膨润土／活性炭复合吸附剂对土霉素的吸附性能研究

研究了一定条件下低品位钙基膨润土／活性炭复合吸附剂对土霉素废水的吸附作用。结果表明：活化温度在140℃、pH=6.5时复合吸附剂对土霉素最大吸附容量为21．78mg／g，明显大于原土的14．16mg／g，讨论并合理地解释了影响吸附的因素，适宜条件下对吸附剂多次再生，最大吸附容量仍可达到21mg／g以上。     

香草醛改性壳聚糖对水中Cu2＋，Pb2＋的吸附性能探讨

研究了香草醛与壳聚糖在pH值为6．8和5．5时,分别对水中Cu2＋,Pb2＋的吸附容量达到476．7mg／g和382．94mg／g。当吸附剂的用量小时,其吸附效果令人满意,可以作为自来水中祛除金属离子,净化水质的吸附剂。     

玉米芯活性炭的制备及其吸附性能的实验研究

以玉米芯为原料,磷酸为活化剂制备玉米芯活性炭。当浸渍比（H3PO4：玉米芯）为3时,在400℃活化90min后,玉米芯活性炭对亚甲基蓝溶液的脱色率和收率最好。吸附剂对于含铅废水具有良好的吸附性能。当废水的pH为5,溶液的初始浓度为40mg／L,吸附剂投加量为0．2g,吸附时间为120mm时,其去除率高达90％左右。研究对利用废旧农作物制备活性炭具有一定的应用前景。     

活性炭纤维对有机废水的吸附研究

以碱性木质素为原料通过静电纺丝法制备得到活性炭纤维。采用比表面积及孔径分析仪对活性炭纤维进行表征分析,同时以该活性炭纤维为吸附剂对甲苯、甲醇和丙酮3种有机废水进行吸附法净化处理,结果表明该活性炭纤维的比表面积达到807.77 m~2/g,孔容为0.484 cm~3/g,中值孔径为2.11 nm;活性炭纤维对3种有机废水具有一定的吸附净化效果,3种有机物中甲苯的吸附最快,吸附量最大;对甲苯、甲醇和丙酮的最大吸附量分别是229.12、156.68和103.34 mg/g。3种有机废水的吸附动力学分析结果表明:活性炭纤维对甲苯、甲醇和丙酮的吸附数据分别与准二阶模型、Werber-Morris模型和准一阶模型具有较好的拟合相关性。     

白炭黑吸附甲醛实验研究

通过实验探究白炭黑在不同温度下对甲醛的吸附性能,以及用不同浓度高锰酸钾溶液浸渍过的白炭黑在不同温度下净化甲醛的性能,然后将白炭黑和负载二氧化锰的白炭黑最佳吸附效果同活性炭的吸附效果进行比较.实验结果表明:不同温度下白炭黑对甲醛的吸附性能差异较大;高锰酸钾溶液的浓度及吸附时的温度对负载二氧化锰的白炭黑吸附甲醛的性能有较大的影响.白炭黑对甲醛具有良好的吸附性能,但是和活性炭相比还存在一定的差距.     

天然沸石负载壳聚糖吸附废水中铅离子的研究

根据天然沸石离子交换特性和壳聚糖在溶液中带有的正电荷,将80目天然沸石与65%脱乙酰度壳聚糖的0.5%醋酸溶液混合,使壳聚糖负载在天然沸石上,制成颗粒吸附剂,用于去除废水中Pb2+.最佳工艺条件是壳聚糖与天然沸石质量比为120,颗粒吸附剂用量为15g/L,废水中Pb2+质量浓度不大于100mg/L,pH为4～4.5,吸附平衡时间为8 h,Pb2+去除率为99%.与活性炭吸附法相比,天然沸石-壳聚糖复合吸附剂吸附效果相近,成本仅为其1/6.与单一的天然沸石或壳聚糖相比,该吸附剂对Pb2+离子的吸附能力强,成本低.     

石英砂负载壳聚糖对镍离子吸附性研究

文章采用共混沉降法制成了石英砂．壳聚糖吸附剂，考察了石英砂．壳聚糖吸附剂对模拟含镍废水中的Ni2＋静态吸附效果的影响因素。正交实验结果表明，在壳聚糖与石英砂质量比为0．06、吸附剂加入量为12g／L、模拟含镍废水Ni2＋初始质量浓度为40mg／L、pH为7、吸附时间为40rain的条件下，Ni2＋去除率可达97．2％。     

改性活性炭净化黄磷尾气实验

为净化黄磷尾气中的主要废气PH3和H2S,利用高浓度CO气体对黄磷尾气进行了现场吸附净化实验;用气相色谱测定了尾气中主要气体物质的含量和吸附实验;给出了现场实验条件;进行了再生实验。结果表明：改性活性炭的净化效果要好于空白炭,吸附容量可达101．12mg／g;三次再生活性炭的磷容量降至80．65mg／g。     

空心壳聚糖微球对二甲酚橙的吸附性能研究

采用反相悬浮交联法制备了具有空壳结构的壳聚糖微球。利用静电引力对二甲酚橙的进行吸附研究。通过分光光度法探讨了溶液初始DH值、吸附时间、二甲酚橙的初始质量浓度、吸附剂的用量及其粒径大小对二甲酚橙的吸附率的影响。结果表明：在DH值为4．90及常温下,二甲酚橙溶液的初始质量浓度为32mg／L时,可达到吸附平衡,此时的吸附剂用量为0．03g／100mL,吸附平衡时间约为2h,吸附率可高达93．6％。结果表明,此微球具有很强的吸附能力,而且平衡时间快,并且具有一定的重复利用的性能,是一类很值得开发的新型吸附分离材料。     

吸附-氧化法处理焦化废水的研究

以活性炭作为吸附剂处理焦化废水中的难降解有机物，COD去除率只有70％左右，与催化氧化法联合后，去除率大幅度提高。正交实验结果表明，H2O2-Fe^2 (Fenton试剂）的催化氧化效果比H202—Cu^2 好，最佳处理条件为：H201．5g／L，Fe^2 0．4g／L，反应温度80℃。经活性炭吸附-Fenton试剂催化氧化处理后，焦化废水的COD从1173mg／L降至43．2mg／L，去除率达96．3％。同时，H202作氧化剂对活性炭进行再生，再生率达到96％以上。     

五代嵌螺钿漆经匣与北宋嵌螺钿漆经匣比较

作者通过对湖州市博物馆藏五代《嵌螺钿漆经匣》与苏州市博物馆藏北宋《嵌螺钿漆经匣》的观摩考察与比较分析,认为中国平磨硬螺钿工艺北宋早期比五代有长足进步,用材也更讲究,并以其它例证认为,犀皮、末金镂、金银平脱、螺钿平脱等髹饰工艺于唐五代诞生并先后成熟,它是东晋推光漆髹涂时髦之后研磨推光技艺接踵出现并于唐代成熟的明证。     

Chromaticity changes of inorganic pigments in Chinese traditional paintings due to the illumination of frequently‐used light sources in museum

Optical radiation can cause permanent damage to the color of Chinese traditional paintings, which have extremely high responsivity in the museum illumination. In order to obtain quantitative influence laws of artificial illumination on inorganic pigments in Chinese traditional paintings and provide basis for choosing light sources, a long periodic illumination experiment was carried out to examine how prolonged exposure of three light sources (tungsten halogen, metal halide and white light emitting diodes), frequently‐used in museums, affect the chromaticity of five inorganic pigments [azurite (blue), cinnabar (red), orpiment (yellow), ancient graphite (black), clam shell powder (white)], commonly used in Chinese traditional paintings. Through the experiment, we found that the illumination causes a color change to inorganic pigments, and the degree of which is related to the photochemical stability of pigments and the high energy shortwave radiation in the light source spectrum. We also obtain the color change laws of the five pigments and the quantitative relationships of color damage for different painting types. These results can provide data basis for related research on Chinese traditional painting illumination and choice basis for light sources in museum lighting designs.     

Prospects for the use of modified peat for indoor humidity control

A sorption material based on modified high-moor peat was developed to be used as a humidity control agent for the preventive conservation of museum pieces in the absence of air-conditioning systems. The prolonged full-scale tests of the peat absorbent in the interiors and depositories of the Belarussian State Museum of People’s Architecture and Life confirmed its high efficiency.     

The genetic secrets some fossils hold

Most animals that once lived have gone extinct. The remains of a few of these can be found in museum collections worldwide. As modern evolutionary biology is limited to the use of extant taxa, retrieving DNA from extinct or subfossil organisms can add significant insight into past population history and resolve phylogenies that can be tentative by morphology alone. DNA is a relatively weak molecule, comparatively speaking, yet under certain conditions it persists in the fossil record, despite what in vitro chemistry predicts. While most fossil remains do not contain DNA, museum specimens can be screened for the presence of conditions that would be conducive for nucleic acid preservation by measuring the extent of amino acid racemization and by looking at the extent of protein hydrolysis by pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Results from these types of analyses suggest that the preservation of DNA is linked to the temperature and its constancy at a site rather than its age. Chemical analyses of coprolites from extinct herbivores from the late Pleistocene, as well as Archaic Native Americans, show the presence of compounds from the Maillard reaction. Upon the cleaving of these products, the defecator can be identified and his diet analyzed.     

