红阳猕猴桃果实生长发育规律

对红阳猕猴桃授粉后30～135d 果实生长发育过程中的果实大小、单果质量、部分品质指标进行动态测定。结果表明：红阳猕猴桃在授粉后30～135d 果实发育过程中,果实纵、横径经历了“快- 慢- 快- 慢”的变化规律,呈现“S”型生长曲线;而质量的生长曲线近似于“3S”型;总酸在授粉后100d 达到生长发育期的极大值19.34mmol/100g 后呈线性下降;淀粉在授粉后105d 时达到最大值后开始下降;可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量随着果实成熟逐渐增加,135d 时TSS 为8.7%;果实中的VC 和可溶性蛋白质在生长发育过程中一直呈递增趋势,120d分别达到最大值181.17mg/100g 和132.04μg/g,随后逐渐下降。红阳猕猴桃果实品质在授粉后120d 达最优。     

Effect of nitrogen fertilization on quality markers of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Aromas)

BACKGROUND: Nitrogen is an indispensable element for fruit metabolism and low or excessive N levels can affect the accumulation of the most important components that contribute to the flavour and aroma of the fruit. Among them, sugars, acids and volatile compounds can be considered quality markers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of N fertilization on these quality markers of the fruit at two harvest dates. RESULTS: Strawberry plants were grown in a hydroponic system and N was applied as Ca(NO₃)₂ at concentrations of 0.3, 3 and 6 mmol L^?1 in the nutrient solution. Total soluble solids, soluble carbohydrates, amino acids and organic acids and volatile compounds of the fruit were analyzed. The fruits produced at 3 and 6 mmol L^?1 N had higher contents of esters, soluble carbohydrates and amino acids. The hexanal content increased with the 6 mmol L^?1 dose. The effect of fertilization was more marked at the second harvest date. CONCLUSION: The availability of N in strawberry plants affected the accumulation of quality markers. The fruits expected to have the best flavour and aroma, with both high levels of soluble carbohydrate and esters and low levels of hexanal, were obtained with 3 mmol L^?1 nitrate in the solution. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

融安金桔不同生长期果实品质特性比较

以广西融安特产油皮金桔和脆皮金桔果实为对象,研究金桔果实在不同生长时期的理化性状及其活性成分的动态变化规律。结果表明,从9月到12月,金桔的单果重、出汁率、pH值、可溶性固形物和糖酸比等理化指标均上升,果籽率和可滴定酸含量下降;主要糖含量分别从39.04和32.38 mg/g上升至111.23和137.11 mg/g;主要有机酸为抗坏血酸、苹果酸和草酸,其中抗坏血酸含量先上升后下降,10月份为金桔抗坏血酸含量高峰期(分别为48.23和23.20mg/g),而苹果酸和草酸含量一直下降;与9月份相比,12月份的油皮和滑皮金桔总黄酮含量分别从3.45和2.14 mg RE/g下降至1.21和0.76 mg RE/g,其中特征性黄酮金柑苷含量显著上升;总酚含量和抗氧化活性均显著下降。两个品种之间,成熟单果重、可滴定酸、总黄酮和橙皮苷含量无显著差异,油皮金桔的果籽率、抗坏血酸、金桔苷和总酚含量以及总抗氧化能力均显著高于脆皮金桔,而其出汁率、p H值、可溶性固形物、糖酸比、果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、苹果酸、草酸和芦丁含量均显著低于后者。本研究明确了两种金桔不同生长期的果实品质特性,为金桔果实的开发和利用提供了理论依据。     

Effects of sucrose polyester coating on fruit quality of apricots (Prunus armenaica (L))

Mature apricots were coated with different concentrations of a mixture containing sucrose polyesters (Semperfresh(tm) fruit coating) to determine the effect of that coating on shelf-life, post-storage life and quality of apricots. Respiration rates, weight loss, colour change, variations in soluble solids, ascorbic acid content, titratable acidity and pH of apricots were effectively reduced by both the 10 g litre^?1 and 15 g litre^?1 concentrations during ambient storage. After 10 days of cold storage both concentrations caused firmer fruit, higher pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids and ascorbic acid.     

