Influence of Oven-Drying Temperature on Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Date Fibre Concentrates

Agri-food by-products rich in dietary fibres may be used as feeds and health foods. Owing to its high fibre content, date flesh could be useful in human nutrition. It is interesting to study the influence of oven-drying temperatures of date fibre concentrates (DFC) on their physicochemical and functional properties for possible use as a potential fibre source in the enrichment of food. DFC from 11 Tunisian date cultivars were dried at different temperatures (40, 50 and 60 °C) and analysed regarding proximate composition (moisture, ash, protein and lipids), physicochemical (water activity (a _w), pH) and functional properties (water holding capacity (WHC), swelling capacity (SC), oil holding capacity (OHC) and emulsifying capacity (EC)). DFC dried at different temperatures showed interesting functional characteristics such as hydration properties, high OHC (2.73–4.60 g oil/g dry fibre) and EC (5.93–12.87%) values. Although drying temperatures promoted little modifications affecting the physicochemical properties of DFC, significant decreases in WHC, SC and EC of DFC were noticed at the highest temperature (60 °C) for most of the date varieties. The observed influence of drying temperature on functional DFC properties calls for the use of low temperature in order to obtain DFC as suitable food ingredient.     

干燥方式对秋葵超微粉理化特性及抗氧化活性的影响

以热风、真空冷冻两种干燥方式对4 个品种（爱木1号（爱1）、老蓝、孟1、爱木5号（爱5））的秋葵果 实进行干燥并将其超微粉碎,研究干燥方式对秋葵超微粉的理化特性及其抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明：热风干 燥与真空冷冻干燥的秋葵超微粉在物理特性（溶解性、持水力、容重）、VC含量、叶绿素含量和抗氧化活性方面 都存在显著差异（P＜0.05）。与热风干燥相比,真空冷冻干燥的秋葵超微粉溶解性大,持水力、容重小,VC含量 高,且其甲醇提取液对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼和O2 － ·的清除能力较强。真空冷冻干燥后,4 个品种的秋葵超微粉 除持水力和容重外,其他指标存在显著差异（P＜0.05）;其中,孟1超微粉的溶解度最高,VC含量丰富,抗氧化 活性最强。本研究结果认为真空冷冻干燥的秋葵超微粉在物理特性方面优于热风干燥的,且具有较高的VC含量和 抗氧化活性,说明该干燥方式更适用于秋葵超微粉的生产,尤其是采用真空冷冻干燥方式加工孟1品种的秋葵更具 有市场价值。     

不同干燥方式对金针菇品质及多酚氧化酶活性的影响

本研究以新鲜金针菇子实体为材料,采用恒温热风干燥、变温热风干燥、真空冷冻干燥、自然干燥和微波干燥对其进行处理,研究不同干燥方法对干制品感官品质、复水率、膨化率、粉碎率,营养成分以及多酚氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明:真空冷冻干燥效果最佳,自然干燥次之。其中真空冷冻干燥的金针菇干制品的复水率为358.75%,粉碎率为76.37%,膨化率为84.52%,粗蛋白12.07 mg/g,粗多糖34.22 mg/g,维生素C含量为17.18 mg/100 g。自然干燥产品的多酚氧化酶活性最高,酶活性为32.9 U/min,高于其他干燥方法。综上,真空冷冻干燥对金针菇品质影响最低,多酚氧化酶活性最低,适宜用来对金针菇进行干燥处理。     

干燥方式对无花果酚类物质及其抗氧化活性的影响

研究自然晒干、真空冷冻干燥、烘箱干燥、远红外干燥和真空干燥对无花果总酚含量、酚类物质组成及其 体外抗氧化活性的影响。采用福林-酚比色法及高效液相色谱法分别测定干燥后无花果的总酚含量和酚类物质的组 成,并比较多酚提取液对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基清除能力、2,2’-联 氨-双-（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二铵盐（2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ehtybenzothiaazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, ABTS）自由基清除能力和总还原力的影响,采用统计学方法分析酚类物质含量与其抗氧化活性的相关性。结果表 明：经不同方式干燥后无花果的总酚含量、各酚类物质含量均有显著性差异（P＜0.05）,其中真空干燥后样品的 总酚含量与酚类物质含量总和均为最高;不同干燥方式对无花果的抗氧化活性影响显著（P＜0.05）,真空干燥样 品的DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS＋·清除能力和总还原力均为最高,且相关性分析结果显示,无花果抗氧化活性 与儿茶素、槲皮苷、阿魏酸、4-羟基苯甲酸等酚类物质的含量之间呈显著相关（P＜0.05）。综上,真空干燥处理 后无花果总酚含量及多酚各组分含量总和最多、抗氧化活性最强,适宜于无花果的干燥。     

