硫肥综述

介绍我国土壤缺硫状况，分析我国缺硫土壤相对较少的原因；估计２０１０年我国农业约需硫４１０万吨；重点说明我国硫磺资源短缺，但硫肥资源相当丰富，农业用硫肥不应该依赖进口。     

中国南方土壤硫的状况和对硫肥的需求

目前世界广泛缺硫的主要原因是普遍使用高浓度化肥，随化肥带入土壤的硫减少。从１９６０年至１９８５年中国化肥中的氮、硫比逐渐增大（由１增加至１０），据南方１０省８６４个县６７００个土壤样品测定，缺硫样品占总数的２６．５％，估算的缺硫面积为６６０万公顷。中国目前已有１４个省报导旅硫肥有增产效果，增产作物有２０种。据１９９０年南方１０省耕地硫素平衡估算，要维持当年土壤硫的收支平衡，需要补充的硫为１０１．３万吨。随着高浓度化肥的发展，中国含硫肥料的生产和使用将提到议事日程。     

磷石膏中硫资源利用的研究与应用现状

目前中国每年要排放超过5×10⁷ t的磷石膏,大量堆积的磷石膏限制了磷肥工业的发展。介绍了中国硫资源的现状,指出从磷石膏中回收利用硫资源对解决中国硫资源紧缺有重要意义。目前从磷石膏中利用硫资源主要是集中在对磷石膏制硫磺、硫酸或硫脲工艺的研究上。介绍了磷石膏的综合利用现状,重点介绍了磷石膏利用硫资源的研究应用现状,提出对磷石膏利用硫资源工艺技术研究的建议。     

提高比浊法检测土壤有效硫准确度的方法

鉴于土壤中有效硫对作物的作用,以及目前土壤有效硫测定存在的问题,本文从氯化钡沉淀剂的状态,沉淀悬浮剂种类,以及沉淀悬浮剂的用量三个方面入手,研究改进土壤有效硫检测方法,并通过检测标准样品进行验证。结果表明,用氯化钡溶液代替氯化钡固体,并增加沉淀固定剂阿拉伯胶液用量,能够明显提高标准曲线相关性,且能够满足标准样品的准确度和精确度。     

我国土壤的供硫现状及其农业效果

分析我国南、北方土壤的供硫现状及施硫效果，提出只有补充硫肥，才能达到增产的效果。     

土壤有效硫测试方法研究

在农作物生产中,土壤中硫含量对于农作物产量有很大影响,所以需要对土壤中硫进行测试,更好的促进农作物生产。主要对土壤有效硫测试方法和有效硫测试中注意事项进行了阐述。     

世界硫需求及硫肥状况

阐述世界硫肥的需求状况:到2012年世界农业缺硫量预计每年将达1 100万t,而亚洲和美洲将成为全球最严重的缺硫地区。环境污染控制、集约化农业生产以及低硫高浓度肥料的使用,加剧了全球范围内土壤缺硫状况。缺硫日益成为农业可持续发展和提高肥料利用率的限制因素之一,但也刺激农用硫肥的需求,为肥料工业开发新技术和新产品、开拓市场提供了契机。有3种硫肥,分别是:(1)硫酸盐基;(2)硫磺基;(3)液态硫基,其中硫酸盐基占绝大部分,其具有较好的理化特性,可直接、均衡为作物提供多种养分。本文介绍含硫肥料的种类、各种肥料的性能及目前世界上开发多种新型含硫肥料产品来适应和满足不同作物、土壤的需要。     

酸性气体回注、硫磺的储存及硫能源

论述酸性气体回注、硫磺的储存以及硫磺在能量生产中的应用。对北美,尤其是加拿大西部正在进行的酸性气体回注项目进行分析,结果表明,将H2S回注入耗竭的矿井已达到相当的规模,并开始影响该地区的硫磺供应。在世界其它地区,只要能够找到合适的矿井,实施更大规模的回注计划似乎已不存在技术障碍。只要在项目的生命周期内进行适当地规划和维护,传统的地面硫块储存是一项可行而安全的技术。硫磺的地下储存仍然是现场中试研究的一个焦点,对于长期储存可能是一项非常有用的技术。提出了一些利用H2S和硫磺生产能量的方案,将H2S通过“绿色”技术进行燃烧和可再生循环。其中两种方案利用了太阳能,一种是间接通过生物质的积累,另一种则是直接使用太阳能收集器。     