采前乙酰水杨酸与采后1-MCP处理对厚皮甜瓜冷藏品质及抗氧化能力的影响

以“玛瑙”厚皮甜瓜为试材,通过采前分别在幼果期（花后2 周）、膨大期（花后3 周）、网纹形成期（花后4 周）和采前2 d 4 个时期喷洒乙酰水杨酸和采后1-甲基环丙烯（1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP）熏蒸,研究单独或复合处理对冷藏期间果实品质及抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,采前乙酰水杨酸处理可有效抑制贮藏期间果实的质量损失率的增加,延缓果皮转黄,维持可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量,提高总酚和类黄酮含量,提高抗氧化能力。1-MCP熏蒸能减少果实采后质量损失,维持硬度,增加抗坏血酸含量。复合处理在维持果实可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量、提高总酚和类黄酮的含量方面表现出协同效应。由此表明,乙酰水杨酸和1-MCP处理对维持甜瓜果实采后品质的作用效果与抑制乙烯的产生有关,而果实抗氧化能力的提高则与促进苯丙烷代谢产物及抗坏血酸的积累相关。     

Antifungal activity of chitosan and its application to control post‐harvest quality and fungal rotting of Tankan citrus fruit (Citrus tankan Hayata)

In this study, the antifungal activity of chitosan A (MW = 92.1 kDa) and B (MW = 357.3 kDa), with 94.2% N‐deacetylation were examined at various concentrations against fungi including Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum, Botrydiplodia lecanidion and Botrytis cinerea. The effectiveness of these chitosans to control the post‐harvest quality of Tankan fruit, a popular sub‐tropical citrus fruit, was investigated. It was found that chitosan, depending on type and concentration, caused 25.0–90.5% growth inhibition on test organisms after 5 days of cultivation at 24 °C. Chitosan treatment significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the percentage decay of Tankan fruit during storage at 24 °C. After 42 days of storage at 13 °C, chitosan‐coated Tankan fruits were firmer, exhibited less decay and weight loss, and showed higher titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, and total soluble solids than the control fruit. Weight loss of Tankan fruits decreased as the concentration of chitosan was increased. On the other hand, chitosan A, regardless of concentration tested, was found to be more effective in retaining the firmness, titratable acidity and water content, total solid content and ascorbic acid content of Tankan fruits than chitosan B. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Quality changes during ripening of plums (Prunus domestica L.)

Quality changes during fruit ripening after the appearance of fruit colour of four Prunus domestica L. plum cultivars, ‘Jojo’, ‘Valor’, ‘Čačanska rodna’ and ‘Čačanska najbolja’, were investigated during 25 or 33 day periods. Fruit samples were analyzed for fruit weight, firmness, soluble solids content, fruit colour, content of sugars (glucose, fructose, sorbitol and sucrose), organic acids (malic, fumaric and shikimic acids), phenolics (neochlorogenic acid, p-coumaroylquinic acid, chlorogenic acid and rutin) and anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-rutinoside and peonidin-3-rutinoside). Ripening resulted in statistically increased fruit weight and soluble solids, decreased fruit firmness, darker colour of fruits, increased concentration of total sugars, decreased concentration of total acids, and increased concentration of anthocyanins. There was no influence of ripening on the content of phenols. The results show significant influences of cultivar on fruit weight, soluble solids content, firmness, fruit colour, concentration of total acids, SUAC index, concentration of total phenols and anthocyanins in European plums.     

Quality and nutritional value of strawberry fruit under long term salt stress

Modifications of fruit quality, in response to a long-term salt stress of four months, were studied in two strawberry cultivars differing in their sensitivity to salinity. The sensitive cv. Elsanta and the less sensitive cv. Korona were treated during two vegetation seasons with 0, 40 or 80 mmol NaCl/l in the nutrient solution. While mean fruit weight decreased, dry matter and contents of total soluble carbohydrates, as well as sweetness index of fruits, remained constant. Salt stress in both cultivars increased the antioxidant capacity, antioxidants pools (ascorbic acid, anthocyanins, superoxide dismutase) and selected minerals such as Na⁺, Cl⁻, K⁺, N, P and Zn²⁺, as well as lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, salt stress increased the contents of free and essential amino acids, especially in cv. Elsanta. The more tolerant cv. Korona was characterized by an increase of reduced glutathione and a better fruit taste. In salt-stressed fruits of cv. Elsanta, taste was significantly impaired.     

