Low‐Voltage‐Ride‐Through Performance of an HVDC Transmission System Using Two Modular Multilevel Double‐Star Chopper‐Cells Converters

This paper presents an intensive discussion on a long‐distance high‐voltage direct‐current (HVDC) transmission system that combines two modular multilevel cascade converters based on double‐star chopper cells (MMCC‐DSCC) with DC power cables. Hereinafter, a single MMCC‐DSCC is referred to as a DSCC converter or just as a DSCC for the sake of simplicity. The HVDC transmission system is required to provide low‐voltage‐ride‐through (LVRT) capability to enhance transmission system availability. This paper proposes a new LVRT method without any direct information exchange between the two DSCC converters. The validity of the method is verified, using simulated waveforms from the software package of “PSCAD/EMTDC” and experimental waveforms from a three‐phase 200‐V, 400‐Vdc, 10‐kW, 50‐Hz downscaled HVDC system with a set of 300‐meter‐long DC power cables.     

A single‐phase buck‐boost PFC converter with output‐voltage,ripple‐reducing operation

This paper describes a new single‐phase buck‐boost power‐factor‐correction (PFC) converter with output‐voltage, ripple reducing operation. The converter consists of a conventional buck‐boost PFC converter and an additional switch to obtain a freewheeling mode of the dc inductor current, and is operated by two modulators. The first modulator controls the buck‐boost switch to obtain PFC. The other modulator controls the square value of the instantaneous dc inductor current to perform the output‐voltage‐ripple‐reducing operation. In the two modulations, the time integral value of the input and output currents in each modulation period are controlled directly and indirectly, respectively. Thus, modulation errors or undesirable distortions of the input current and output voltage ripple are eliminated even if the dc inductor current produces large ripple in a low‐frequency range. The theories and combination techniques for the two modulators, implementation, and experimental results are described. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 126(2): 56–70, 1999     

电压源换流器开关器件损耗建模

IGBT在电力电子装置中得到了大量应用,尤其是在高压大功率电压源换流器领域,而电压源换流器损耗分析一直是电力电子领域的一个研究热点。为了能对电压源换流器损耗进行精确分析,提出一种基于波形拟合理论的绝缘栅双极晶体管与二极管的损耗分析模型。建立的损耗模型充分考虑了电压源换流器不同开关里导通电流变化对于二极管反向恢复过程参数及损耗的影响,该模型还考虑了二极管与IGBT器件相互关系,器件电压、电流、结温变化对损耗的影响,特别计入了电流拖尾过程、电路杂散电感参数的影响。搭建了2.5kV输出Boost实验电路对该损耗模型进行验证,实验结果对比证明了该损耗模型的正确性和有效性。提出的损耗模型适用于电压源换流器型直流输电(voltage sourceconverter high voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)、静止无功补偿器(static synchronous compensator,STATCON)、统一潮流控制器(unified power flow controller,UPFC)等高压大功率应用场合的电压源换流器损耗分析。     

高频感应加热电源死区时间的选择

以高频串联感应加热电源为研究对象,就串联谐振逆变器的换流过程从理论上进行了深入的研究。论述了死区对浪涌电压电流的影响,并经实验验证。     

Verification of Characteristics of a Boost‐Type Matrix Converter for a Three‐Phase Four‐Wire System

This paper describes an improvement to the control method of a boost‐type matrix converter (MC) for a three‐phase four‐wire system. The system is intended for use in a stand‐alone power source with a constant voltage and frequency. However, the conventional method is not able to control the output voltage with a low power‐factor load. To resolve this problem, we propose a new control method by using a MC and revising the conventional control method.     

