不同方法提取火麻籽油的品质分析

采用热榨法、冷榨法、不同酶制剂辅助压榨(热榨、冷榨)法、水酶法提取火麻籽油,并对不同方法提取的火麻籽油进行提取率、感官特性、理化特性、营养成分的比较分析。结果表明:水酶法提取火麻籽油的提取率最高,为83.2%;冷榨法提取火麻籽油和水酶法提取火麻籽油的酸值和过氧化值都相对较低;不同方法提取的火麻籽油的脂肪酸含量无明显差异;碱性蛋白酶Alcalase2.4L辅助冷榨法提取的火麻籽油VE含量最高,达到42.10 mg/100 g。对不同方法提取火麻籽油的品质进行分析,可为提取高品质火麻籽油奠定理论基础,同时也为水酶法提油技术工业化提供了参考依据。     

水酶法芝麻油与其他工艺芝麻油品质差异研究

通过对芝麻油外观品质、理化特性、抗氧化成分及脂肪酸组成进行对比,研究了水酶法芝麻油与其他工艺芝麻油(热榨法芝麻油、冷榨法芝麻油、水代法芝麻油)的品质差异。结果表明:水酶法芝麻油的外观品质好,色泽浅,符合一级成品芝麻油标准;水酶法芝麻油的水分及挥发物的含量介于冷榨法芝麻油和水代法芝麻油之间,酸价、过氧化值、不皂化物含量最低;水酶法芝麻油的抗氧化成分(生育酚、芝麻素和芝麻林素)含量最高,但未检出芝麻酚;与热榨法芝麻油、冷榨法芝麻油、水代法芝麻油相比,水酶法芝麻油的饱和脂肪酸含量最高,不饱和脂肪酸含量最低。     

芝麻品种和制油工艺对芝麻油品质的影响

对以黑、白芝麻为原料,采用水代法、螺旋压榨法、液压压榨法工艺所得芝麻油的理化指标、脂肪酸组成、芝麻油中VE、芝麻素、芝麻酚含量和氧化稳定性进行了测定。结果显示:水代法所得芝麻油的酸值(KOH)和磷脂含量最低,而水分及挥发物含量最高;所有芝麻油样品均含有丰富的抗氧化成分芝麻素、芝麻酚和VE;所有芝麻油样品的脂肪酸组成接近,其中油酸和亚油酸含量高达83.4%;白芝麻油氧化稳定性明显优于黑芝麻油,水代法所得芝麻油氧化稳定性最好,液压压榨芝麻油次之,螺旋压榨芝麻油最差。     

SENSORY EVALUATION OF CRUDE TOASTED CANOLA AND SESAME SEED OIL

'Alto'variety canola seed and yellow sesame seed were toasted at 180, 200, 220, 240 and 260C for 8 min and 10 min, respectively. Control oils from nontoasted seeds were also evaluated. Oils from ground canola and sesame seed were extracted with hexane at 25C for 10 h. Two ranking tests for odor preference were performed by a Korean panel. Among the canola oils, oil for seeds toasted at 240C was significantly better, and oil from seed toasted at 200C was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) worse than the others. Oils from sesame seed toasted at 220 and 260C were significantly better and untoasted and toasted sesame seed oil at 180C were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) worse than the other sesame seed oils. A second ranking test was performed to find the best oil among the canola and sesame seed oils. The toasted sesame seed oil at 260C was significantly better, and the toasted canola oil at 200C was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) worse. Among the other toasted oils, canola oil toasted at 240 and 260C and sesame seed oil toasted at 220 and 240C were not significantly different from each other. The ranking test showed that toasted canola oils were not significantly different from toasted sesame seed oils except toasted sesame seed oil at 260C.     

