百里香精油对羊奶脱膻效果的评价及机理研究

研究百里香精油对羊奶膻味的脱除效果及作用机理。采用水蒸气蒸馏法制备百里香精油;利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对百里香精油的挥发性风味成分进行测定;通过感官评价分析百里香精油对羊奶膻味的脱除效果;根据羊奶中致膻性脂肪成分的分析,探讨了百里香精油对羊奶脱膻作用的机理。结果表明,百里香精油中鉴定出18种挥发性成分,百里香酚(14.40%)和龙脑(28.24%)为其主要的风味成分;百里香精油的添加可有效脱除羊奶的膻味,最优添加量为0.025mL/L;百里香精油通过降低羊奶中显著致膻的癸酸、辛酸和己酸的含量而脱除羊奶的膻味。     

新疆不同品种薰衣草精油特征香气成分及感官属性分析

通过水蒸汽蒸馏法对新疆五种薰衣草花中精油进行提取,采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术对薰衣草精油中挥发性成分及特征香气成分进行了分析,并对其香气轮廓进行了感官评定。结果显示,五个品种的薰衣草精油(70-1、74262、杂花、法国兰、白花)中,70-1精油含量最高,为6.88%。经鉴定薰衣草精油中挥发性成分主要为萜烯类、酯类、醛类、酮类和醇类,其中白花精油中挥发性化合物种类最多,含量也最高,五种精油中挥发性物质含量差异最大的为萜烯类,分别为17.15%、12.36%、16.33%、16.16%、20.48%;五种精油中特征香气成分如芳樟醇及乙酸芳樟酯等含量具有较大差异。通过感官分析发现74262精油中花香、酯香气最浓郁,五种精油中花香,酯香、凉气、油蜡气和萜气均有较大差异,其原因主要是由于品种以及所含有的挥发性物质存在差异。     

利用气相色谱-质谱测定百里香提取物香气成分分析研究

为阐明天然香料植物百里香中的挥发性香味成分特征组成,采用同时蒸馏萃取法对百里香茎叶中的香味成分进行提取、富集、浓缩,利用气相色谱-质谱法对其中的挥发性香味成分进行分离、鉴定,百里香中44种香味成分被分离、鉴定,利用峰面积归一化法对各种挥发性成分的含量进行定量,其主要成分为百里香酚(33.97%)、对伞花烃(29.07%)、3-甲基-4-异丙基-苯酚(8.31%)、芳樟醇(7.84%)、α-蒎烯(5.04%)、D-柠檬烯(3.38%)、莰烯(1.52%)、α-松油醇(1.43%)、龙脑(1.18%)等,占总质量分数的98.50%。     

百里香精油的提取工艺及化学成分分析

采用超高压法提取百里香精油,考察压力、料液比、粉碎度和保压时间对百里香精油提取率的影响,用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对精油化学成分进行分析。结果表明超高压萃取百里香精油的最佳条件为:压力410MPa,料液比1∶28,粉碎度50目,保压时间4min,提取温度为室温,得到百里香精油提取量平均值为11.236mg/g。气质联用分析确认了百里香精油中的46种成分,占总峰面积的97.949%,主要成分有百里酚(43.925%)、对-聚伞花素(16.112%)等。     

陕北野生地椒叶精油的提取及化学成分分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法对陕北野生地椒叶中精油进行提取,并在单因素试验基础上通过正交试验优化提取工艺条件。结果表明：最佳提取条件为浸泡温度45℃、料液比1∶10(g/mL)、浸泡时间3 h、蒸馏时间2.5 h,在此条件下地椒叶精油得率为0.250%。采用GC-MS联用技术分析了陕北野生地椒叶精油的化学成分,在分离出的52个峰中共鉴定出39种成分,其占挥发性成分总含量的97.04%,主要成分有百里香酚(41.31%)、对-聚伞花素(7.69%)、α-石竹烯(6.83%)、香芹酚(6.43%)和冰片(5.53%)。     

植物精油对食品中常见有害微生物的抑菌活性研究

通过测定抑菌圈、气相熏蒸法等体外抑菌试验研究了罗勒精油、茶树油、百里香精油、丁香精油、小茴香精油、依兰油、甘牛至精油、肉桂精油、桉叶油、芫荽籽精油、香茅油、鼠尾草油、甘松精油十三种植物精油对六种食品常见有害微生物抗菌作用。结果表明:十三种植物精油均对细菌、霉菌和酵母具有一定的抑杀能力。百里香精油和肉桂精油抗菌活性最强,均表现程度不等的抗菌活性。六种供试菌种对百里香精油、肉桂精油极敏感,抑菌圈直径均大于20 mm;当两种精油空间体积浓度达到300μL/L时,两种精油对多数供试菌表现出强抑菌效果。肉桂精油与百里香精油复配后对供试菌没有表现出强的协同增效效果,部分出现相加作用和无关作用。复配精油中肉桂精油占80%时,对供试菌效果最好。     