硫镁肥及硫镁钾肥

硫镁肥及硫镁钾肥郭如新（天津碱厂总工办）硫与镁均为二级营养元素，由于近１０年来化肥结构的巨大变化，氮肥施用量大幅度增长，致使土壤中硫镁养分日趋减少。我国部分地区特别是南方诸省份已呈现缺硫缺镁的趋势，有些地区情况比较严重。如何适时地增加土壤中硫镁养分，...     

我国硫资源利用趋势及相应对策

介绍了我国硫资源利用现状、存在的主要问题、硫资源利用的发展趋势,提出今后硫资源利用应以稳步发展硫铁矿制酸为主,并向装置大型化方向发展,但规模局限于20万～25万t/a,且关键部分要技术引进,并结合实际,适时进行单系列国产大型化设计,真正发挥硫资源利用的综合效益。     

如何根据作物、土壤选用化肥

从4个方面讨论如何选用化肥:对不同作物、土壤如何选用不同形态的化肥(如NH4 -N、NO3--N,水溶磷、有效磷、难溶磷,含氯钾、含硫钾等);如何按作物喜素选用化肥;如何按不同施肥方法选用化肥;如何按肥料的有效养分和比价选用化肥。以达到提高作物产量和品质,减少投资,提高经济效益的目的,对农民选用化肥有指导意义。     

硫磺涨价困扰磷复肥行业

我国全年需进口硫磺900万～1 000万t,约占全球硫磺贸易量的1/3。我国对硫磺的强劲需求刺激国际市场硫磺价格迅速攀升,到岸价已涨到2 100～2 300元/t,对我国磷复肥行业造成巨大的成本压力。提出如何应对我国硫资源短缺的建议:在进口方式上联合行动;保持一定化肥出口;税收上应适当下调硫磺最终税率。     

我国硫磺制酸现状

分析了我国硫磺制酸发展的几个阶段及现阶段发展我国硫磺制酸的必要性,参考国外硫酸生产的先进技术,评述了今后我国硫磺制酸技术的发展方向。     

热分解前处理结合分光光度法快速测定土壤中的硫

通过高温热解将硫从土壤中分离出来,富集到吸收液,利用可见光分光光度法进行测定。对热分解系统参数进行了优化,优化后的参数为:管式炉温度1 000℃,热分解时间35 min,载气流量0.1 L/min,吸收液浓度0.02 mol/L,吸收液体积20 mL。利用累积吸收的方法获得方法检出限为0.006 mg/g,降低了该方法的检出限,提高了检测灵敏度。用于国家标准物质(GBW07425,GBW07454和GBW(E)070041)及3份实际土壤样品测定,结果与标准值相符,对实际土壤的硫加标回收率92.4%~107.5%。此方法能够快速、准确地进行土壤中硫的测定。     

Sulfur/sodium bentonite prills as sulfur fertilizers. 2. Effect of sulfur-sodium bentonite ratios on the availability of sulfur to pasture plants in the field

Sulfur/sodium bentonite prills containing 5–40% of sodium bentonite were evaluated in a field experiment to determine the effects of the bentonite contents on their ability to supply sulfur to pasture plants. Comparative rates of oxidation of the elemental sulfur in the fertilizers to sulfate were deduced from plant sulfate contents and phosphate-extractable sulfate in soil (0–75 mm depth) over a period of 15 months. In grass-dominant pastures plant sulfate appeared to be more sensitive than soil sulfate to differences between S fertilizers.Increasing the proportion of bentonite in the prills from 5% to 40% increased the rate at which sulfur became available for plant uptake. At least 10% bentonite content was necessary to allow a satisfactory rate of supply to plants in the first year after application. Plant sulfate concentrations were increased by the S°/bentonite treatments for the whole of the experimental period of 467 days. In contrast gypsum only increased plant sulfate levels for about 118 days. Prills containing 40% bentonite also maintained sulfate concentrations longer than did finely divided elemental S. However oxidation of S from S°/bentonite prills lagged behind elemental S powder of similar fineness due to the delay for prill disintegration and less uniform distribution of S.In a cool-temperate climate with sufficient rainfall for significant leaching of sulfate, the optimum bentonite content of S°/sodium bentonite prills as fertilizer for pasture was about 15%. 20% sodium bentonite may be more appropriate in dry cool-temperate environments, whereas in warm moist temperate environments prills containing 10% sodium bentonite may be satisfactory.     

应重视作物硫镁的营养平衡

阐述硫镁对作物生长的作用和作物对硫镁的需要量,根据我国土壤缺硫(各地区不平衡,占耕地面积的20%～60%)、缺镁(缺镁土壤面积553万hm2,占全国耕地总面积6%)的状况,提出硫镁的营养平衡应引起高度重视,在复混肥中添加硫镁,可推动平衡施肥的发展,提高作物产量和品质。     

9．山东省有机无机复合肥的现状及发展

介绍了全国及北京、湖南、陕西、广东、河南、吉林、山东、重庆的有机肥料资源及利用情况;有机肥料企业、有机无机复合(混)肥料行业的概况;有机无机复合(混)优化配方、技术开发;我国发展有机肥、有机无机肥存在的问题及发展前景.     

Relative effectiveness of iron pyrites and gypsum as sulfur fertilizer for different cultivars of mustard (Brassica juncea)

Summary A field experiment was conducted during 1982–83 on the Gangetic alluvial soil (Typic Ustochrept) of Pura, Kanpur to study the effectiveness of iron pyrites and of gypsum as a sulfur fertilizer for three cultivars of mustard (Brassica juncea). Increasing the supply of sulfur through either pyrites or gypsum significantly increased the grain and straw yields and the concentration and uptake of sulfur in the three cultivars of mustard. The effectiveness of pyrites was very similar to that of gypsum.     

Effect of intensive cropping and fertilizer use on the crop removal of sulphur and zinc and their availability in soil

In a long-term field experiment, involving multiple cropping (pearl millet-wheat-cowpea) and use of fertilizer based on soil tests for a slightly alkaline alluvial soil, an attempt has been made to examine the pattern of crop removal of sulphur and zinc and their availability in the soil during a 7 to 8 year period. Additions of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) enhanced the sulphur uptake over the control and treatment N, by 60.8 and 23.4% respectively. Both sulphur (through superphosphate) and farm manure raised the removal of S to the same extent. NPK applied at 50, 100 and 150% of the optimum recommended dose showed an increase of 63.2, 26.5 and 17.1% respectively, over control, 50 and 100% level of application. Treatments N, NP and NPK promoted the uptake of zinc by 67.4, 23.4 and 14.0% over the control, treatment N and treatment NP respectively. An increase of 7.1 and 17.7% in Zn uptake was noticed with farm manure and zinc sulphate incorporations. As has been seen in the case of sulphur, graded doses of NPK showed respective increases of 49.8, 27.0 and 8.6% in Zn removal. There was a marked depletion by 54.8 to 67.1% in available S in soil in all the treatments except the one where sulphur was being supplied every year. Without zinc being added, the extent of decrease in Zn in soil ranged from 18.9 to 30.6%. Addition of zinc improved the availability by 128.0% over the initial status.     

进口硫磺对我国磷复肥工业发展战略的影响

根据近几年我国进口硫磺量的迅速增长,2005年进口量达830万t,占全球硫磺产量的1/5,导致国际硫磺价格猛涨,1997年硫磺到岸价在35~45美元/t,2005年已达94.4美元/t以上,分析国际硫磺价格猛涨对我国磷复肥发展的巨大影响,而我国2006~2007年还将增加硫磺制酸能力540万t。为此,提出几点应对策略,新建硫酸装置应采取一炉两用的原料路线,并提出必须大力挖掘国内硫资源。