A New PV Converter for Grid Connection Through a High‐Leg Delta Transformer Using Cooperative Control of Boost Converters and Inverters

This paper proposes a new high‐efficiency photovoltaic (PV) converter for grid connection through a high‐leg delta transformer, which is composed of a symmetrically connected boost converter and three half‐bridge inverters. One of the three half‐bridge inverters is connected to the boost converter, and the others are directly connected to the PV terminals. This circuit configuration enables to reduce the power losses in both boost converter and inverter. This paper also proposes a new cooperative control method between the symmetrically connected boost converter and inverter. The control method can reduce the average switching frequency to 75% of that in a conventional one, resulting in a great reduction in switching power loss. Experimental results show that the proposed circuit improves its European efficiency from 91.6% to 94.5%.     

有源电力滤波器电流环高性能补偿控制策略分析

文章对传统电流环PI控制器检测误差进行了详细的理论分析,指出了检测负载侧谐波电流的局限性,提出了一种电源侧电流前馈补偿的控制器。该控制器基本上可以做到谐波指令的无静差跟踪,具有良好的补偿性能,克服了传统检测负载侧谐波电流时PT控制器的缺陷,而且具有传统检测负载侧谐波电流的灵活性,即使负载谐波电流高于有源电力滤波器的容量,也能够基本上无静差输出,具有一定的理论意义和工程应用价值。理论分析和仿真验证了此种新型控制策略的正确性和有效性。     

峰值电流控制的PFC变换器快时标分岔控制

峰值电流控制方式是PFC开关变换器的一种常用方式,由于输入电压的时变性造成在输入交流电压过零点处出现输入交流电流的快时标分岔现象,该现象会严重影响PFC变换器的性能,因此采用一种合理有效的分岔控制手段是非常重要的。文中深入分析了峰值电流控制PFC变换器工作原理,从理论上分析了PFC变换器出现快时标分岔现象的根源。在谐振分岔控制理论的基础上提出了一种比较有效的控制器参数选择方法,可以较好地实现PFC变换器的快时标分岔控制,因此改善了PFC变换器的性能。理论结果得到了数值仿真分析和实验的验证。     

低压配电线路分相功率因数自动补偿

介绍了分相无功功率自动补偿技术在建筑电气设计的中的应用,分析了该技术的特点,并以应用举例说明采用该技术后取后的效益。     

死区时间控制在等离子体电源中的应用

死区时间选择的不合理会使逆变器件产生过高的浪涌电压和电流甚至损坏。针对这一问题提出了动态的零电压延迟控制技术,它监测输入供电电压和负载电流,当逆变器功率管达到期望的零电压开关(zero voltage switching,ZVS)条件时,控制功率开关管,使变换器几乎在整个工作条件下都能实现ZVS,而不需考虑输入电压、输出负载和元器件的容差,实现最佳的导通延迟时间。应用该技术的等离子体高频高压电源在纺织材料中的实际应用结果表明:该技术在进一步提高了电源效率的同时,减小了因不合理的死区时间带来的过高的浪涌电压和电流,改善了纺织材料表面改性涂层的性能。     

A matching transformer‐less inrush current suppressor for transformers using a series‐connected small‐rated voltage‐source PWM converter—consideration of the control gains and required ratings of the PWM converter

This paper proposes a new inrush current suppressor using a series‐connected small‐rated PWM converter for a transformer. The PWM converter is directly connected in series between the source and transformer without a matching transformer. The inrush phenomena of the matching transformer, thus, can be avoided. The control gain and required ratings of the series‐connected small‐rated PWM converter are discussed in detail. The capacity of the DC capacitor of the PWM converter is also discussed considering the active power flows into the PWM converter. The PSCAD/EMTDC is used to verify the validity of the proposed inrush current suppressor. A prototype experimental model is constructed and tested. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed suppressor can perfectly overcome the inrush phenomena of transformers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 160(3): 45–55, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www. interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20374     

Comparison of Switching Loss of Single‐Phase Step‐Up/Step‐Down Bidirectional Converter with Voltage‐Fed/Current‐Fed Hybrid‐Type Operation

Electric energy storage systems are very important as one of the solutions to global warming. Step‐up/step‐down characteristics are required for electric energy storage systems. In addition, such systems must have high efficiency, low cost, and small scale. Therefore, the authors proposed a single‐phase step‐up/step‐down bidirectional converter with voltage‐fed and current‐fed hybrid‐type operation. The proposed converter consists of a two‐quadrant dc–dc converter and a single‐phase voltage‐fed converter. The circuit has several advantages such as low switching loss, use of very small capacitance, and so on. In this paper, the authors compare a comparison of the switching losses with a simple analysis.     