Physicochemical properties and bioactive compounds of selected seed oils

The physicochemical properties and chemical composition of oil extracted from five varieties of plant seeds (bittermelon, Kalahari melon, kenaf, pumpkin and roselle seeds) were examined by established methods. The thermal properties of extracted oils by differential scanning calorimetry were also evaluated. Sensorial profiles of these seed oils were defined through the CieLab (L*, a*, b*) colour. Most of the quality indices and fatty acid compositions showed significant (P < 0.05) variations among the extracted oils. Physicochemical properties of the oils extracted were iodine value, 86.0-125.0 g I₂/100 g oil; saponification value, 171.0-190.7 mg of KOH/g of oil; acid value, 1.1-12.9 mg of KOH/g of oil, free fatty acid, 0.6-6.5 g/100 g of oil, and peroxide value 1.5-6.5 meq of O₂/kg of oil. Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids in all of the extracted seed oils except for bittermelon, where eleostearic acid was the major fatty acid. Gallic, protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, caffeic, syringic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids were identified in the extracted plant oils. Among these, vanillic acid was predominant in all extracted oils. The oils were rich in tocopherols with γ-tocopherol as the major components in all oil samples. Among the phytosterols, sitosterol was the major phytosterol extracted from the five plant seed oils. The seeds of these plants contain a great number of valuable minor compounds, which have a potential high value as food and for production of non-food products.     

Characterisation of three starch degrading enzymes: thermostable β-amylase, maltotetraogenic and maltogenic α-amylases

White sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L.) were studied with the purpose to evaluate γ-irradiation effect at 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 kGy on lipid and fatty acid content, colour and protein allergenicity and to identify whether sesame oil was extracted from irradiated seeds by using High Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (HR-NMR). The fat decreased significantly, whereas triglyceride and phospholipid content was significantly decreased by the increase of irradiation dose. Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids and unsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio decreased. The presence of radiolytic decomposition products, shown by NMR, formed after a 2.5 kGy dose, confirmed that the lipid content decrease was a result of the irradiation process. The allergenicity of storage seed proteins was not significantly affected by irradiation up to 10.0 kGy. Colour parameter a^* increased after 5.0 kGy, while L^* values decreased significantly after 2.5 kGy. Conclusively, irradiation could be applied at doses <2.5 kGy while sustaining the sesame seed nutritional benefits.     

Composition and antioxidative activities of supercritical CO2-extracted oils from seeds and soft parts of northern berries

The present study investigated the composition and the antioxidative activities of oils from the seeds and the soft parts of a range of northern berries extracted by supercritical CO₂. The seed oils of the species of Rubus, Vaccinium, Empetrum, Fragaria and Hippophaë were rich in linoleic (18:2n-6, 34-55% of total fatty acids) and ??-linolenic (18:3n-3, 29-45% of total) acids with n-6:n-3 ratios of 1:1-1:2. The seed oils of the species Ribes contained, in addition to linoleic and ??-linolenic acids, ??-linolenic (18:3n-6) and stearidonic (18:3n-4) acids. In seed oils from European rowanberry (Sorbus aucuparia L.) and snowball berry (Viburnum opulus L.), linoleic and oleic (18:1n-9) acids together exceeded 90% of the total fatty acids. The sea buckthorn (SB) pulp oil had palmitoleic (16:1n-7), palmitic (16:0) and oleic acids as the major fatty acids. The SB pulp oil and snowball berry seed oil were rich in ??-tocopherol (120 and 110 mg/100 g oil, respectively), whereas raspberry seed oil contained a high level of ??-tocopherol (320 mg/100 g oil). Seed oils of cranberry (180 mg/100 g oil), Arctic cranberry (190 mg/100 g oil) and lingonberry (120 mg/100 g oil) are rich sources of ??-tocotrienol. The berry seed oils and the SB pulp oil showed varying peroxyl radical scavenging efficacies (300-2300 ??mol ??-tocopherol equivalent per 100 g oil) and inhibitory effects on perioxidation of microsomal lipids (250-1200 ??mol trolox equivalent per 100 g oil) in vitro. The peroxyl radical scavenging activity positively correlated with the total content of tocopherols and tocotrienols of the oils (r = 0.875, P = 0.001). The SB seed oil and pulp oil were active in scavenging superoxide anions produced by xanthine-xanthine oxidase system and inhibited Cu²⁺-induced LDL oxidation in vitro. The SB oils also protected purified DNA and rat liver homogenate from UV-induced DNA oxidation in vitro. The current research suggests potential of supercritical CO₂-extracted oils from northern berries as nutraceuticals and ingredients of functional foods.     

