新型天然抗氧化剂茶多酚的研究进展

茶多酚（TP）是茶叶中含有的一类多羟基酚类化合物，为一种高效天然抗氧化剂，由于其具有强大的自由基清除作用和独特的生物活性，因而在很多领域显示出广阔的开发和应用前景。本文综述了茶多酚的生理活性、抗氧化作用机理、分析方法、应用领域及制备途径。     

Ultrahigh pressure extraction as a tool to improve the antioxidant activities of green tea extracts

In this study, the effect of ultrahigh pressure extraction at pressures of 150 MPa, 250 MPa, 350 MPa and 450 MPa on the total phenolic contents, the extraction yields and the antioxidant activities of green tea were investigated. The antioxidant activities of these extracts were analyzed using DPPH radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity. The results showed that the phenolic contents and the antioxidant activities of extracts were greatly influenced by high pressure. The total phenolic contents and the antioxidant activities of ultrahigh pressure extraction at 450 MPa were higher than those of other ultrahigh pressure extraction and conventional extraction. The high content of phenolic compounds in the green tea leaves could account for the antioxidant activity. This study indicated that this new technology can benefit the food and pharmaceutical industries.     

Selenium-containing green tea has higher antioxidant and prebiotic activities than regular green tea

The effects of selenium-containing green tea (SGT; 1.4 mg selenium/kg) and China green tea (CGT; 0.13 mg selenium/kg) on the in vitro growth of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria were investigated using pure and mixed cultures. SGT had significantly higher phenolic contents (TPC), higher reducing activity, higher DPPH free-radical scavenging activity, and higher ferrous-ion chelating activity (P < 0.05–0.0001) than CGT. The addition of aqueous extracts from CGT to Mann-Rogosa-Sharpe (MRS) broth at 10% and 25% (v/v) resulted in small but nonsignificant (P > 0.05) increases in the numbers of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium breve over the control incubations (without tea). Addition of 10% and 25% of SGT extract resulted in a significant increase (P < 0.05–0.0001) in the number of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria recovered from batch fermentation while CGT did not increase the number of bifidobacteria. The higher prebiotic activity of SGT over CGT may be related to the higher TPC or minerals, notably selenium or a combination of these factors. To test whether selenium itself has an effect on bacterial growth, Na-selenite and Na-selenate were added alone or in combination with CGT to the MRS broth containing pure culture of L. rhamnosus. Growth of this bacterium was enhanced relative to the control incubation of MRS only. When added in combination with CGT, Na-selenate was more effective at enhancing the growth of L. rhamnosus than Na-selenite. The prebiotic effect of SGT could be largely explained by its selenium content.     

Antioxidant and polyphenol oxidase activity of germinated barley and its milling fractions

Eight different hulled barley cultivars were evaluated before and after germination for total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AOA) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. Germination for 12 h significantly decreased the TPC in whole flour (WF), bran (B) and refined flour (RF), however, further increase in germination to 24 h significantly increased the TPC in the fractions. Germination for 12 h duration significantly increased the AOA for WF, B and RF and further increase in germination to 24 h significantly increased the AOA in all the barley cultivars tested. A strong positive correlation was observed between AOA and TPC. Upon germination for 12 h the polyphenol oxidase activity of WF, B and RF significantly decreased by 13.31–59.22, 1.93–59.46 and 7.08–45.87%, respectively, however, the PPO activity increased upon germination for 24 h. The highest level of TPC and AOA was observed in the bran fraction of all the barley cultivars.     

Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of cantaloupe (cucumis melo) methanolic extracts

The objectives of this study were to determine phenolic content and antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts from different parts of cantaloupe (leaf, stem, skin, seed and flesh). The flesh extract afforded the highest yield (89.6 ± 0.3%) whilst the lowest yield was obtained from the seed (13.7 ± 0.5%) (p < 0.05). The leaf extract showed the highest total phenolic content (26.4 ± 0.3 mg GAE/g extract) and total flavonoid content (69.7 ± 3.37 μg RE/g extract) accompanied with best antioxidant activity through all antioxidant assays (p < 0.05). In addition, the stem extract also exhibited good antioxidant activity. Thus, these results suggest that methanolic extracts of cantaloupe leaf and stem may serve as a potential source of natural antioxidant for food and nutraceutical application.     

Antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents of various extracts from defatted wheat germ

Defatted wheat germ (DWG) is the main by-product of the wheat germ oil extraction process. Its nutritional value has well been accepted. In this study, the antioxidant properties of 30% ethanol, 50% ethanol, 70% ethanol, 100% ethanol, and aqueous extracts of DWG were measured using various in vitro assays. Among the DWGEs (DWG extracts) tested, the 70% ethanol extract showed the best DPPH radical scavenging power while the 100% ethanol extract showed the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity and reducing power. In addition, both the 70% ethanol extract and the 50% ethanol extract exhibited relatively higher antioxidant activity in linoleic acid system. The extracts in question exhibited total phenolic contents ranging from 13.98 to 16.75 mg GAE/g. DWG, as a source of natural antioxidants, can be used to formulate nutraceuticals with potential applications to reducing the level of oxidative stress. The antioxidant potency of the DWG extracts could be the basis for its health promoting potential.     

Determinants of Organic Food Buying Behavior: Special Reference to Organic Food Purchase Intention of Sri Lankan Customers

Sri Lankans are experiencingmany non-communicable diseases and health problems for decades since they were away from traditional food habits and traditional agriculture prevailed in ancient Sri Lanka which was based on organic constituent.Value of organic foodis perceived differentlyand many customers demonstrate slow buying behaviour and stay back from real purchasing decisions. Among different determinants whichaffect on purchasing intention of organic food, This paper aims to examine the impact of health consciousness, environment concern, reference group influence and awareness on purchase intention of organic food. Data gathered through a survey questionnaire from 400 individuals fromWestern Province of Sri Lanka. A Multiple Linear Regression Model was used to assess the degrees of impact from each individual determinant on purchase intention. The research findings demonstratedthat awareness and health consciousness were the two key determinants and demonstrated asignificant positive impact with purchase intention of organic food. Yet, environment concern and reference group influence have no significant impact on organic food purchase intention of Sri Lankan customers. Extending organic food consumption is a sound and sustainable solution for the environmental and health problems prevails in Sri Lanka at present. Stimulating Purchase intention would employ as one of the strategies to persuade consumption and increase the demand for theorganic foods. Policy makers need to draw special attention on improving awareness levels and promote thespecific health benefits of organic food in order to stimulate real purchasing decision. Research findings underscore the existing body of knowledge about determinants of purchase intention of organic food.     

Proximate Composition,Calorie Content and Heavy Metals (As,Cd, Pb) of Selected Sri Lankan Traditional Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Varieties

There are over 2000 Sri Lankan traditional rice varieties (STRV) known to have existed in Sri Lanka. But only about 30 varieties have been subjected to scientific research and proven to have high nutritional and medicinal properties. Therefore, uncovering the nutritional values of the rest of the STRV has become very important. Standard methods of AOAC nutritional guidelines were used to obtain the proximate composition of six STRV; Kalu heenati (KH), Pokkali (PK), Gurusinghe wee (GW), Kahawanu (KW), Sudu murunga (SM) and Unakola samba (US). Heavy metals (As, Cd and Pb) of these STRV were determined by using an ICP-AES.The moisture content of selected STRV ranged from 11.2±0.2% -11.9± 0.2%. The results showed that crude protein content of the selected STRV was in the range of 9.7±0.3% - 11.0±0.4% KH had the highest crude protein content while SM had the least. In relation to crude fiber content, SM had the highest percentage (1.14±0.04%), while the lowest (0.92±0.03%) was recorded for KH. Crude fat content of all the STRV ranged from 2.3±0.0% - 2.9±0.1%. US had the highest crude fat content while PK and GW similarly had the least. PK had the highest ash content of 1.9±0.1% and the least ash content of 1.2±0.0% was shown by SM. Carbohydrate content of the selected STRV ranged from 72.0±0.1% - 76.3±0.1%. Calorie contents of the selected STRV were in the range of 352.3-372.8 Kcal/100 g and the highest value was reported for KH. The study reveals that the levels of As, Cd and Pb were below the limit of quantification (LOQ: Pb-0.04 ppm, As-0.02 ppm and Cd-0.01 ppm). Therefore, consumption of STRV may not cause metal toxicity due to Pb, Cd or As. This reveals that STRV show high nutritional values than those values reported for the improved rice.     

