高致密球形LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2颗粒的合成及性能研究

以氨水为络合剂,NaOH为沉淀剂,通过共沉淀制备了高致密、粒度均匀的球形前驱体Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1(OH)2.通过焙烧该前驱体和LiOH.H2O的混合物制备出球形锂离子电池正极材料LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2.采用XRD、SEM、TEM、TGA/DSC以及恒流充放电测试对材料的结构、形貌和电化学性能进行表征.结果表明,球形前驱体是由纳米级一次颗粒团聚形成,而不是晶粒的长大,且反应时间对前驱体的形貌、粒径分布及振实密度有显著影响.750℃焙烧16 h后的正极材料,保持了完好的球形形貌,具有最佳的层状结构和电化学性能,振实密度最大(2.98 g/cm3),首次放电容量为202.4 mAh/g,倍率性能佳,在3C的放电电流下容量为174.1 mAh/g,且循环性能优良,在40次循环以后,放电容量保持率为92.3%.     

微波合成锂离子电池正极材料LiCoO2的研究

为了研究锂离子电池的正极材料LiCoO2的新型制备方法,考查了反应原料配比、微波输出功率、微波合成温度和微波加热时间对LiCoO2结构和性能的影响.以LiOH·H2O和Co2O3为反应原料的最佳合成条件:Li/Co摩尔比为1.05∶1,微波输出功率为360W,反应时间为14min,合成温度为800℃.所合成LiCoO2样品均采用XRD和SEM进行表征,结果表明,采用微波合成的LiCoO2样品为单一相层状结构且晶体结构发育良好;样品的充放电循环性能良好,首次循环放电容量为130mAh/g.     

CdO纳米晶的固相合成及晶化动力学研究

以CdCl2和Na2CO3为原料,NaCl为稀释剂,利用固相反应合成前驱体,再经焙烧合成CdO纳米晶.用x-射线衍射(XRD)分析了不同焙烧温度对合成CdO晶粒尺寸的影响.研究结果表明:按Scherrer公式计算合成CdO纳米晶的晶粒尺寸在30～44nm,焙烧温度越高,晶粒尺寸越大;根据前驱体不同升温速率下的差热(DTA)曲线,用Kissinger 和Ozawa法计算合成CdO纳米晶的活化能分别为164.7kJ/mol和175.6kJ/mol,差别不大;根据晶粒生长动力学理论计算CdO晶粒长大的活化能为12.2kJ/mol,表明热处理过程CdO纳米晶粒的长大主要以界面扩散为主.     

M型锶铁氧体纳米纤维静电纺丝和磁性能

以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(Polyvinylpylrrolidone,PVP)和金属盐为原料,采用静电纺丝法制备了SrFe12O19/PVP复合纤维前驱体,前驱体经焙烧后得到M型锶铁氧体纳米纤维.通过FTIR、TG/DSC、XRD、SEM和VSM技术对复合纤维前驱体及所制备的M型锶铁氧体纳米纤维进行了表征.结果表明,复合纤维前驱体的直径与溶液中金属盐浓度有关,随盐浓度的升高纤维直径增大;经800℃焙烧2h后,得到纯相M型锶铁氧体纳米纤维,直径在100～150nm,组成纤维的平均晶粒大小约为49nm,且随焙烧温度的升高,晶粒长大;经1000℃焙烧2h后得到的锶铁氧体纤维的磁性能最佳,此时纤维平均直径约为100nm,晶粒尺寸约为61nm,室温下测得的饱和磁化强度为68.5A.m2/kg,矫顽力为503kA/m.     

LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.2)O_2合成工艺对其电化学性能的影响

采用液相共沉淀法合成前驱体Ni_(0.8)Co_(0.2)(OH)_2,再通过高温焙烧合成LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.2)O_2。研究了前驱体反应时间、反应温度、高温焙烧温度及焙烧时间对材料电化学性能的影响。对所制备材料进行恒流充放电测试,结果表明,在55℃下,共沉淀反应时间为3 h时,制备的材料具有较好的电化学性能,其首次放电比容量为164.5 mAh·g~(-1),50次容量保持率为92.6%。不同焙烧温度和焙烧时间制备材料的电化学性能的测试结果表明,随着焙烧温度的升高和焙烧时间的增加,产物的电化学性能逐渐提高。焙烧温度为800℃,焙烧时间为20 h得到材料的电化学性能最优,其首次放电比容量为162 mAh·g~(-1)。。因此,所制备的LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.2)O_2最佳合成工艺条件为:共沉淀反应温度55℃,反应时间3 h,焙烧温度为800℃,焙烧时间为20 h。     