Physicochemical properties of Kalahari melon seed oil following extractions using solvent and aqueous enzymatic methods

The physico‐chemical properties of oil from Kalahari melon seed were determined following extraction with petroleum ether and aqueous‐enzymatic methods. Two different enzymes Flavourzyme 1000 L and Neutrase 0.8 L were separately used during aqueous‐enzymatic method. The free fatty acid, peroxide, iodine and the saponification values of the oils extracted using the methods were found to be significantly (P < 0.05) different. The melting point of the oils extracted was in the range of ?18.7 °C to ?17.5 °C and no significant (P > 0.05) difference between the oil obtained from solvent and aqueous‐enzymatic extractions was observed. Enzyme‐extracted oil tended to be light‐coloured and more yellow in colour compared with solvent‐extracted oil. The predominant fatty acids in the extracted oils were linoleic acid (62.2–63.1%), with some oleic (16.8–17.1%), palmitic (11.4–12.4%), stearic (7.5–8.1%), linolenic (0.7–1.2%) and eicosenoic (0.3%). Phenolic acids in enzyme‐extracted oils were comparable to the solvent‐extracted oil. The oils extracted with these two methods were differed in the composition of their phytosterol and tocopherol contents, but no significant (P > 0.05) difference between the two enzyme‐extracted oils was observed.     

Quality characteristics of sesame seeds and by-products

The chemical composition, of raw sesame seed (RS); Sesame coats 1 (SC1) and sesame coats 2 (SC2) obtained as a by-product respectively after dehulling and roasting processes during preparation of sesame paste (tehineh) for the manufacturing of Halaweh (sweetened tehineh), was determined along with the physicochemical characteristics of the oil fraction. Compared to RS, SC1 and SC2 showed higher amounts of dietary fibre, ash and polyphenol and lower amounts of oil and protein. Oil from SC1 and SC2, had a higher content of free fatty acids, chlorophylls, polyphenols and sesamol than RS oil. SC2 oil showed more intense colour, more absorbance in UV-A, UV-B and UV-C ranges and a significant higher viscosity (P < 0.05). No differences (P > 0.05) were observed for refractive index, iodine value and fatty acids composition. This latter was essentially dominated by oleic and linoleic acids. Oxidative stability of oil was investigated using a Rancimat system and in an oven test at 65 °C over 60 days. RS oil was more resistant to the thermal treatment during a long period than SC1 and SC2 oils.     

Variation of sesamin,sesamolin and tocopherols in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seeds and oil products in Thailand

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seed and oil contain abundant lignans, including sesamin, sesamolin and lignan glycosides. The aim of the present study was to determine sesamin, sesamolin and tocopherol contents in sesame seed and oil available in Thailand. The results showed that there was a large variation of sesamin and sesamolin contents in products. The distribution plot of sesamin and sesamolin contents in seeds showed that the mean values of sesamin and sesamolin were 1.55 mg/g (SD = 1.63; range n.d.–7.23 mg/g) and 0.62 mg/g (SD = 0.48; range n.d.–2.25 mg/g), respectively. The range of total tocopherols of these sesame lines was 50.9–211 μg/g seed. In commercial sesame oils, the ranges of sesamin and sesamolin were 0.93–2.89 mg/g oil and 0.30–0.74 mg/g oil, respectively, and tocopherol contents were 304–647 μg/g oil. The study reveals the extensive variability in sesamin, sesamolin and tocopherol contents among sesame products.     