Synergistic Effect of Sodium Chlorite and Edible Coating on Quality Maintenance of Minimally Processed Citrus grandis under Passive and Active MAP

Edible coating has been an innovation within the bioactive packaging concept. The comparative analysis upon the effect of edible coating, sodium chlorite (SC) and their combined application on quality maintenance of minimally processed pomelo (Citrus grandis) fruits during storage at 4 °C was conducted. Results showed that the combination of edible coating and SC dipping delayed the microbial development whereas the sole coating or dipping treatment was less efficient. The synergetic application of edible coating and SC treatment under modified atmosphere packaging (MAP, 10% O₂, 10% CO₂) was able to maintain the total soluble solids level and ascorbic acid content, while reduce the weight loss as well as development of mesophiles and psychrotrophs. Nonetheless, the N, O‐carboxymethyl chitosan solely coated samples showed significantly higher level of weight loss during storage with comparison to the untreated sample. Furthermore, the combined application of edible coating and SC dipping under active MAP best maintained the sensory quality of minimally processed pomelo fruit during storage.     

Effect of chitosan/nano-silica coating on the physicochemical characteristics of longan fruit under ambient temperature

A novel chitosan/nano-silica hybrid film was prepared using tetraethoxysilane as precursor by in situ sol–gel process, and characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Its effect on preservation quality of longan fruits (Dimocarpus longan Lour. cv Shijia) was investigated under ambient temperature. The present study revealed that the excellent semi-permeable film of chitosan/nano-silica markedly extended shelf life, reduced browning index, retarded weight loss and inhibited the increase of malondialdehyde amount and polyphenoloxidase activity in fresh longan fruit. In addition, the peroxidase activity of longan fruit coated with hybrid film was lower than that in other treatment fruits. Decreases in the contents of total soluble solids, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid were also significantly inhibited by hybrid films. These data indicated that the chitosan/nano-silica coating might provide an attractive alternative to improve preservation quality of fresh longan fruits during extended storage.     

桑葚果实不同发育期品质测定及其相关性分析

本研究对湛江地区7个桑葚品种青果期、转色期、成熟期三个时期桑葚果的单果重、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸含量及糖和有机酸组成和含量进行了测定,并进行了相关性分析。结果表明,在成熟过程中桑葚果实的可溶性固形物和糖含量呈增加的趋势,而酸则呈降低的趋势;在桑葚果实品种中检测出柠檬酸、苹果酸、奎宁酸、琥珀酸、酒石酸、酮戊二酸、抗坏血酸、草酸共8种有机酸,其中柠檬酸的含量最高,其在不同品种不同发育期含量为44.84%~80.86%,其次为奎宁酸和苹果酸;果糖和葡萄糖是桑葚重要的糖组成,其含量在成熟期的台湾长果桑的含量分别达到57.79 mg/g和66.72 mg/g,并且只有在台湾长果桑中检测到蔗糖;通过相关性分析,可滴定酸与可溶性固形物、果糖、葡萄糖、果重呈负相关,且可溶性固形物、果糖含量、葡萄糖含量三者之间呈极正相关。     

Comparison of six cultivars of strawberries (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Fragaria x ananassa</Emphasis> Duch.) grown in northwest Poland

The aim of this study was to compare the value of Senga Sengana, a long-term standard cultivar, with other cultivars grown in northwest Poland, namely Dukat, Elkat, Selva, Elsanta and Kent. The fruits were obtained from a commercial plantation and cultivated by applying conventional farming practice. Among the strawberry cultivars studied Elsanta berries had the highest vitamin C content and its leaves the highest ellagic acid content. Kent berries had the highest contents of total sugar, total polyphenol, total anthocyanin and ellagic acid derivatives. Dukat berries had the highest dry weight and soluble solids content. Senga Sengana berries had a slightly higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging effect than other cultivars. Consumer-objective colour measurements were performed to evaluate the quality of the fruit. Elsanta and Elkat berries were found to have the highest L (lightness), a^* (redness), C^* (chromaticity) and h (hue angle) values.     