不同干燥方式对西番莲果皮中湿法改性膳食纤维品质的影响

本实验以西番莲果皮中湿法改性膳食纤维为原料,探讨了热风干燥、微波干燥、真空冷冻干燥、喷雾干燥和冷冻喷雾干燥五种干燥方式对其色泽形貌、粉体性质及理化性质的影响。结果表明,湿法改性后,纤维组织破坏严重,再经不同干燥方式处理,膳食纤维的形貌和色泽都产生很大变化;真空冷冻干燥和冷冻喷雾干燥处理的膳食纤维表现出极佳的持水力、持油力及吸湿性,结果分别为:持水力24.1、16.4 g/g;持油力11.8、8.3 g/g;吸湿性19.3%、19.8%;真空冷冻干燥和冷冻喷雾干燥振实密度较小,其分散性、溶解性和吸附性能较佳;喷雾干燥处理的膳食纤维休止角为38.5°,表现出最佳的流动性;另外各处理间的膨胀力和阳离子交换能力差异不明显。综上,真空冷冻干燥和冷冻喷雾干燥处理对西番莲果皮中湿法改性膳食纤维品质改善最为显明显。     

不同干燥方式桑叶粉物理特性、氨基酸及挥发性成分分析

对比分析热泵干燥、微波干燥、真空冷冻干燥三种干燥方式对桑叶粉色泽、粉体特性、氨基酸组分及挥发性成分的影响;结果表明真空冷冻干燥L*、b*最大,a*最小;微波干燥润湿性、持水力和持油力最差,溶解性和堆积密度最强;真空冷冻干燥桑叶粉润湿性、吸湿性、持水力和持油力最强,堆积密度最小;微波干燥桑叶粉总氨基酸、必需氨基酸以及必需...     

干燥温度对醇提余甘子多酚含量及其抗氧化活性的影响

为探究干燥方式(冷冻真空干燥、热风干燥)和干燥温度(冻干、40、60、80、100℃)对余甘子多酚活性成分的影响,利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测不同干燥处理后余甘子醇提液中没食子酸、柯里拉京、鞣花酸、诃子鞣酸的含量,并测定其总多酚含量和抗氧化活性(ABTS+自由基清除能力和DPPH自由基清除能力)。结果表明,随着干燥温度的升高,余甘子中没食子酸、柯里拉京、鞣花酸、诃子鞣酸含量均增加,100℃热风干燥时达最高(分别为12.83、6.04、16.89、13.48 mg/g)。总多酚含量与抗氧化活性(ABTS+·清除能力和DPPH·清除能力)也随干燥温度升高而增加,80℃热风干燥时达最高(分别为200.92、695.76、725.05 mg/g)。此外,试验结果表明柯里拉京、诃子鞣酸和总多酚的含量与余甘子醇提样品ABTS+自由基清除能力呈显著或极显著正相关(P<0.05或P<0.01)。本次试验中,与热风干燥相比,冷冻干燥的样品中4种多酚单体和总多酚含量以及抗氧化活性无明显优势,综合考虑,80℃热风干燥为余甘子的最佳干燥方式。     

Effects of different drying methods on phenolic contents,antioxidant, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of peach blossoms

Fresh peach blossoms of two varieties were dried by using different methods, which include shade drying, freeze drying, microwave drying and hot air drying (at 30, 60, 90, 120 °C). The effects of different drying methods on phenolic contents, antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activity were evaluated. Among the seven drying treatments, microwave drying yielded the highest contents of total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins and individual phenolic compounds in dried peach blossoms, while hot air drying at 30 °C gave the lowest retention of total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins. As compared with shade drying and freeze drying, hot air drying at 60, 90, 120 °C resulted in higher retention of phenolic content. The highest antioxidant activity in dried peach blossoms was obtained by microwave drying, while hot air drying at 30 °C gave the lowest. The effect of different drying methods on antioxidant activity of dried peach blossoms was consistent with that of phenolic content. The highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity was achieved by hot air drying at 120 °C for variety ‘yingchun’ and 90 °C for variety ‘huangjinmeili’, but there was no significant difference among hot air drying at 60, 90, 120 °C for both varieties. The tyrosinase inhibitory activities of peach blossoms by microwave drying and freeze drying were comparable and much lower than that of shade drying. The results indicated that microwave drying was a desirable method for the preservation of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in peach blossoms, while shade drying and hot air drying at high temperature were favorable for tyrosinase inhibitory activity.     