4种提取工艺橡胶籽油的品质比较研究

以橡胶籽仁为原料,采用压榨法、浸出法、超声波辅助溶剂法和水酶法制备橡胶籽油。比较不同提取工艺的油脂提取率、理化性质及脂肪酸组成。结果表明:超声波辅助溶剂法油脂提取率最高,水酶法的最低;水酶法得到的橡胶籽油的水分及挥发物含量较高;浸出法所得橡胶籽油的酸价最高,压榨法的最低;压榨法橡胶籽油过氧化值最高,水酶法的最低; 4种提取工艺所得橡胶籽油的脂肪酸组成基本相同。     

FTIR Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometric for Analysis of Sesame Oil Adulterated with Corn Oil

Sesame oil is an edible vegetable oil derived from the sesame seed that has been used as a flavor enhancer in Southeast Asian cuisine. This highly valuable oil can be subjected to adulterations with lower price oils in order to gain economical profit. Among 10 vegetable oils evaluated using fatty acid profiles with principal component analysis, corn oil has the closest similarity in fatty acids combined together with sesame oil; therefore, corn oil is a potential adulterant in sesame oil. FTIR spectra at 1072?935 cm^?1 was chosen for quantitative analysis with acceptable values of coefficient determination (R²), root mean square errors of calibration and prediction. These combined methods using first derivative FTIR spectra in partial least square showed well quantified corn oil in sesame oil with R² (0.992), root mean square errors of calibration (0.53% v/v) and root mean square errors of prediction (1.31% v/v) values. Moreover, the Coomans plot based on Mahalanobis distance were able to discriminate between sesame oil with adulterated oils such as corn oil, grape seed oil, and rice bran oil.     

Fatty acid composition,oxidative stability,antioxidant and antiproliferative properties of selected cold-pressed grape seed oils and flours

Cold-pressed chardonnay, muscadine, ruby red, and concord grape seed oils and their defatted flours were studied for their fatty acid composition, oxidative stability and antioxidant and antiproliferative activities. The phenolic profiles of the seed flours were also measured. The most abundant fatty acid in the oils was linoleic acid, ranging from 66.0 g/100 g of total fatty acids in ruby red seed oil to 75.3 g/100 g of total fatty acids in concord seed oil. The oils were also high in oleic acid and low in saturated fat. Ruby red grape seed oil recorded the highest oxidative stability index of 40 h under the accelerated conditions. Total phenolic content (TPC) was up to 100 times lower in the oils than in the flours. Lutein, zeaxanthin, cryptoxanthin, β-carotene, and α-tocopherol levels were also measured. DPPH radical-scavenging capacity ranged from 0.07 to 2.22 mmol trolox equivalents (TE)/g of oil and 11.8 to 15.0 mmol TE/g of flour. Oxidative stability of menhaden fish oil containing extracts of the seed flours was extended by up to 137%. HPLC analysis was conducted to determine the levels of free soluble, soluble conjugated and insoluble bound phenolics in the seed flours. The phenolic compounds analyzed included catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, quercetin, gallic acid, and procyanidins B1 and B2. Antiproliferative activity was tested against HT-29 colon cancer cells. All of the seed flours and muscadine seed oil registered significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of cancer cell growth. The results from this study demonstrate the potential of developing value-added uses for these seed oils and flours as dietary sources of natural antioxidants and antiproliferative agents for optimal health.     

不同工艺芝麻油的挥发性成分分析和感官评价

利用SPME-GC-MS分析6种工艺芝麻油的挥发性物质,建立了芝麻油的感官风味轮,使用直线标度对感官属性强度评分,并利用主成分分析法比较芝麻油的感官差异,列出部分挥发性物质对应的特征气味,以研究加工工艺对芝麻油的挥发性成分和感官品质的影响。结果表明:冷榨芝麻油的挥发性成分以醛类和酸类为主,具有较强的生芝麻味、土腥味、木屑味和青草味;精炼芝麻油中挥发性成分最少;芝麻原油由于含有正己烷,表现出较强的机油味和刺激感;芝麻压榨毛油、压榨成品油和小磨芝麻香油富含吡嗪类、酚类、醛类和酮类等物质,具有较强的炒芝麻味、焦香味、留香较久且风味浓郁。小磨芝麻香油风味最纯正和醇厚,口感最绵柔。     