溶胶-凝胶法再生钴酸锂及其电化学性能的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法将回收钴源再生制备成LiCoO2,利用XRD和SEM技术研究了再生LiCoO2的晶相结构与微观形貌,并通过循环伏安、交流阻抗和恒流充放电等电化学测试,研究煅烧温度对再生LiCoO2电化学性能的影响。结果表明,650℃煅烧温度下所制备LiCoO2的电化学性能最佳,首次充放电比容量可达113mAh.g-1,且循环20周后容量仍保持在98mAh.g-1。     

Co_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)Fe_2O_4/SiO_2磁性纳米复合粉体的制备

采用溶胶-凝胶法以正硅酸乙酯和金属硝酸盐分别作为SiO2和铁氧体的前驱体成功制得Co0.5Zn0.5-Fe2O4/SiO2磁性纳米复合粒子.利用XRD、DSC-TG、Raman和SEM研究了热处理温度和酸添加量对样品晶体结构和晶粒尺寸的影响,并用谢乐公式估算平均晶粒尺寸.最后用振动样品磁场计(VSM)对样品的磁性能进行检测.结果表明,随热处理温度的升高,样品由非晶态转变成SiO2基体中结晶较完整的尖晶石结构的单相铁氧体纳米晶,晶粒尺寸为12.65nm.晶粒尺寸随热处理温度的升高和酸添加量的增加不断变大.对材料的磁性能的研究结果表明,合成的纳米Co0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4/SiO2,其比饱和磁化强度为9.17emu/g,矫顽力为67Oe.     

高密度锂离子电池正极材料LiCoO2前驱体的制备

用化学沉淀法(CP)合成出了锂离子电池正极材料前驱体.研究了干燥方式、反应物浓度、滤饼含水量等因素对前驱体组成及振实密度的影响.结果表明,干燥方式以及滤饼的含水量和NaOH浓度对产物的振实密度影响最大.最佳条件下可以得到振实密度为1.92g/cm2的产物.用此前驱体和LiNO3-LiOH低共熔盐制得的产物LiCoO2振实密度达到2.95g/cm3,高于球形LiCoO2(2.8g/cm3)正极材料.用此前驱体制得的LiCoO2正极材料I003/I104达到26.65,首次充放电比容量为157和151mAh/g.     

草酸盐共沉淀法合成LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2及电化学性能

采用草酸盐共沉淀法合成前驱体,然后经过氧化气氛高温焙烧制备了锂离子电池正极材料LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2.用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和恒电流充放电技术研究了pH值、焙烧温度、焙烧时间和锂用量对材料结构、微观形貌及电化学性能的影响.草酸盐共沉淀-氧化焙烧合成LiNi0.8 Co0.1Mn0.1O2的工艺条件为:pH值为5.5,焙烧温度为800℃,焙烧时间为12h,Li/M摩尔比为1.05.所制备的LiNi0.8 Co0.1 Mn0.1 O2在0.5C倍率下的首次充放电比容量达到174.5mAh·g-1,循环20周容量保持率为88.5％.     

低热固相反应法在多元金属复合氧化物合成中的应用-锂离子电池正极材料r-LiMnO2的合成、结构及电化学性能研究

以氢氧化锂、醋酸锰和草酸为原料,采用低热固相反应法于350～700℃下直接通过热处理制备了锂离子电池正极材料r-LiMnO2粉体样品.X射线衍射分析表明,采用该法得到的样品与LiCoO2具有类似的晶型.由于Mn3+的Jahn-Teller效应使r-LiMnO2与同样方法合成的LiC0O2及LiCoo.8Ni0.2O2相比,晶胞形状变得更加扁平,晶胞体积增大.选区电子衍射研究表明高于600℃焙烧温度所得的r-LiMnO2样品中含立方尖晶石结构杂质相.2.5～4.3V之间的充放电测试结果表明,样品的充放电容量随焙烧温度的升高而增大,但高于600℃的样品具有3V和4V两个充放电平台,而350～500℃的样品只有一个3V充放电平台,并且循环过程中结构非常稳定.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...