干燥方式对金银花多酚组分及其抗氧化活性的影响

研究传统热风干燥、自然阴干以及真空干燥、真空冷冻干燥等不同干燥方式对金银花多酚类物质含量及抗氧化活性的影响。采用Folin-酚比色法及高效液相色谱（high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC）法分别检测4 种干燥方式下的金银花总酚及多酚类组分含量,并比较其清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基、羟自由基（•OH）和2,2’-二氮-双（3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸）铵盐（2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate acid) diammonium salt,ABTS）自由基的能力。结果表明：4 种干燥方式对金银花总酚含量及多酚类组分均有一定影响,其中真空冷冻干燥处理时金银花总酚及多酚类组分损失最小;不同干燥方式对金银花的抗氧化能力影响显著（P＜0.05）,真空冷冻干燥样品清除DPPH自由基、•OH和ABTS＋•的半抑制浓度（IC50）分别为5.43、17.64、44.32 μg/mL;而自然阴干、真空干燥和热风干燥处理的样品清除DPPH自由基、•OH及ABTS＋•的IC50高于真空冷冻干燥金银花相应的IC50。相关性分析显示,金银花酚酸类组分与其抗氧化活性显著相关（P＜0.05）。因此,真空冷冻干燥能较好地保留金银花多酚类物质,且具有较强的抗氧化活性,适宜用于金银花的干燥。     

Effect of Dehydration on Raspberries: Polyphenol and Anthocyanin Retention, Antioxidant Capacity, and Antiadipogenic Activity

ABSTRACT:  Fresh and dried raspberries prepared by freeze drying (FD), microwave-vacuum (MIVAC), hot-air drying (HAD), and a combination of hot-air drying and microwave-vacuum (HAD/MIVAC) drying methods were evaluated for polyphenol retention, total polyphenol and anthocyanin contents, total antioxidant capacity, and antiadipogenic activity (the inhibition of fat cell development). Ellagic acid and quercetin were present in the largest concentrations in fresh and dehydrated raspberries. Dehydration led to a loss of polyphenols and anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity. Polyphenols (aglycone form) were retained in the greatest amount: 20% (freeze dried) to 30% (HAD/MIVAC) (fresh = 100%). A total of 30% of polyphenols (glycoside form) were retained in raspberries dried by the HAD/MIVAC methods with 5% of retention observed for raspberries dried by FD, HAD, or MIVAC. FD and MIVAC resulted in higher retention of anthocyanins (aglycone form) than other drying methods. It was also observed that antioxidant activity was reduced by dehydration. Adipogenesis was inhibited by polyphenolic glycosides (30%) and aglycones (30% to 40%) in fresh and HAD/MIVAC raspberries. Extracts from dried raspberries by HAD/MIVAC methods were relatively more effective at inhibiting adipogenesis compared to HAD and FD dried raspberries.     

干燥方式对菊苣根多酚含量和抗氧化活性的影响

研究不同干燥方式对菊苣根总酚含量及抗氧化活性的影响。通过测定阴干、冻干和不同温度热风干燥处理过程中菊苣根多酚氧化酶（polyphenol oxidase,PPO）活性变化、干燥根中总黄酮和总酚含量,以及多酚提取液的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基、2,2’-联氨-双-（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二胺盐自由基（2,2’-azino-bis（3-ehtylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid）diammonium salt radical,ABTS+·）清除能力和总还原力,确定菊苣根最佳干燥方法。结果表明：经不同干燥方式干制的菊苣根总酚含量差异很大,可能是干燥过程中剩余PPO活性和酚热敏性2 个因素综合作用的结果。综合考虑总黄酮、总酚含量2 项指标,60 ℃热风干燥最优,冻干次之,阴干最差。菊苣根的抗氧化活性与其中的总黄酮含量相关性较小,而与总酚含量相关性较大,DPPH自由基、ABTS+·清除能力和总还原力均与总酚含量呈显著正相关（R2≥0.85,P＜0.05）。为了保留菊苣根干燥样品中较高的多酚含量,建议采用60 ℃热风干燥法干制菊苣根。     

