随机声载荷作用下的复杂薄壁结构Von Mises应力概率分布研究

随机声载荷作用下的某些复杂薄壁结构的振动疲劳属于多轴疲劳,Von Mises 应力准则是多轴疲劳损伤分析的一条有效途径。本文通过对有限带宽高斯白噪声载荷作用下结构Von Mises应力概率分布研究,分析提出Von Mises应力服从双参数Weibull分布或Lognormal分布,并且给出了估算这两种概率分布参数的方法,进而得到了Von Mises应力峰值概率密度函数,从而为结构的疲劳损伤寿命估算提供依据。在工程应用中采用耦合的有限元和边界元方法计算了某型航空发动机燃烧室火焰筒薄壁结构在随机声载荷作用下的振动应力响应功率谱密度,着重分析了Von Mises应力响应的概率分布特征,并对分析结果采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S)检验进行了比较验证。     

热声载荷下C/SiC薄壁层合板结构动力学响应计算与寿命分析

高超音速飞行器薄壁结构在工作环境下承受着复杂的高温强噪声载荷，高温会使材料性能发生变化，导致局部区域出现热声疲劳破坏，影响结构的耐久性和完整性。针对此类问题，基于薄壁结构大挠度非线性振动理论，构建热声载荷下四边固支C/SiC薄壁层合板结构的数值仿真模型，并对其进行了动力学响应计算，研究了不同热声载荷组合下的振动响应规律，并采用线性累计损伤理论对结构进行疲劳寿命的预估和分析。结果表明，热声载荷对碳/碳化硅薄壁层合板的非线性响应影响不同，热载荷通过改变结构基频来影响结构非线性响应。四边固支C/SiC薄壁层合板在热声载荷作用下表现出非线性随机振动特性，并且呈现在平衡位置随机振动、随机跳变等多种运动状态，跳变运动给结构造成更大的的损伤更大。     

航空用钢丝增强氟塑料软管脉冲载荷下寿命预测方法

钢丝编织增强氟塑料高压软管广泛应用于航空发动机管路系统,以航空用某型号软管为研究对象,结合数值和试验的方法,研究其疲劳寿命性能。基于压力载荷下软管应变测量和钢丝尺度软管精细化有限元分析得到压力-钢丝应力模型,结合应变载荷谱和钢丝疲劳试验得到的钢丝应力寿命模型,对用于航空发动机外部管路中的聚四氟乙烯软管在脉冲载荷下的寿命进行预测,预测结果略有偏大,主要由于脉冲载荷下软管周向应力较大,且脉冲累计会持续增大周向应力,使软管寿命加速损耗,软管在脉冲载荷下疲劳失效形式以斜口破裂为主,与应力分析得到的断裂平面方向一致。     

热声激励下金属薄壁结构的随机疲劳寿命估算

金属薄壁结构在热声载荷作用下会发生复杂的大挠度非线性响应,结构内部快速变化的复杂应力严重降低了结构的疲劳寿命。在结构热声激振非线性响应分析基础上,采用雨流循环计数法对应力响应时间历程进行疲劳循环计数,通过Morrow TFS,SWT平均应力模型将疲劳循环进行零均值等效处理,结合Miner线性损伤累积理论,计算结构的热声疲劳寿命。以2024-T3型铝合金薄板为研究对象,计算得到了屈曲前后四种温度条件有限带宽高斯白噪声载荷作用下的非线性动态响应,并估算了疲劳寿命。分析结果表明,屈曲前结构的疲劳寿命随着温度升高下降,屈曲后结构持续跳变时的疲劳寿命持续下降直至最低,结构进入间歇跳变区域后疲劳寿命上升,结构热声疲劳寿命与非线性响应特征具有特定的对应关系。     

热声载荷下薄壁结构非线性振动响应分析及疲劳寿命预测

基于时域分析法研究了金属薄壁结构在热声载荷下的非线性振动响应特性,并采用四种应力寿命模型预测了薄板梁的热声疲劳寿命。以典型薄板梁为研究模型,首先研究了单一噪声激励下薄板梁的时域响应特性及热载荷对其响应特性的影响机理,并仿真分析了薄板梁在热声激励下的非线性响应特性。在此基础上,运用雨流法统计了薄板梁根部的应力响应,并基于Miner线性累积损伤理论采用Goodman、Morrow、Walker和修正Walker应力寿命模型预测了薄板梁在不同工况下的热声疲劳寿命。研究结果表明：薄板梁的热模态基频在其热声疲劳问题中起主导作用;薄板梁热屈曲后的非线性跳变响应将增大应力幅值,从而严重削弱结构的预期寿命;噪声载荷是影响屈曲前薄板梁热声疲劳寿命的主要因素,而热载荷是影响屈曲后热声疲劳寿命的主要因素。因此在薄壁结构抗热声疲劳设计中必须重点考虑热声载荷联合作用的影响。     

基于统计能量理论的飞行器壁板高频声振疲劳寿命预报及参数设计

为研究高速飞行器受高频脉动噪声载荷激励下的结构声疲劳问题,讨论了基于应力谱的频域疲劳损伤计算方法。该文提出了一种基于统计能量理论（SEA）的结构高频随机振动疲劳寿命计算方法。在该方法中,首先采用SEA计算子系统的均方应力,然后引入模态间隔的Rayleigh和Poisson分布假设,生成飞行器壁板的随机模态空间并构建危险点的应力谱曲线,进而结合频域疲劳寿命分析方法,采用Monte Carlo模拟求解壁板的疲劳寿命。验证分析表明,基于SEA和Monte Carlo模拟的结构高频声振疲劳寿命分析方法计算精度高,是高速飞行器强度设计的一种可靠方法。在此基础上,考察了壁板厚度和结构阻尼参数对壁板声振疲劳寿命的影响,计算结果表明,当输入声压谱一定时,存在局部最优解,采用该局部最优解作为壁板的设计参数可明显降低结构质量。     

一种估算结构件随机疲劳寿命的新方法

提出了基于随机载荷历程频率域信息──功率谱密度函数（Ｐ．Ｓ．Ｄ）估算结构件低周疲劳寿命的一种新的计算方法。采用这种方法只要已知应力历程的功率谱密度和材料应变疲劳性能参数就可对承载结构件进行随机疲劳寿命估算。因此，对于结构设计阶段的使用寿命预估具有实际意义。最后，通过对缺口件的随机疲劳寿命估算及与试验结果比较验证了本文方法的适用性。     

镍基合金超声疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预测研究

针对发动机结构材料承受高频循环载荷的特点,应用超声疲劳试验技术开展了镍基合金材料的疲劳裂纹扩展试验研究。考虑高频载荷下疲劳裂纹扩展过程中的温升效应,测试了超声疲劳裂纹扩展过程中的温度变化,基于温度变化对材料弹性模量的影响和热膨胀效应,数值计算了疲劳裂纹扩展应力强度因子。研究了温度变化对超声疲劳裂纹扩展的影响机制,并在现有模型基础上,建立了考虑温度影响的超声疲劳裂纹扩展模型,完善疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预测方法。     

薄壁板在随机声载荷作用下的振动响应谱估算

针对飞行器薄壁结构声疲劳问题，研究了具有多模态的薄壁板结构在声载荷作用下振动响应谱的估算方法。基于正交模态法，采用结合受纳函数描述结构模态和声场空间压力分布的耦合关系，建立动态响应计算模型。为与试验结果进行对比，选取具有固支边界的金属薄壁板作为研究对象，以试验测得的噪声载荷作输入，计算了该结构的振动响应谱，估算了均方应力，并将计算结果与试验数据进行比较和讨论。     

随机载荷下疲劳寿命预估计算方法研究

分析了一种用于随机载荷下零构件疲劳寿命预估的有效计算方法。引入材料所吸收的弹性应变能和塑性应变能等参量，在等能量损伤法则下推算出稳态条件下随机载荷的等价常幅应力，适用于结构设计阶段和改进阶段或应力响应时间历程无法实测的情况。     

A hybrid frequency–time domain method for predicting multiaxial fatigue life of 7075‐T6 aluminium alloy under random loading

A hybrid frequency–time domain method for predicting multiaxial fatigue life under random loading is developed on the basis of combination of the frequency domain and time domain analysis. The critical damage point of the structure is determined by the frequency domain equivalent stress method. Then, the fatigue life prediction is made in time domain by generating random load‐time histories from the power spectral density of the critical point. The method is validated with the random vibration fatigue test of 7075‐T6 aluminium alloy. It has been shown that the results of fatigue life calculated by hybrid method are well correlated with the experiment.     

Fatigue reliability evaluation using probability density evolution method

Probability density evolution method is extended to analysis of fatigue reliability. The joint probability density evolution equation of random parameters and fatigue damage is derived based on the principle of preservation of probability, and a finite difference algorithm in terms of TVD theory is presented. For a given damage threshold, cycle-dependent fatigue reliability can be calculated by the proposed method without assuming the probabilistic distribution of fatigue damage in advance. Two validation examples indicate that the proposed method is able to give reasonable results for constant-amplitude loading and variable-amplitude loading. The predicted fatigue reliability under constant-amplitude loading shows a considerable accuracy. In addition, reliability isolines of fatigue damage can be used to predict the fatigue life with a specified failure probability.     

An efficient fatigue and creep‐fatigue life prediction method by using the hysteresis energy density rate concept

Fatigue damage, time‐dependent creep damage and their interaction are considered as the main failure mechanisms for many high temperature structural components. A generalized methodology for predicting both the high temperature low cycle fatigue (HTLCF) and creep‐fatigue lives by using the hysteresis energy density rate (HEDR) and fatigue damage stress concepts was proposed. Experimental data for HTLCF and creep‐fatigue in Alloy 617, Haynes 230 and P92 steel were respectively collected to validate the method. A better prediction capacity and most of the data points that fall within a 1.5 scatter band were obtained compared with the traditional energy‐based method, time fraction rule and ductility exhaustion model. Moreover, a creep‐fatigue damage diagram was also constructed by using the proposed approach.     

Numerical methods of multiaxial fatigue life prediction for elastomers under variable amplitude loadings

In this paper, numerical methods of fatigue life prediction for elastomers subjected to multidirectional, variable amplitude loadings are presented. Because experiments and numerical methods use different stress measures in large deformation, transformation between nominal stress and the second Piola–Kirchhoff stress is performed before fatigue life calculation. In order to incorporate the Mullins effect, the material properties of elastomers are calculated after an initial transition period. An efficient interpolation scheme using load stress/strain curves under unidirectional loading is proposed based on the fatigue characteristic of elastomers. A rainflow counting method with multi‐stress components is developed for variable amplitude loadings, and the critical plane method is applied to find the plane with the maximum damage parameter. Fatigue life predictions using the proposed numerical method are validated against experimental results. As a practical example, the fatigue life of a rubber engine mount is predicted using the proposed numerical method.     

基于开裂能密度及裂纹扩展特性的橡胶隔振器疲劳特性预测

基于开裂能密度的连续介质力学参数及橡胶材料裂纹扩展特性(裂纹扩展速率与撕裂能之关系),获得橡胶部件多轴疲劳特性计算公式,并计算某汽车动力总成橡胶隔振器的疲劳特性。计算与试验对比表明,橡胶隔振器疲劳特性预测(寿命、开裂位置及开裂方向)与实测较一致。预测疲劳寿命分布在实测疲劳寿命的1/2倍分散因子内,满足工程疲劳寿命预测要求。提出的橡胶隔振器多轴疲劳特性预测方法,可用试验效率较高、投入较少的材料裂纹扩展试验代替耗时较多的材料疲劳破坏试验,不仅能为橡胶部件前期疲劳设计提供参考,亦能大幅缩短产品疲劳设计周期。     

A unifying approach to estimate the high-cycle fatigue strength of notched components subjected to both uniaxial and multiaxial cyclic loadings

This paper proposes an engineering method suitable for predicting the fatigue limit of both plain and notched components subjected to uniaxial as well as to multiaxial fatigue loadings. Initially, some well‐known concepts formalized by considering the cracking behaviour of metallic material under uniaxial cyclic loads have been extended to multiaxial fatigue situations. This theoretical extension allowed us to form the hypothesis that fatigue limits can be estimated by considering the linear–elastic stress state calculated at the centre of the structural volume. This volume was assumed to be the zone where all the main physical processes take place in fatigue limit conditions. The size of the structural volume was demonstrated to be constant, that is, independent from the applied loading type, but different for different materials. Predictions have been made by Susmel and Lazzarin's multiaxial fatigue criterion, applied using the linear–elastic stress state determined at the centre of the structural volume. The accuracy of this method has been checked by using a number of data sets taken from the literature and generated by testing notch specimens both under uniaxial and multiaxial fatigue loadings. Our approach is demonstrated to be a powerful engineering tool for predicting the fatigue limit of notch components, independently of material, stress concentration feature and applied load type. In particular, it allowed us to perform predictions within an error interval of about ±25% in stress, even though some material mechanical properties were either estimated or taken from different sources.     

Influence of correlations between stresses on calculated fatigue life of machine elements

The correlation between components of the random stress tensor and its influence on the calculated fatigue life of machine elements were analysed. Three covariance matrices of components of biaxial stress state were considered. They were determined from measurements of strains in an element of a vibrating screen for aggregate, in the back wall of a bus, and in a welded element of excavator fittings. Calculations were made according to four criteria of multiaxial random fatigue. Cycles were counted with the rainflow method, and damage was cumulated with the Palmgren-Miner hypothesis. It was found that convariances of random stress state components strongly influence the calculated fatigue life.     

Fatigue life estimation under random loading using the energy criterion

A procedure for estimating the useful life of a component for a given (admissable) probability of fatigue fracture origination under random loading is presented. The method uses material constants obtained from the S/N and cyclic stress/strain curves, standard deviation and probability density distribution of the loading process and a macroblock of harmonic cycles obtained by applying the rainflow cycle counting method to the random loading process. Theoretical and experimental lives are found to exhibit good agreement.