Variation of active constituents and antioxidant activity in pyrola [P. incarnata Fisch.] from different sites in Northeast China

The variation of antioxidant activity and active components in pyrola [Passiflora incarnata Fisch.] from eight sites in Northeast China were investigated. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined and varied within the range of 39.66–181.48 mg/g and 2.47–22.11 mg/g, respectively. Antioxidant activities were determined by scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS, by a reducing power test and by a β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching test. The IC₅₀ of Tahe samples determined by the DPPH test was 0.106 ± 0.006 mg/mL which was very close to that of Vc (0.076 ± 0.004 mg/mL). The Tahe samples had good antioxidant activity. Principal component activity analysis indicated that the Tahe samples of P. incarnata had the highest potential antioxidant properties, and may be a valuable antioxidant natural resource in the northeast of China.     

斯里兰卡红碎茶与滇红碎茶主要香气成分比较分析

目的 比较分析斯里兰卡红碎茶与滇红碎茶香气成分及含量的差异性,探明区分两地红碎茶差异的主要香气成分。方法 采用GC-MS法测定斯里兰卡红碎茶及滇红碎茶样品的香气成分,通过主成分分析法比较斯里兰卡红碎茶与滇红碎茶香气成分特征差异性,根据第一主成分贡献值大小,筛选出决定区分两地红碎茶差异的主要香气成分。结果 两地红碎茶样品共分析到香气化合物40种,以醛类、酮类、酯类、醇类为主,香气成分及含量相近,但略有差异。其中反-2-己烯醛、苯乙醇、香叶醇、壬醛香气成分滇红碎茶明显高于斯里兰卡红碎茶（高出80%以上）,分别高出110.00%、108.73%、93.64%、84.91%,二氢猕猴桃内酯、吲哚香气成分滇红碎茶明显低于斯里兰卡红碎茶（50%以上）,分别低至56.19%、52.38%。其中烯类香气成分滇红碎茶比斯里兰卡红碎茶高出最为明显,高出53.53%,吲哚类香气成分滇红碎茶比斯里兰卡红碎茶低出最为明显,低出52.48%。两类红碎茶中,水杨酸甲酯占比最高,在斯里兰卡红碎茶中最高可达26.60%,在滇红碎茶中最高可达29.79%。斯里兰卡红碎茶和滇红碎茶中,酯类和醇类含量最高,酯类在斯里兰卡红碎茶中最高可达34.38%,在滇红碎茶中最高可达35.69%,醇类在斯里兰卡红碎茶中最高可达32.48%,在滇红碎茶中最高可达34.84%。各香气成分中二氢猕猴桃内酯（C15）、反-戊酸-2-己烯酯（C29）最能代表斯里兰卡红碎茶香气特征,a-萜品醇（C30）、橙花醇（C40）最能代表滇红碎茶香气成分特征。结论 对香气成分进行分析,可明显区分斯里兰卡红碎茶与滇红碎茶特征。     

Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Ulam raja (Cosmos caudatus) and quantification of its selected marker compounds: Effect of extraction

The effect of heating time (30, 45, and 60 min) and temperature (45, 65, and 85°C) on the extraction yield (total soluble solids) of Ulam raja (Cosmos caudatus) was studied using face-centered composite design-response surface methodology. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity (TEAC_DPPH) of samples obtained by aqueous extraction under different temperature and time were determined using Folin–Ciocalteau and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity assays, respectively. The yield, total phenolic content, and TEAC_DPPH of Ulam raja extracts ranged as 3.0–4.2 °Brix, 36.09–37.76 mg gallic acid equivalent/g, and 121.17–146.84 µmol Trolox equivalent/g of plant material on dry basis, respectively. Yield and TEAC_DPPH of samples were significantly influenced (p < 0.05) by the extraction conditions. Meanwhile, no significant effect (p > 0.05) on total phenolic content was observed. Extraction of Ulam raja at 85°C for 30 min resulted in higher yield and TEAC_DPPH of the extract. The chromatographic and spectral data confirmed the presence of several flavonoids in the lyophilized Ulam raja extract, i.e., quercitrin, catechin, and rutin, and their quantities were also reported as 36.9, 25.0, and 8.2 mg/g of Ulam raja extract, respectively.     

Effect of air-drying temperature on physico-chemical properties,antioxidant capacity,colour and total phenolic content of red pepper (Capsicum annuum, L. var. Hungarian)

Red pepper has been recognised as an excellent source of antioxidants, being rich in ascorbic acid and other phytochemicals. Drying conditions, particularly temperature, leads to pepper modifications that can cause quality degradation. In this work, the effects of process temperatures between 50 and 90 °C on physico-chemical properties, rehydration, colour, texture, vitamin C, antioxidant capacity and total phenolics during the drying of red pepper were studied. The rehydration ratio decreased with temperature and the maximum water holding capacity was achieved at 50 °C. Both vitamin C content and the total phenolic content decreased as air-drying temperature decreased. The radical scavenging activity showed higher antioxidant activity at high temperatures (i.e. 80 and 90 °C) rather than at low temperatures (i.e. 50, 60 and 70 °C). Chromatic parameters (L*, a*, b*, C* and H°), non-enzymatic browning compounds and extractable colour were affected by drying temperature, which contributed to the discolouring of pepper during this process.     

Retention of antioxidant activity in gamma irradiated argentinian sage and oregano

The effect of 30 kGy of gamma radiation on the antioxidant activity of methanolic and aqueous extracts prepared from dry gamma irradiated sage and oregano were analysed. The antioxidant activity was characterised by DPPH radical test and by reducing power assay within an extract concentration range of 0–40 mg/ml of methanol or water. In addition, the total phenolic content in the extracts was determined. From the EC₅₀ estimated values, it was established that, by both methods, oregano extracts showed a higher antioxidant activity than sage extracts. Oregano extracts also showed a phenolic content significantly higher than sage extracts. A good correlation between the phenolic content and the antioxidant activity was also observed. The 30 kGy dose applied to dry sage and oregano for sanitization did not significantly affect the capacity to inhibit the DPPH radical or the reducing power, nor did it affect the total phenolic content of the methanolic and aqueous extract.     

Storage temperature and packaging condition affect the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of black soybeans and koji

In this study, powders of steamed black soybeans and the Aspergillus awamori‐fermented black soybeans (koji) were subjected to storage at 4 °C and 25 °C with or without deoxidant and desiccant for 120 days. It was found that total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity including the DPPH radicals scavenging effect, Fe²⁺‐chelating ability and reducing activity of the methanol extracts from black soybeans and koji decreased as the storage period was extended. Furthermore, storage temperature and packaging condition affected the antioxidant activity of the methanol extracts of black soybeans and koji. After 120‐day storage, extract from black soybeans holding at 4 °C with deoxidant and desiccant exhibited the highest residual of DPPH radicals scavenging effect, Fe²⁺‐chelating ability and reducing activity of 71.78%, 72.66% and 70.04%, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest residual of 77.78%, 81.71% and 85.05% respectively, was noted with extract from koji held at 25 °C with deoxidant and desiccant.     

Polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of CTC black tea of North-East India

Sixty black tea samples from different agro climatic zones of northeast India were assessed for biochemical constituents that determine quality and also influence organoleptic perception. The antioxidant activities such as α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation inhibition, nitrite scavenging and super oxide scavenging, of the collected samples were analysed. Out of the four antioxidant activities, the super oxide scavenging activity was lowest and nitrite scavenging activity was highest. Theaflavin was significantly and positively correlated with nitrite scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition activities. Thearubigins showed a significant positive correlation only with nitrite scavenging activity. Correlations between relative antioxidant capacity index (RACI) and TF, TR and tasters’ quality were positive and significant. Tea tasters’ parameters were significantly and positively correlated with each other. Principal component analysis showed that Upper Assam, North Bank and South Bank produced better quality tea than other regions with respect to TF, TR, RACI and tasters’ quality.     

包装方式对颗粒形绿茶贮藏品质和抗氧化活性的影响

目的 探索不同包装方式对颗粒形绿茶贮藏品质的影响。方法 本研究将颗粒形绿茶分别采用单一铝箔包装和脱氧剂包装,在温度15±1℃、相对湿度65%下贮藏24个月,采用高效液相色谱法、感官审评方法和色差分析法,研究贮藏过程中风味成分和抗氧化活性的动态变化。结果 随着贮藏时间延长,两种包装方式颗粒形绿茶含水量呈上升趋势（P<0.05）,而茶多酚含量、儿茶素总量、非酯型儿茶素和酯型儿茶素呈下降趋势（P<0.05）。咖啡碱含量在贮藏前期相对稳定（P>0.05）,贮藏24个月后显著下降（P<0.05）。色差结果表明,两种包装方式颗粒形绿茶贮藏中L值、a值和b/a值均呈下降趋势（P<0.05）,采用脱氧包装的颗粒形绿茶茶汤L*值、a*值始终高于单一铝箔包装。贮存24月后,单一铝箔包装和脱氧包装的颗粒形绿茶DPPH 自由基清除率分别为48.96%和60.87%。相关性结果表明,不同包装方式颗粒形绿茶的DPPH清除率与a值、b/a值、茶多酚、表儿茶素含量呈极显著正相关（P <0.01）。感官审评表明,采用脱氧包装的颗粒形绿茶的汤色、滋味和感官总分始终高于单一铝箔包装。结论 相较于单一铝箔包装,采用脱氧包装更有利于颗粒形绿茶贮藏品质保持,从而延长颗粒形绿茶货架期。本研究为颗粒形绿茶贮藏品质控制提供理论依据和技术指导。     

Carotenoid pigment composition, polyphenol content, and antioxidant activities of extracts from orange-colored Chinese cabbage

We investigated the carotenoid pigment composition in orange-colored Chinese cabbage (OC) (Brassica rapa; cultivar (cv), Orange queen) and (normal) Chinese cabbage (NC) (B. rapa; cv, Yūki), and evaluated the antioxidant activities of their carotenoid and phenolic extracts. Although the major carotenoid pigments in NC are lutein and β-carotene, OC contained 7Z, 9Z, 7’Z, 9’Z tetra-cis-lycopene (prolycopene) and phytoene as the major carotenoid pigments along with β-carotene. The total carotenoid content of extracts from OC was two-fold higher than the extracts from NC. The 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical-scavenging activity of carotenoid extracts from OC [169 ± 2 μmol Trolox equivalent/100 g dry weight. (DW) (average ± SD)] was significantly higher than the carotenoid extracts from NC (132 ± 7 μmol Trolox equivalent/100 g DW) (P < 0.001). Moreover, the total phenols of methanolic extracts from OC (387 ± 11 mg/100 g DW) was significantly higher than the methanolic extracts from NC (263 ± 2 mg/100 g DW) (P < 0.001), and the superoxide anion radical-scavenging (SOD-like) activities of methanolic extracts from OC (70 ± 2%) were also higher than the methanolic extracts from NC (61 ± 2%) (P < 0.001). These results suggest that OC contains large amounts of carotenoid and phenolic compounds with radical-scavenging activity in comparison to NC.