不同干燥方式对樱桃果粉品质的影响

采用热风干燥、真空冷冻干燥、真空干燥3种干燥方式制备樱桃果粉,比较不同干燥方式对果粉水分含量、溶解性、流动性、色度、花色苷与多酚含量、抗氧化能力等理化品质的影响。结果表明:真空冷冻干燥的樱桃果粉水分含量(4.46%)最低,溶解性(52.36%)最好,色泽最接近樱桃的色泽,花色苷含量(5.85 mg/g)和多酚含量(2.13 mg/g)最高,抗氧化能力和清除自由基能力最好,但是流动性最差。热风干燥的樱桃果粉堆积密度(0.45 g/mL)最大,休止角(38.36°)最小,流动性最好。总之,干燥方式对樱桃果粉品质的影响较大,考虑樱桃果粉的理化品质,真空冷冻干燥更适合用于生产高品质樱桃果粉。     

Effect of vacuum‐drying,hot air‐drying and freeze‐drying on polyphenols and antioxidant capacity of lemon (Citrus limon) pomace aqueous extracts

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of freeze‐drying, hot air‐drying and vacuum‐drying at 70, 90 and 110 °C, on dried lemon pomace polyphenols and antioxidant capacity. The total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity were higher in lemon pomace dried by hot air or under vacuum than those dried by freeze‐drying and increased as the temperature increased. The highest total flavonoid content was recorded in the pomace dried under vacuum at 70 and 90 °C. Lemon pomace dried by freeze‐drying had the highest neohesperidin content, whereas pomace dried under vacuum at 70 °C had the highest rutin and p‐coumaric acid content. The highest gallic acid content was recorded in the pomace dried by hot air at 110 °C. The results of this study indicate that drying technique should be carefully selected according to the bioactive compounds aimed to be extracted.     

基于变异系数权重法对怀山药干燥全粉品质的评价

以怀山药为原料,通过热风干燥、真空冷冻干燥、喷雾干燥、喷雾冷冻干燥、微波真空冷冻干燥5种干燥方式对其进行干燥制粉,并对其物理性质和多糖含量进行测定,利用变异系数权重法获取5种怀山药全粉制品的综合评分,以确定其最佳的干燥方式。结果表明:干燥方式对各指标影响显著(P0.05);溶解度、多糖含量、干燥能耗和吸湿性在全粉制品评价中占较大比重,分别为0.227、0.162、0.204、0.201。综合评分结果表明:喷雾干燥全粉品质最优,其次是喷雾冷冻和微波真空冷冻干燥,真空冷冻干燥次之,热风干燥全粉品质最差,对应的综合评分分别为0.624、0.081、0.046、-0.108、-0.642。     

干燥方式对白三叶多糖理化性质和抗氧化活性的影响

本研究采用水提法提取白三叶多糖,比较3 种干燥方式（热风干燥、冷冻干燥、真空干燥）对白三叶多糖 理化性质和抗氧化活性的影响,旨在筛选出白三叶多糖的最佳干燥方式。结果表明：冷冻干燥多糖的得率显著高于 热风干燥和真空干燥（P＜0.05）。干燥方式对多糖总糖质量分数、硫酸基质量分数和糖醛酸质量分数有显著影响 （P＜0.05）,总糖和糖醛酸质量分数由高到低的干燥产品顺序依次为：冷冻干燥＞真空干燥＞热风干燥。干燥方 式对多糖蛋白质质量分数、氨基糖质量分数、水分质量分数、pH值和相对黏度无显著影响（P＞0.05）。冷冻干燥 多糖的溶解时间显著短于热风干燥多糖和真空干燥多糖（P＜0.05）。白三叶多糖含有少量蛋白质或多肽,并且具 有三股螺旋结构。冷冻干燥多糖的还原力、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除活力和2,2’-联氨-双-（3-乙基苯并 噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二胺盐自由基清除活力均显著高于热风干燥和真空干燥多糖（P＜0.05）。因此,冷冻干燥是保持 白三叶多糖抗氧化活性的较好方法。     

Influences of pretreatment and drying methods on composition,micro/molecular structures and some health‐related functional characteristics of dietary fibre powder from orange pulp residues

Influences of pretreatment methods (washing, blanching, soaking in ethanol), drying methods (hot air‐drying, infrared‐drying, microwave‐drying) and drying temperature on selected characteristics of dietary fibre powder from orange pulp residues were investigated. Pretreatments improved the hydration properties, oil‐holding capacity and glucose dialysis retardation index, but led to losses of fibres, decreased α‐amylase inhibitory activity and aflatoxin B₁ adsorption capacity. Hydration properties, oil‐holding capacity and glucose uptake depended on the structure and porosity of the fibre, while the ability to inhibit α‐amylase and AFB₁ adsorption depended more on the content and molecular fingerprinting of the fibre. Drying condition did not significantly affect functional properties of the fibre, except for the ability to uptake glucose, inhibit α‐amylase and adsorb AFB₁ (P ≤ 0.05). Hot air‐drying at 60 °C resulted in fibre with the highest ability to decrease the rate of glucose and AFB₁ adsorption.     