百里香精油的成分分析及其抗氧化和抑菌活性评价

采用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取宁夏百里香精油,通过气相色谱—质谱联用技术分析鉴定,共鉴定出54种组分,占精油总成分的90.331％.用面积归一化法对各成分进行定量,其主要成分为百里酚(23.872％)、对—聚伞花素(15.054％)、香荆香酚(7.051％).抗氧化活性试验结果表明,百里香精油对大豆油有较强的抗氧化作用.在试验范...     

液相及气相植物精油清除DPPH自由基的研究

本文采用分光光度法研究了14种植物精油在液相和气相状态下清除DPPH自由基的能力。实验结果显示不同精油对DPPH自由基有不同的清除效果,在液相和气相条件中,肉桂精油、百里香油、丁香精油的清除效果最好;进一步选取肉桂精油、百里香油、丁香精油进行复配,丁香精油分别与肉桂精油、百里香油复配产生了协同增效效应,特别是丁香精油和百里香油复配时在气相、液相中均具有很好清除DPPH自由基的效果;丁香精油与百里香油复配时,28℃的气相清除率明显高于19℃,19℃时丁香精油占60~80%会出现气相复配增效效应,而在28℃时占20~60%则出现气相复配增效效应,在液相时丁香精油占40~80%出现复配增效效应。在不同的复配比例中,复配物中的不同抗自由基活性成分间会产生协同增效效应。     

自组装多肽水凝胶对百里香精油的控释作用、抑菌和抗氧化效果的延长作用

为实现百里香精油的控制释放并延长其抑菌和抗氧化效果,本实验利用N-芴甲氧羰基-L-苯丙氨酸(N-FMoc-L-phenylalanine,Fmoc-F)水凝胶包埋百里香精油,对比包埋前后Fmoc-F水凝胶的结构、形态等特征,研究其对百里香精油的包埋机制、控释作用及包埋后Fmoc-F对百里香精油抑菌和抗氧化效果的延长作用。结果表明:百里香精油的加入可以加速Fmoc-F/百里香精油水凝胶(50 s)的形成,并且显著提高胶体的储能模量;Fmoc-F及Fmoc-F/百里香精油水凝胶主要通过氢键作用形成胶体,其微观结构为纤维状网络结构,且百里香精油可以使Fmoc-F水凝胶的网络结构更紧密均匀,从而提高其胶体的储能模量。Fmoc-F水凝胶对百里香精油的包埋率达93.13%。通过抑菌实验和抗氧化实验发现,在环境p H≥6.5时,Fmoc-F水凝胶可通过包埋有效抑制百里香精油的挥发,而随着环境p H值的降低,Fmoc-F水凝胶会缓慢分解,释放百里香精油,起到对百里香精油抑菌和抗氧化效果的延长作用。     

乳液模板-层层自组装法制备百里香精油微胶囊

采用乳液模板-层层自组装法,以百里香精油乳液为模板、壳聚糖和海藻酸钠为壁材,制备百里香精油微胶囊(Thyme oil microcapsules,TMS)。以TMS的包埋率为指标,通过单因素和正交试验对其制备工艺进行了优化;通过马尔文激光粒度仪、扫描电镜、透射电镜以及GC-MS对百里香精油微胶囊进行了表征。结果表明,最佳制备参数为:均质压力62 MPa、均质循环6次,NaCl添加量为0.3%,pH 6,基于静电作用组装的TMS包埋率为71.13%±0.03%,平均粒径为140 nm,球形规整,能保留百里香精油的主要成分。     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

Heavy metals in vegetables sold in the local market in Jordan

Heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in various vegetables (cabbage, green onion, lettuce, parsley, rocket, spinach, carrot, onion, potato and cauliflower) from the market in Jordan were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn ranged from 0.009–0.275 mg kg^?1 wet weight, 0.004–0.060 mg kg^?1, 0.003–0.401 mg kg^?1, 0.105–3.51 mg kg^?1, 0.15–1.15 mg kg^?1, 0.93–14.39 mg kg^?1, 0.044–0.702 mg kg^?1, 0.072–0.289 mg kg^?1 and 2.23–6.65 mg kg^?1, respectively. Parsley, followed by spinach, contained the highest concentration of heavy metals. Onion contained high levels of toxic heavy metals. The content of Cu in parsley and spinach and Pb in onion exceeded the Codex limits. However, the daily intake of heavy metals from the tested vegetables was lower than the maximum limits for allowable intake.