Tocols in caneberry seed oils

The compositional analysis of tocols in oils extracted from Korean caneberry seeds was compared with commercial soybean, corn, olive, canola, perilla, and grape seed oils. The oils from caneberry seeds of six different species were extracted using either a chloroform–methanol–water system or hot hexane. Tocols from all of the oils were analysed using isocratic HPLC. The contents of total tocopherols in the caneberry seed oils were about 75–290 mg/100 g oil, whereas tocotrienols were not detected. γ-Tocopherol was the most abundant tocopherol (31.8–239 mg/100 g oil) in the caneberry seed oils, followed by α-tocopherol (7.6–58.2 mg/100 g oil). The contents of total tocols in soybean, corn, olive, canola, perilla, and grape seed oils were 99.9, 61.1, 28, 27, 45.4, and 52.2 mg/100 g oil, respectively. Total tocol content was higher in most of the caneberry seed oils including the refined ones than in the commercial vegetable oils.     

Effect of processing on oxidative stability and lipid classes of sesame oil

Sesame oil and seed products are highly stable against oxidative processes. The effects of sesame seed pretreatment, including roasting (R), steaming (S), roasting plus steaming (RS) and microwaving (M) on crude oil quality from intact Egyptian and Sudanese seeds were investigated. Oxidative stability of seasame seeds was determined by monitoring changes in peroxide value (PV) and para-anisidine value (p-AV). The oils from RW and RS seeds showed higher oxidative stability than other processed oils. In addition, different lipid classes and subclasses present and their fatty acid composition would influence the oxidative status of the oil. Neutral lipids constituted about 91.0% whereas monoglycolipids and diglycolipids each respresented 2.4 and 3.5%, respectively, and finally phospholipids represented 3.0% of the total lipids. Moreover, different processing treatments show considerable effects on lipid fractions. The influence on all components after RS was more pronounced than M treatment.     

核桃油与常用植物油中37种脂肪酸和角鲨烯含量比较

为探明核桃油与大豆油、芝麻油和玉米胚芽油等常用植物油的营养价值差异,本研究采用气-质联用法和气相色谱法对4种植物油中37种脂肪酸和角鲨烯的含量进行了测定,并开展了对比分析。结果表明,核桃油与常用植物油营养价值存在显著差异（P<0.05）,核桃油富含α-亚麻酸、二十碳二烯酸和亚油酸3种多不饱和脂肪酸以及油酸等单不饱和脂肪酸,还含有少量的棕榈酸及硬脂酸等饱和脂肪酸,核桃油中多不饱和脂肪酸组成与比例显著高于其他植物油（P<0.05）,而饱和脂肪酸则显著低于其他植物油（P<0.05）;核桃油中角鲨烯含量略低于芝麻油,属于优质植物油。4种植物油中总脂肪酸含量从高到低顺序依次为大豆油、芝麻油、核桃油和玉米胚芽油,含量分别为78.11、73.96、69.20和48.83 g/100 g;4种植物油均含α-亚麻酸、亚油酸和二十碳二烯酸等人体必需脂肪酸（Essential fatty acids,EFA）,EFA含量从高到低依次为核桃油、大豆油、玉米胚芽油和芝麻油,分别占总脂肪酸的90.0%、70.7%、64.9%和54.1%;4种植物油的油酸含量与亚油酸含量的比值（油亚比R）由高到低依次为芝麻油、玉米胚芽油、大豆油和核桃油,分别为0.62、0.35、0.27和0.10,表明4种植物油中,芝麻油的抗氧化能力最大,可保存时间最长。大豆油、核桃油和芝麻油中均检出角鲨烯,其含量从高到低依次为大豆油、芝麻油和核桃油,含量分别为173.3、72.9和31.4 mg/kg,玉米胚芽油中仅含有微量的角鲨烯,未检出。本研究表明不同植物油中脂肪酸及角鲨烯等营养物质含量存在差异,可为食用植物油的营养价值分析、相关的食品和保健品等产品研发提供科学依据。     

