述试验现象的重要原因。     

气压湿度对负直流电晕特性影响的研究

为得到负直流电晕特性随着气压湿度的变化规律,建立了考虑气压湿度影响的负直流电晕起始电压的物理模型,利用模拟电荷法和计算表面光电子数目的方法求解了负直流电晕起始电压。在人工气候罐中,利用棒–板电极,测量了不同气压湿度下的负直流电晕起始电压和电晕电流。计算和试验结果表明:电晕起始电压随气压下降、湿度升高而减小,主要原因分别是有效电离系数增大导致的电离区域的扩大和高场强区域内碰撞电离能力的增强。当直流电压和电晕起始电压的比值一定时,电晕电流随气压下降、湿度升高而减小;当直流电压一定时,电晕电流随气压降低而增大,随湿度升高而减小。电晕电流和直流电压、电晕起始电压关系式中的系数C随湿度增大的不同变化趋势和正负离子与水分子结合状态的差异有关。