Study of Low‐Voltage Ride‐Through Performance for Wind Power Generation with Doubly Fed Induction Generator

The introduction of wind power generation is increasing rapidly. The ratio of wind power generation to the total generation capacity is becoming higher and higher. When a phase‐to‐phase fault occurs in the power system, the frequency of the power system is lower due to disconnection of wind power generation with doubly fed induction generators (DFIG). Therefore, the power system might become unstable. This paper describes an LVRT (low‐voltage ride‐through) performance improvement scheme for wind power generation with DFIG. The wind power generator is disconnected from the grid in case of a power system fault. It is made to operate in isolation from the grid by controlling the inverters installed with the generators. After clearance of the power system fault, wind power generation is immediately reconnected to the grid. As a result, instability in the power system disappears. The performance of LVRT is confirmed by using the simulation software PSCAD/EMTDC. The simulation results show excellent results for the three‐phase short‐circuit fault with a voltage dip of 100%. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 185(1): 17–26, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.22423     

Improvement of power conversion efficiency of soft‐switching inverter in range of low output power by adjustable dead time control

The power conversion efficiency of soft‐switching inverters can be improved by using loss‐less snubber commutation; however, the main switches of the inverter fail in zero‐voltage turn‐on when the output current is small. As a solution to this problem, adjustable dead time control in a loss‐less snubber commutation according to the magnitude of output current has been proposed. Adjustable dead time control achieves zero‐voltage turn‐on of the inverter main switches in a loss‐less snubber commutation in the range of low output current; however, waveforms of the output current of the inverter become distorted. In this paper, we propose a scheme for adjustable dead time control with dead time compensation for soft‐switching inverters. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is verified by experiments. Experimental results demonstrate that when the proposed control scheme is adopted, the power conversion efficiency in the range of low output power improves up to about 3% and the THD is improved within 3%. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 180(1): 57–64, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21282     

A New Self‐Tuning Power‐Factor‐Based Vector Control Method for Efficient Wide‐Speed Range Sensorless Drive of Permanent‐Magnet Synchronous Motors

As a simple sensorless vector control method for permanent‐magnet synchronous motor (PMSMs), a power‐factor‐based vector control (PFVC) method has been reported. This method has the attractive characteristics that three functions such as current limit, efficiency and sensorless drive can be performed simultaneously in a simple manner. However, it was developed under the assumption that there is no practical voltage limit, and that it cannot be applied over the rated speed. This paper proposes a new PFVC method that allows PMSMs to be driven even over the rated speed under application of a practical voltage limit, while keeping the desired characteristics. The effectiveness and usefulness of the proposed method are verified through extensive experiments.     

计及寄生电容和纹波电流的电压源型逆变器死区效应与补偿方法

电压源型逆变器中固有的死区效应降低了输出电压的品质。为了精确补偿死区效应,需要建立死区效应导致的逆变器输出电压失真的精确模型。但是,已有死区效应模型没有考虑开关管等效并联电容和电感电流纹波对于死区效应的影响,导致死区补偿结果难以优化。本文通过详细分析和推导,发现寄生电容和纹波电流会影响输出电压的精度,并给出了输出电压误差的精确数学表达式。在此基础上,本文提出一种在线、自适应的死区精确补偿方法。最后,通过仿真和实验证明了本文分析的正确性和死区补偿方法的有效性。     

Performance and maximum load capacity of uninterruptible power system using double‐layer capacitor

Power service interruptions cause problems in various facilities. Even an instantaneous voltage drop may give rise to serious problems in computer systems or electronic equipment. The uninterruptible power system (UPS) has been used to compensate for the power service interruptions. Also, the instantaneous voltage drop compensator using the electrolytic capacitor has been developed for the instantaneous voltage drop. Recently, the double‐layer capacitor has been considered as a new energy storage element. This capacitor has many advantages such as no maintenance, long lifetime, and quick charge/discharge characteristics with large current and it has higher energy density than the electrolytic capacitor. Therefore, we developed the UPS using the double‐layer capacitor. In this paper, the performance of the UPS using the double‐layer capacitor is shown by simulated and experimental results. Furthermore, the discharge characteristics of the double‐layer capacitors are investigated on the basis of the equivalent circuit including the capacitors and a voltage booster. Finally, the maximum load capacity to compensate is clarified for the system. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 154(3): 73–81, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20190     

Voltage‐current characteristics of subsonic disk CCMHD generator

Voltage–current characteristics of a subsonic disk CCMHD generator are examined by time‐dependent quasi‐one‐dimensional numerical simulations. The output voltage is found to be almost constant for load resistances higher than the designed value, whereas the output current is kept almost constant for lower load resistances. It is confirmed that at high load resistances the subsonic flow is maintained in the whole generator, and a steady and uniform nonequilibrium plasma is realized. The connection of the low load resistances causes flow choking at the generator inlet, leading to the supersonic flow. Then shock waves and ionization instability occur in the generator. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 130(4): 58–65, 2000     

Current waveform control of a high‐power‐factor rectifier circuit for harmonic suppression of voltage and current in a distribution system

This paper presents the input current waveform control of the rectifier circuit which realizes simultaneously the high input power factor and the harmonics suppression of the receiving‐end voltage and the source current under the distorted receiving‐end voltage. The proposed input current waveform includes the harmonic components which are in phase with the receiving‐end voltage harmonics. The control parameter in the proposed waveform is designed by examining the characteristics of both the harmonic suppression effect in the distribution system and the input power factor of the rectifier circuit. The effectiveness of the proposed current waveform has been confirmed experimentally. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(4): 62–71, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10046     

A novel prototype of auxiliary edge resonant bridge leg link snubber‐assisted soft‐switching sine‐wave PWM inverter

This paper proposes a new circuit topology of the three‐phase soft‐switching PWM inverter and PFC converter using IGBT power modules, which has the improved active auxiliary switch and edge resonant bridge leg‐commutation‐link soft‐switching snubber circuit with pulse current regenerative feedback loop as compared with the typical auxiliary resonant pole snubber discussed previously. This three‐phase soft‐switching PWM double converter is more suitable and acceptable for a large‐capacity uninterruptible power supply, PFC converter, utility‐interactive bidirectional converter, and so forth. In this paper, the soft‐switching operation and optimum circuit design of the novel type active auxiliary edge resonant bridge leg commutation link snubber treated here are described for high‐power applications. Both the main active power switches and the auxiliary active power switches achieve soft switching under the principles of ZVS or ZCS in this three‐phase inverter switching. This three‐phase soft‐switching commutation scheme can effectively minimize the switching surge‐related electromagnetic noise and the switching power losses of the power semiconductor devices; IGBTs and modules used here. This three‐phase inverter and rectifier coupled double converter system does not need any sensing circuit and its peripheral logic control circuits to detect the voltage or the current and does not require any unwanted chemical electrolytic capacitor to make the neutral point of the DC power supply voltage source. The performances of this power conditioner are proved on the basis of the experimental and simulation results. Because the power semiconductor switches (IGBT module packages) have a trade‐off relation in the switching fall time and tail current interval characteristics as well as the conductive saturation voltage characteristics, this three‐phase soft‐switching PWM double converter can improve actual efficiency in the output power ranges with a trench gate controlled MOS power semiconductor device which is much improved regarding low saturation voltage. The effectiveness of this is verified from a practical point of view. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 155(4): 64–76, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20207