清宫旧藏彩漆紫砂壶复原研究

紫砂壶艺术在明清时代的中国工艺美术史上举足轻重,堪称是一个时代标志。尤其是在康乾时期,宫中对彩漆紫砂壶的喜爱有加。故宫博物院现藏有四件珍贵的清代彩漆紫砂壶。经过对此四件紫砂壶制作过程的复原实验,解析了清代漆陶艺术的发展状况正处于一个技艺突飞猛进的关键时刻。     

The Colour Museum now and the future

The Colour Museum has been one of the Society's most controversial areas since it wasset up in 1977. It achieved national prominence in 1988 when it one the award for the best technological museum of the year. In this article Geoff Hall , chairman of the Museum and Archives Coordination Committee, outlines some of the museum's present activities and discusses plans for future work.     

古代陶器防风化材料对比研究及应用

陶器出现风化的现象十分普遍,这里对4种常用陶器防风化材料进行对比试验,主要涉及材料的防水、透气、耐老化、抗压能力以及可去除率,最终确定性能最为理想的是低浓度氟橡胶溶液,并对馆藏陶器进行实际应用,保护效果较好。     

A Survey of Birds Odorous or Unpalatable to Humans: Possible Indications of Chemical Defense

We solicited information from field and museum ornithologists on the birds that they consider odorous and/or unpalatable in order to identify species that may use chemicals to deter predators. Ninety-two ornithologists from the Americas and Eastern Europe responded to our survey. Eighty genera and 10 families representing 17 orders, primarily Procellariiformes, Falconiformes, Psittaciformes, Cuculiformes, Piciformes, and Passeriformes, were cited as containing malodorous or uniquely odorous birds. Two orders (Opisthocomiformes and Trogoniformes), five families (Procellariidae, Cuculidae, Bucconidae, Picidae, and Furnriidae), and one subfamily (Drepanidinae) were reported to us as either containing many odorous species or consisting primarily of them. Thirty genera and three families representing 13 orders, primarily Passeriformes, were reported to us as unpalatable. The birds cited in our survey and those previously reported as odorous and/or unpalatable are tabulated. Our survey and review point to a number of taxa that may use chemicals to deter predators, although we acknowledge that compounds imparting aversive or unique odors or flavors may arise for a variety of reasons, e.g., as dietary by-products.     

Selection of thermal,spectroscopic, spectrometric,and chromatographic methods for characterizing historical celluloid

Celluloid in museum collections is very unstable; therefore, heritage professionals carry out research studies dedicated to understanding its decay and prolonging its lifetime. This paper addresses the need to compare and select suitable analytical methods for that purpose. Thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, evolved gas analysis–mass spectrometry, double shot – gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) were employed to characterize the emission of gasses (decay products) and measure the molecular weight and camphor (plasticizer) content from unaged, artificially, and naturally aged celluloid samples. A pioneer GPC set-up for the quantification of camphor was introduced for the first time in this study. Results demonstrated that GPC was the most suitable method for assessing material changes due to degradation. Both set-ups, for measuring molecular weight and quantifying camphor, appear promising for assessing the effect of conservation treatments and investigating the heterogeneous degradation of celluloid objects in future studies.     

Examination, conservation and restoration of painted art

To conserve or restore painted artwork, it is necessary to appreciate the nature of the basic materials used in its creation, to be able to identify the pigments and the application media that were originally – or have subsequently been – applied and to understand the nature of gradual chemical and physical degradation that occurs within the various components of the system. With information thus gained, one can determine how best a painting may be cleaned, restored and ultimately be better preserved. This review covers the range of analytical techniques (mostly spectrographic), which have often been specifically developed to aid the identification of the wide range of inorganic colours and organic binders (or their degradation products) that may be present in each paint layer of an old masterpiece. Although an art gallery or museum strives to conserve the artefacts it displays, over time there will be varying degrees of mechanical or chemical damage. Cleaning (and, more controversially, restoration work) therefore becomes necessary and the much-improved methods now available for achieving this without associated adverse effects are reviewed.