干燥方式对不同接枝度的大豆分离蛋白-麦芽糊精聚合物性质影响

以大豆分离蛋白(SPI)和麦芽糊精(MD)为原料制备不同接枝度的SPI-MD聚合物,研究比较喷雾干燥和冷冻干燥两种处理方式对不同接枝度下的SPI-MD聚合物性质的影响,如溶解度、疏水性、持水性、乳化性、乳化稳定性及起泡性、泡沫稳定性等的影响。实验表明,喷雾干燥样品的溶解性,表面疏水性和乳化性高于冷冻干燥样品;冷冻干燥样品则具有较好的持水性。另外,两种干燥样品的乳化稳定性非常接近。不同接枝度的两种干燥样品起泡性差异较大,且泡沫稳定性都相对较差。     

干燥方式对真姬菇菌柄和菌盖挥发性风味物质的影响

采用电子鼻结合顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱技术探究热风干燥（60、70、80℃）、冷冻干燥、自然干燥对真姬菇菌柄和菌盖挥发性风味物质的影响,并通过相对气味活度值（relative odor activity value,ROAV）分析各风味物质对干燥样品总体风味的贡献。结果表明：通过电子鼻检测发现这10组样品传感器数值存在明显差异且电子鼻可以对其风味很好地区分。热风干燥（60、70、80℃）、冷冻干燥、自然干燥的菌盖分别鉴定出32、41、40、53、48种风味物质,而菌柄分别鉴定出34、33、33、43、44种风味物质。相同干燥方式处理的菌盖挥发性风味物质含量高于菌柄,相较于自然干燥和冷冻干燥,热风干燥生成了较高含量的新型风味物质。由ROAV分析得出25种风味物质,其中三甲胺、异戊醛、1-辛烯-3-醇风味贡献较大。进一步对这25种风味物质进行主成分分析,建立综合函数品质评价模型,发现热风干燥80℃时制得菌盖样品（g-80℃）评分最高,说明其风味品质最好。     

高生物活性柠檬膳食纤维的功能特性研究

以柠檬皮渣为原料采用冷冻干燥、热风干燥两种工艺制备膳食纤维,测定所得膳食纤维的维生素C(VC)含量、黄酮含量、葡萄糖透析延迟能力、阳离子交换能力,比较两种工艺对制品生理功能指标的影响。结果表明经冷冻干燥后所得膳食纤维的VC含量为144.078mg/100g,黄酮含量为1267.574mg/100g,经热风干燥后所得膳食纤维的VC含量为66.674mg/100g,黄酮含量为1000.037mg/100g;冷冻干燥80目产品、16目产品的葡萄糖透析延迟指数分别为62.21和57.07,热风干燥80目产品、16目产品的葡萄糖透析延迟指数分别为56.01和49.46;在NaOH滴入量为0～8mL时,两种工艺所得产品的阳离子交换能力基本一致,在NaOH滴入量为8～11mL时,阳离子交换能力由高到低分别为:冷冻干燥80目产品,热风干燥80目产品,冷冻干燥16目产品,热风干燥16目产品,并且这种差异性在各处理样品间表现为显著。总体来说是冷冻干燥工艺所得膳食纤维更具有优势。     

Development of a freeze‐dried mixture of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) croquette using a GA‐based multiobjective optimisation

BACKGROUND: The mechanically separated meat (MSM) of Nile tilapia is an example of a by‐product that can be used in the development of new foods. The aim of this study was to optimise the mixture of different flours in the development of a freeze‐dried mixture of fish croquette using Nile tilapia MSM. Flavour, texture and overall acceptance of seven formulations were evaluated by an acceptance test. A genetic algorithm (GA) with desirability functions was combined with a multiobjective optimisation of the response surface models. RESULTS: The combination of flours was chosen to minimise cost and maximise overall acceptance and fibre content. Overall acceptance showed a statistically significant correlation (P?0.05) with flavour (r = 0.67) and texture (r = 0.61). The GA‐based approach indicated that the highest overall acceptance was obtained when using wheat and rye flours in equal parts. This formulation had an overall acceptance of 7.52, a fibre content of 11.50 g kg^?1 and a cost of US$ 2.21/kg. After 24 h of freeze‐drying, the water activity of the mixture was 0.11. CONCLUSION: The GA‐based approach was able to optimise the croquette formulation. The freeze‐drying process contributed to the development of a value‐added product with high quality and long shelf‐life. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry