Baking performance of egg-yolk lipoproteins before and after surface modifications

Enzymatically modified yolk or yolk plasma and succinylated yolk plasma gave unacceptable Madeira cakes but good fatless sponges of reasonable cell structure although somewhat inferior to the control. Modified yolk plasma showed variable degrees of aggregation in response to various treatments but the overall integrity of lipoprotein structure was unaffected. It is thought that in addition to the macroscopic integrity of yolk lipoproteins, their interfacial molecular anatomy has a marked influence on baking performance in both Madeira cakes and fatless sponges.     

The role of egg yolk lipoproteins in fatless sponge cake making

The question of lipid release and destabilisation of egg yolk lipoproteins has been examined (a) as a function of temperature in the absence and presence of sucrose and (b) during the fatless sponge cake making. Accessibility of lipids to n-hexane was used as a criterion of lipoprotein destabilisation. Yolk plasma is more susceptible to lipoprotein destabilisation than whole yolk at high sucrose concentrations between 70 and 100°C. During baking, yolk lipoproteins are destabilised in a random manner with over 40% of the lipids being released towards the finishing stages of cake structure development. The lipid release does not become significant until 110°C, rises sharply above 110–120°C and appears to correlate with water loss. It is predominant in regions nearer the cake periphery and in the final stages of cake structure development.     

Influence of rapeseed cake, linseed cake and hemp seed cake on laying performance of hens and fatty acid composition of egg yolk

In hens the effects of expeller/cakes from rapeseed, linseed, and hemp seed were investigated on feed intake, laying performance and fatty acid composition of egg yolk. A total of 216 individually caged laying hens were allocated to nine dietary treatments (5, 10, 15 % cake) and fed for six laying months. For feed intake, egg mass production and feed-to-egg mass ratio at 15 % dietary cake level a significant lower performance was shown compared with the 5 and 10 % cake level groups. Also interaction was significant for all these parameters, indicating that the cake level acted differently for the three cakes. The egg mass production was lower in the linseed cake than in the hempseed groups and the hens fed the linseed cake needed significantly more feed per kg egg mass compared with both the other cakes tested. Increasing dietary level of all oil seed cakes lowered the yolk percentage and increased the egg white percentage. Increased dietary levels of all three oil seed cakes lowered the percentages of most saturated fatty acids and also the percentages of the monounsaturated fatty acids. The linoleic acid and the linolenic acid as polyunsaturated fatty acids were heightened by increasing the cake levels from 5 to 10 and 15 % in the diet. The results allow the conclusion that compound feeds with up to 10 % of cakes does not negatively influence the laying performance of hens and provides the possibility of the enrichment of yolk fat with polyunsaturated fatty acids.     

关于鸡蛋黄、鸭蛋黄、咸鸡蛋黄、咸鸭蛋黄四种蛋黄风味物质的研究

咸蛋因其鲜嫩可口,营养丰富是一直深受国内外消费者喜欢的传统美食.尤其是咸蛋黄不仅可以直接食用,还被用于添加至月饼等糕点中,提高产品的口感与营养.鸡蛋、鸭蛋经腌制后产生了更多宜人的口感和风味.文章运用顶空微萃取技术与气质联用相结合的方法对鸡蛋黄、鸭蛋黄、咸鸡蛋黄和咸鸭蛋黄四种蛋黄进行了挥发性风味物质的研究.     

豆浆天使蛋糕的工艺优化

结合传统的蛋糕生产工艺,对豆浆天使蛋糕的生产工艺及配方进行优化,提出了豆浆天使蛋糕的综合评分法的评分标准;运用正交试验方法,优选最佳配方方案;以大豆粉、嫩豆腐部分代替传统蛋糕中所用的小麦粉、蛋黄,豆浆全部代替水,改善了蛋糕的营养和风味。     

Aroma and physical characteristics of cakes prepared by replacing margarine with extra virgin olive oil

The effect of margarine substitution by extra virgin olive oil on the quality of Madeira cakes was studied. Three cakes containing either extra virgin olive oil or extra virgin olive oil/margarine mixture or margarine were prepared. The use of extra virgin olive oil increased batter density and cake volume while decreased the weight loss (%) during baking. Texture profile analysis also showed that the replacement of margarine by extra virgin olive oil affected significantly hardness and cohesiveness of the cakes. Headspace solid phase microextraction was applied in order to analyze the aroma of the three cakes. The addition of extra virgin olive oil produced a wide range of volatile compounds, which were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and were originated either from extra virgin olive oil or were produced during the baking process. Hedonic sensory tests were also conducted revealing that the cake prepared with extra virgin olive oil/margarine mixture was highly appreciated by the consumers as it got scores similar to control.     

Using modified soy protein to enhance foaming of egg white protein

BACKGROUND: It is well known that the foaming properties of egg white protein are significantly reduced when a small amount of yolk is mixed in the white. To improve foaming properties of yolk‐contaminated egg white protein, soy protein isolate (SPI) and egg proteins were modified to make basic proteins, and effects of these modified proteins on egg white foaming were evaluated in a model and an angel cake system. RESULTS: SPI and egg yolk proteins were modified to have an isoelectric point of 10, and sonication was used to increase protein dispersibility after the ethyl esterification reaction. However, only the addition of sonicated and modified SPI (SMSPI) showed improvement of foaming in the 5% egg protein model system with 0.4% yolk addition. SMSPI was then used in making angel food cake to examine whether the cake performance reduction due to yolk contamination of the white would be restored by such alkaline protein. Cake performance was improved when cream of tartar was used together with SMSPI. CONCLUSION: Basic soy protein can be made and used to improve egg white foaming properties and cake performance. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of soapwort extract on physical and sensory properties of sponge cakes and rheological properties of sponge cake batters

Soapwort extract yields relatively stable, soap-like foam in aqueous solution because of its saponin content. The objective of this study was to utilise the advantage of the high foam forming capacity of soapwort extract in the production of sponge cakes. Egg white proteins were partially replaced with soapwort extract in the sponge cake formulation. The effects of soapwort extract addition on the rheological and physical properties of cake batters and on the physical and sensory properties of sponge cakes were determined. Replacing egg white proteins with soapwort extract, up to 75% by weight, did not have any significant influence on the specific gravity of batters (p > 0.05). Addition of soapwort extract into the cake mixture did not influence the flow behaviour indices (n) of cake batters nor the consistency indices (K) of cake batters. In general, replacing egg white proteins with soapwort extracts (up to 75% by weight) did not alter physical properties of sponge cakes. Replacing egg white proteins with soapwort extract had no unfavourable influence on the sensory properties of sponge cakes. Indeed, sponge cakes formulated with soapwort extract (by replacing egg white proteins by 50% and 75% on weight basis) received significantly higher chewiness scores than did control cakes (p < 0.05). This study showed that egg white proteins could be partially replaced with soapwort extract in the formulation of sponge cakes.     

响应面法优化黑芝麻威风蛋糕的制作工艺

以黑芝麻戚风蛋糕的基本配方为基础。以蛋白调制时间、烘烤温度、烘烤时间3个因素为影响因素,感官评分为响应值,在单因素试验基础上,利用Box-Behnken试验设计方法,对黑芝麻戚风蛋糕的制作工艺进行优化。结果表明,黑芝麻戚风蛋糕的最佳工艺参数为蛋黄面糊调制时间9 min、蛋白调制时间2.25 min、烘烤温度130℃、烘烤时间20 min,在此条件下制得的产品色香味俱佳,感官评分可达90.17分。     

鸡卵黄前体物和受体及其对蛋品品质的影响

鸡卵黄前体物,即极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)和卵黄生成素(VTG),是由性成熟母鸡分泌雌激素刺激肝脏而合成的,主要影响鸡蛋的内在品质(脂肪酸和胆固醇等)。极低密度脂蛋白受体(VLDLR)是卵黄前体物的转运受体,介导VLDL和VTG从卵黄膜表面进入卵母细胞并促进卵母细胞的成熟,是影响产蛋数和卵黄质量的关键基因。因此,鸡卵黄前体物及其受体与蛋鸡产蛋性能及蛋品品质密切相关。本文综述鸡卵黄前体物及其受体的结构、功能以及它们对蛋品品质的影响。     

Application of aged egg in enabling increased substitution of sucrose by litesse (polydextrose) in high-ratio cakes

Previous reports show that replacing sucrose by polydextrose in cakes leads to an elevation of the starch gelatinisation temperature such that it no longer coincides with the egg protein denaturation transition. It is known that as eggs age, the ovalbumin transforms to S-ovalbumin with a higher denaturation temperature. Linking these observations led to the hypothesis that baking reduced-sugar cakes with aged eggs might bring the starch gelatinisation into proximity of the protein denaturation thereby improving the final texture. Baking trials and instrumental texture evaluations of the resulting high-ratio cakes were carried out with fresh egg and egg that had been aged at 37°C for 3, 7 and 14 days. Texture changes that do exist are principally related to differences in the cake crumb density and crumb springiness.     