采后茉莉酸甲酯处理对富士苹果青霉病和贮藏品质的影响

以富士苹果为材料,研究采后茉莉酸甲酯（methyl jasmonate,MeJA）处理对果实损伤接种扩展青霉的抑制效果及对过氧化氢（H2O2）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性及果实贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,100 μmol/L MeJA处理10 min对苹果果实青霉病的抑制效果最好,MeJA处理提高了果实SOD活性,促进了果实体内H2O2的积累,抑制了CAT的活性。此外,外源MeJA处理明显提高了果实抗坏血酸含量,降低了贮藏期间果实的质量损失率,对果肉硬度、可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量无显著影响。由此推测,采后经MeJA处理的苹果果实抗病性提高和果实品质保持与抗氧化能力的提高有关。     

Combination of 1-methylcyclopropene treatment and controlled atmosphere storage retains overall fruit quality and bioactive compounds in mango

BACKGROUND: Postharvest application of fungicide prochloraz and hot‐water dip are commercially practiced to control postharvest diseases in mangoes. Owing to the increasing consumer demand for organically produced fruit, the search for natural environmentally friendly alternative products and processes has become important for the fruit industry. This study evaluated the combined effect of 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP) (500 nL L^?1) and controlled atmosphere storage conditions (CA‐1, 5% O₂ + 5% CO₂ or CA‐2, 3% O₂ + 8% CO₂) on the maintenance of fruit quality and bioactive compounds on hot‐water treated mangoes (cv. Kent) during postharvest storage. RESULTS: In comparison to the 1‐MCP + CA‐1 treatment, 1‐MCP + CA‐2 reduced the incidence of anthracnose, weight and firmness loss; delayed the skin and flesh colour development; prevented the increase of soluble solids concentration/titratable acidity ratio, ethanol and acetaldehyde content; and maintained the ascorbic acid, carotenoid, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant scavenging activity in hot‐water treated mangoes. The untrained panel preferred 1‐MCP + CA‐2 treated fruit to the fruit subjected to other postharvest treatments adopted in this investigation. CONCLUSION: Our investigation suggests that the combined effect of 1‐MCP and CA‐2 storage can be recommended as an alternative treatment to replace prochloraz application for hot‐water treated mangoes and can be adopted commercially for organic export markets. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

1-MCP、纳米包装及二者结合对“次郎”甜柿采后品质的影响

以云南石林“次郎”甜柿为材料,通过测定呼吸强度、乙烯释放量、硬度、失重、总可溶性固形物(TSS)、可滴定酸(TA)、VC 等品质指标,研究1-MCP 和纳米包装单独以及二者结合对柿果采后常温(20℃)贮藏期间品质的影响。结果表明：1.0 μL/L 1-MCP 对降低柿果呼吸强度、抑制乙烯生成、延缓硬度下降的效果优于纳米包装;而纳米包装在抑制失重率、抑制TA 上升、保持VC 含量方面的效果优于1.0 μL/L 1-MCP;1.0 μL/L1-MCP 与纳米包装结合,能够起到协同作用,将甜柿的贮藏期从10d 左右延长到15d 以上。3 种处理对柿果TSS 的影响均不显著。     

叶面喷施秸秆源提取物对草莓果实产量和品质的影响

为了提高设施温室种植草莓的生产效率和产品附加值,以草莓品种‘红颜’为试材,在冬季设施温室内,通过叶面喷施的方式以秸秆源提取物对草莓植株进行处理,探讨不同喷施量的处理对草莓的产量、单果质量、感病率和采后果实的可溶性糖、尤其是抗坏血酸、花青素、总酚物质等抗氧化性营养指标的影响。结果表明：叶面喷施秸秆源提取物的最适喷施方法为：用量1 200 mL/（hm2·次）,每隔10 d喷施1 次,共喷施3 次,能够显著提高草莓果实的产量、单果质量和营养品质,尤其对果实抗坏血酸含量的提高作用最明显,草莓果实的商品价值得到了显著提升。     

Nitrogen and potassium requirements of tomato plants for the optimization of fruit quality and antioxidative capacity during storage

While nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizers are commonly used in tomato fields for increasing plant growth and productivity, concepts regarding the interactive effects of these elements on tomato fruit quality during storage are ambiguous. The interactive effects of potassium (0, 250 and 500 mg kg soil^??1) and nitrogen (0, 150 and 300 mg kg soil^??1) fertilizers were tested on tomato fruit size at harvest, and their quality was evaluated after 30 days of storage at 4 °C. Fruit mass, firmness, taste-related parameters, inorganic nutrients, bioactive compounds, and antioxidative capacity of the fruits were investigated after the storage period. Application of 250–500 mg K in combination with 150 mg N per kg soil improved fruit mass at harvest and reduced loss of mass during storage. By increasing the soil’s K supply, the fruits exhibited significant increases in their amount of potassium, TSS and TA contents, antioxidative capacity, concentrations of lycopene, phenolics and ascorbic acid. Nonetheless, increasing the soil’s K concentration reduced Ca concentration and firmness of the fruits. By increasing the N concentration in the soil, a trend of decline was observed in the fruits’ TSS, soluble phenolics, lycopene and ascorbic acid contents. However, higher amounts of N and TA contents were detected in fruits treated with 300 mg N kg soil^??1. N treatments did not affect the antioxidative capacity of the fruits. Accordingly, application of 250 mg K?+?150 mg N kg soil^??1 was suggested as the optimum treatment that could yield tomato fruits with high quality and that would also have improved storage capability.     

QUALITY OF FRESH-CUT TOMATOES

Tomato fruit at pink or light-red stages of ripening were cut into slices, rinsed with water containing 50 μL.L⁻¹ sodium hypochlorite and drained. They were stored in perforated polyethylene package at 1C in air or controlled atmosphere for five and ten days. Weight loss, chlorophyll and lycopene contents, seed discoloration, fungal infection, total soluble solids content, titratable acidity, sugar/acid ratio, pH, flavor and taste, firmness, ascorbic acid content, rate of respiration and ethylene production, and electrolyte leakage were evaluated after each storage period. The overall quality of controlled atmosphere-stored slices was better than that of air stored slices. Slices from light-red fruit had lower weight loss, minimum seed discoloration, lower     

Effect of Plant Extracts on Quality of Khasi Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) Fruits During Ambient Storage

Khasi mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) fruits were treated with Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum, Aloe barbedensis, carbendazim, A. barbedensis + A. indica, A. barbedensis + O. sanctum, A. barbedensis + carbendazim and control (water). Treated fruits were packed in corrugated fibre boxes and kept for a total period of 28 days at ambient storage (20?±?2 °C and 65?±?5% RH). Prominent pathogen associated with fruit rot was identified as Penicillium brevicompactum. The fruit quality during storage was evaluated in terms of disease severity (per cent disease index), inhibition of spore germination (%) of P. brevicompactum, decay loss (%), juice content retention (%), total soluble solids (%), acidity (%), ascorbic acid content (mg/100 g) and sensory scores. O. sanctum-treated fruits exhibited minimum decay loss (3.33%) up to a total period of 28 days which was even less than carbendazim (10%). O. sanctum was also highly effective in inhibiting spore germination of P. brevicompactum (96.5%). Overall acceptability score (7.33) was also high in O. sanctum-treated fruits as compared with other treatments at the end of the storage period.     

Principles and limitations of stable isotopes in differentiating organic and conventional foodstuffs: 2. Animal products

In this review, we examine the variation in stable isotope signatures of the lighter elements (δ²H, δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N, δ¹⁸O, and δ³⁴S) of tissues and excreta of domesticated animals, the factors affecting the isotopic composition of animal tissues, and whether stable isotopes may be used to differentiate organic and conventional modes of animal husbandry. The main factors affecting the δ¹³C signatures of livestock are the C3/C4 composition of the diet, the relative digestibility of the diet components, metabolic turnover, tissue and compound specificity, growth rate, and animal age. δ¹⁵N signatures of sheep and cattle products have been related mainly to diet signatures, which are quite variable among farms and between years. Although few data exist, a minor influence in δ¹⁵N signatures of animal products was attributed to N losses at the farm level, whereas stocking rate showed divergent findings. Correlations between mode of production and δ²H and δ¹⁸O have not been established, and only in one case of an animal product was δ³⁴S a satisfactory marker for mode of production. While many data exist on diet–tissue isotopic discrimination values among domesticated animals, there is a paucity of data that allow a direct and statistically verifiable comparison of the differences in the isotopic signatures of organically and conventionally grown animal products. The few comparisons are confined to beef, milk, and egg yolk, with no data for swine or lamb products. δ¹³C appears to be the most promising isotopic marker to differentiate organic and conventional production systems when maize (C4) is present in the conventional animal diet. However, δ¹³C may be unsuitable under tropical conditions, where C4 grasses are abundant, and where grass-based husbandry is predominant in both conventional and organic systems. Presently, there is no universal analytical method that can be applied to differentiate organic and conventional animal products.