农户玉米储藏对比试验与分析

东北地区有60%~70%的玉米储存于农户家中,多数农户储粮装具简陋,技术水平十分落后,虫害、霉变、鼠害等问题严重。为了实现农户科学储粮,减损增收,我们就新型储粮仓与农户传统的储粮方式进行对比实验。结果表明:用矩形储粮仓储存玉米过程中,各项指标如水分率、霉变率、脂肪酸价变化率、玉米芯水分变化率等都优于其它几种储粮方式。     

玉米穗储藏水分与品质变化相关性的研究

我国东北地区农村的玉米普遍使用穗储的方式,储藏期多数在3～6个月,由于种植面积大,收获数量多,采取地趴散堆或简易栈子的方式储存,存在霉变及鼠害损失严重的普遍问题,损失量在8%左右。因此,研制开发容量大、使用方便,能够防霉变和鼠害的大储量农用储粮装具是减少农村储粮损失、保持粮食质量的必要手段。研究针对JSWZ系列大型钢网储粮仓储存的玉米穗的品质指标检测数据进行相关性分析,建立玉米穗水分与容重和脂肪酸值的变化预测模型,探讨利用常规水分检测结果来预测储藏期间玉米穗品质的变化趋势。玉米水分与脂肪酸值的线性模拟更趋近实测值,而玉米的容重不随水分变化而改变。     

组挂式粮食干燥仓处理高水分玉米工艺试验

我国北方地区收纳粮库和大农户高水分玉米储藏问题突出,主要是储藏装具和技术工艺落后,造成玉米数量损失严重,玉米霉变率高,储粮质量品质也达不到国家标准,玉米产后经济效益低。新型组挂式粮食干燥仓为大小可调的组合式钢网结构仓,能有效通过自然通风、机械翻倒的干燥工艺,安全保质储藏高水分玉米;并且在外温20℃左右时,机械倒粮3~4次,可以将高水分玉米水分降低到14%的安全水分;能耗低,费用少,确保农户粮食产后收益,保障储粮质量、数量安全。     

农户玉米穗储藏特性及其储藏损失的研究

在辽宁东部地区,以农户储藏的玉米穗为研究对象,选择原始储粮方式和示范储粮技术2种仓型,开展玉米穗储藏特性及储粮损失研究。定期测定玉米穗储藏期间的玉米粒、玉米芯的水分及玉米粒的脂肪酸值、不完善粒、容重指标,研究和分析玉米穗储藏期间霉变指标、鼠害损失、品质变化等情况。并首次提出利用玉米出籽率计量玉米穗鼠害损失的测量方法。经对比试验验证,传统储粮仓鼠害损失为10%~20%,示范储粮仓型可有效避免鼠害带来的储粮损失,同时避免因鼠害而引起的粮食霉变以及品质的劣变。对农户科学储粮试验研究,新型农户科学储粮装备研究等方面都具有一定的参考作用。     

农村农户储粮损失对比试验

针对我国农村粮食产后数量损失巨大、质量损失明显的重大技术问题,开展农户储粮损失调查,其主要目的是了解我国农村储粮的现状,掌握玉米等粮食的收获情况、主要储存方式、储粮用具的主要类型、储粮损失情况等信息,帮助农村农户解决储粮损失问题。     

空气去湿机在储粮降水中的应用

粮食的水分和温度是影响储粮安全的重要因素。特别是亚热带的南方,常年雨水较多,温高气湿。粮食在运输,储存过程中,容易吸湿返潮,稍不注意就会引起粮食的发热霉变,造成不应有的损失。为了确保粮食     

防霉剂在储粮中的应用研究进展

粮食在储藏期间因霉变而导致的损失一直备受关注,减少粮食储存损失是确保国家粮食安全极为重要的环节。防霉剂的开发与利用是解决粮食霉变的一个有效途径。对粮食霉变的原因,防霉剂的分类及其在储粮中的应用效果评价方法等方面进行了概述,并就生物源防霉剂在目前储粮中的应用存在的问题,提出了建议。     

粮食储存安全要素分析及储粮技术发展现状

从影响粮食储存安全的角度出发,就储存过程中涉及到的水分、不完善粒、霉变等粮食基本特性以及储存环境、虫害、微生物等多方面问题进行论述,并重点梳理了几种绿色储粮技术,分析其在使用中的优缺点及未来的发展方向,以期为相关行业的从业人员提供指导和帮助。     

粮食保护剂在农户储粮中的应用与推广

我国农户储粮多为露天储存,储粮装具简陋、保管技术水平低、不具备密封条件,无法采用熏蒸防治害虫,因此,长期存在鼠、虫、霉害多、防护措施少、粮食浪费巨大的问题。粮食保护剂的应用可以有效减少粮食虫、霉害损失与浪费。文章阐述了推广使用粮食保护剂的意义,以及常用粮食保护剂的使用方法及效果。     

搞好农村储粮工作之我见

从认识、管理职能、储粮装具和储粮基本知识等方面分析了农村储粮损失的主要原因，介绍了适合于农村储粮使用的仓型和小麦热储，植物和化学药物杀虫的储粮技术措施以及减少粮食损失的储粮工作实行归口管理的见解。     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

2010年山西省食品中食源性致病菌监测分析

目的 了解山西省食源性致病菌的污染现状.方法 按照2010年度《全国食源性致病菌监测工作手册》进行.结果 1 576份样品中共检出阳性菌株149株,检出率为9.45％,其中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、副溶血性弧菌污染比较严重,总检出率为9.50％和8.22％,金黄色葡萄球菌、阪崎肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的总检出率分别为3.02％、1.11％和0.87％.不同类别食品中致病菌的检出率差异较大,生肉中致病菌的检出率高居榜首为49.33％,主要污染菌为沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌;沙拉中致病菌的检出率为17.39％,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌;生食水产品中致病菌的检出率为16.94％,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、副溶血性孤菌;熟肉制品中致病菌的检出率为9.84％,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌;中式凉拌菜中致病菌的检出率为8.89％,主要污染菌为金黄色葡萄球菌;鲜榨果汁中致病菌的检出率为6.67％,主要污染菌为金黄色葡萄球菌;鲜冻水产品中致病菌的检出率为5.00％,主要污染菌为副溶血性弧菌;婴幼儿配方粉/米粉/谷粉/豆奶粉中阪崎杆菌的检出率为1.11％.结论 山西省多种食品均存在食源性致病菌不同程度的污染,应加大对散装食品、即食食品和生食水产品的监管.