破乳方式对水酶法提取大豆油过程中的乳状液回收油品质影响和水解蛋白风味研究

为研究破乳方式对粗酶水相提取大豆油过程形成的乳状液回收油品质影响和所得水解蛋白风味,分别对等电点法、添加CaCl₂法、Alcalase酶法、加热破乳方式回收油的理化性质和脂肪酸组成进行分析,并以溶剂浸提油为对照样。结果表明,各破乳方式所得油的色泽、酸价、过氧化值、皂化值、碘值均低于溶剂浸提油,破乳油中,等电点法破乳油酸价最高,达0.83 mg/g,其次是加热破乳油,CaCl₂和Alcalase酶法破乳油的酸价最低,仅为0.52 mg/g;加热破乳油过氧化值高于其他破乳油,达0.85 μg/g,CaCl₂和Alcalase酶法破乳油的过氧化值最低,仅为0.62 μg/g。各破乳油色泽、皂化值和碘值之间均无显著性差异(P>0.05),破乳油脂肪酸组成与溶剂浸提油相同,不饱和脂肪酸总含量均在84%以上,符合国际法典委员会推荐的食用油标准。因此,破乳油的品质均优于溶剂浸提油,而CaCl₂和Alcalase酶法破乳油的品质最好。粗酶水解蛋白必需氨基酸含量与原料大豆相近,尽管仍具有苦味,但苦味值低于Alcalase酶解蛋白,因此粗酶水解蛋白仍然保持大豆蛋白的营养品质。     

The relationship of antioxidant components and antioxidant activity of sesame seed oil

Although sesame seed oil contains high levels of unsaturated fatty acids and even a small amount of free fatty acids in its unrefined flavored form, it shows markedly greater stability than other dietary vegetable oils. The good stability of sesame seed oil against autoxidation has been ascribed not only to its inherent lignans and tocopherols but also to browning reaction products generated when sesame seeds are roasted. Also, there is a strong synergistic effect among these components. The lignans in sesame seed oil can be categorized into two types, i.e. inherent lignans (sesamin, sesamolin) and lignans mainly formed during the oil production process (sesamol, sesamolinol, etc.). The most abundant tocopherol in sesame seed oil is γ‐tocopherol. This article reviews the antioxidant activities of lignans and tocopherols as well as the browning reaction and its products in sesame seed and/or its oil. It is concluded that the composition and structure of browning reaction products and their impacts on sesame ingredients need to be further studied to better explain the remaining mysteries of sesame oil. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of Roasting Conditions on the Changes of Stable Carbon Isotope Ratios (δ13C) in Sesame Oil and Usefulness of δ13C to Differentiate Blended Sesame Oil from Corn Oil

Abstract: Differentiating blended sesame oils from authentic sesame oil (SO) is a critical step in protecting consumer rights. Stable carbon isotope ratios (δ¹³C), color, fluorescence intensity, and fatty acid profiles were analyzed in SO prepared from sesame seeds with different roasting conditions and in corn oil blended with SO. Sesame seeds were roasted at 175, 200, 225, or 250 °C for 15 or 30 min at each temperature. SO was mixed with corn oil at varying ratios. Roasting conditions ranging from175 to 250 °C at the 30 min time point did not result in significant changes in δ¹³C (P > 0.05). Values of δ¹³C in corn oil and SO from sesame seeds roasted at 250 °C for 15 min were −17.55 and −32.13 ‰, respectively. Fatty acid ratios, including (O + L)/(P × Ln) and (L × L)/O, where O, L, P, and Ln were oleic, linoleic, palmitic, and linolenic acids, respectively, showed good discriminating abilities among the SO blended with corn oil. Therefore, using different combinations of stable carbon isotope ratios and some fatty acid ratios can allow successful differentiation of authentic SO from SO blended with corn oil. Practical Application: Adulteration of sesame oil with less expensive oils such as corn oil or soybean oil to reduce cost is a common unethical practice in Korea. Due to the unique and strong flavor of sesame oils that may mask other weaker flavors, however, differentiating authentic sesame oils from blended oils is difficult. This study showed that the roasting process did not significantly affect the ratios of the stable carbon isotope (δ¹³C) in sesame oils. δ¹³C was confirmed to be a reliable parameter. Moreover, some fatty acid ratios were designed to discriminate between blended sesame oil with corn oil and authentic sesame oil.