Quality characteristics of egg-reduced pound cakes following WPI and emulsifier incorporation

The effect of partial (50 wt%) or total liquid egg replacement by whey proteins in combination with emulsifiers, i.e. hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate (SSL), on the quality of pound cakes was investigated. Cakes containing whey protein isolate (WPI) solutions of varying concentrations (i.e. 20, 17 and 14% w/v) were first prepared. Complete egg replacement by WPI led to the preparation of cake batter of increased specific gravity as well as to final cake products of inferior quality with regard to volume, texture and hardness increase upon storage, compared to the control. In the case of partial liquid egg replacement by WPI solutions, cakes with acceptable sensory and quality characteristics were obtained, which were further improved following the addition of emulsifiers. During a storage period of four days the egg-reduced cakes exhibited a significantly lower staling rate depending mainly on the concentration of WPI and the presence of emulsifiers. Finally, the analysis of cake microstructure confirmed the positive effect of the co-addition of whey proteins and emulsifiers in egg-reduced cakes. This work made it possible to develop an alternative, egg-reduced cake of satisfactory quality, by using a combination of whey proteins with two common baking additives.     

Lipid‐lowering mechanism of egg yolk in normal rats

The ingestion of egg has been reported to lower blood cholesterol, but the mechanism is unclear. Here, the biochemical metabolic mechanism by which the oral administration of egg yolk affects blood lipid reduction was investigated using normal rats. Blood triglycerides and total cholesterol were lower and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol was higher in an egg yolk‐given group compared to other groups, while low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol was increased in the pork belly oil‐given group. HMG‐CoA reductase activity was higher in the pork belly oil‐given group, compared to an egg yolk‐given group, a weekly alternating administration of pork belly oil and egg yolk‐given group, and the saline‐given normal control group. However, faecal excretions of total sterol, neutral sterol and acid sterol in an egg yolk‐given group were higher compared to the pork belly oil‐given group, a weekly alternating administration of pork belly oil and egg yolk‐given group, and a normal control group. The results suggested that ingestion of egg decreased blood lipids.     

响应面法优化无糖米糠戚风蛋糕工艺

以面粉、米糠为主要原料,木糖醇为甜味剂,对无糖米糠戚风蛋糕的制作技术进行研究。在单因素试验的基础上,利用响应面法优化蛋糕制作工艺。结果表明:无糖米糠蛋糕的最佳配方为鸡蛋140 g、中筋面粉40 g、米糠10 g、木糖醇17 g(蛋黄部分)、水28 g、色拉油28 g、香草粉0.5 g、泡打粉0.5 g、木糖醇50 g(蛋清部分)、塔塔粉1 g、食盐0.5 g,在烘烤温度196℃、烘烤时间25 min的条件下,蛋糕的综合评分为29.86。制作的蛋糕口感细腻、香甜可口,品质最佳。     

EFFECTS OF EMULSIFIERS,SORBITOL, POLYDEXTROSE,AND CRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE ON THE TEXTURE OF REDUCED-CALORIE CAKES1

The textural and sensory qualities of reduced-calorie cakes prepared from non-shortening batters in which sucrose was partly replaced with sorbitol or poly-dextrose (with the addition of carboxymethylcellulose or microcrystalline cellulose to the latter) was studied. The batters were treated with different types and concentrations of emulsifier (Tandem 22H, Atlas A and MD-SSL). At the 30% replacement of sucrose with 1.5% or 3.5% (on flour weight) of Tandem 22H or Atlas A, the cakes were of an acceptable quality. Higher levels of emulsifier treatment further enhanced the aeration capacity of the batters, but impaired the overall quality of the final product. The emulsifier MD-SSL was found to be less suitable under the given conditions of cake baking because of the excessive aeration of batters. With cakes of acceptable quality, the calorie value reduction was in a 15 to 23% range compared with a standard full-calorie cake.     

Quality characteristics of angel food cake and muffin using lentil protein as egg/milk replacer

Replacement of animal proteins could be interesting for the food industry because it allows long‐term cost savings, among other reasons. Replacing egg/milk protein (50–100 wt%) by lentil protein (LP) was evaluated on angel cake/muffin quality. The replacement did not significantly affect final product volume, neither the muffins nor the angel food cakes. LP did not affect dough formation and contributed to hold crumb structure building an entangled network in both cake products. In addition, angel cakes and muffins containing LP had significantly lower baking loss than the control. Inferior quality for angel cakes and muffins containing LP was observed regarding hardness and chewiness that increased upon storage, compared to the control. For sensory evaluation in angel cakes, appearance of LP formulations showed lower scores than the control, likely due to the change of crumb colour. Other attributes were not significantly impacted by LP presence. For muffins, M‐100‐LPC formulation showed significant differences with the control for most of the attributes, except appearance and flavour. Indeed, consumers preferred muffins with 100% egg/milk protein replacement, which received higher acceptability scores than control. They also appreciated the ‘nutty’ flavour and moisture of angel cake with 50% egg protein replacement. This research suggests that lentil protein can totally or partially substitute egg/milk protein as foam and emulsion stabiliser in cakes, producing products with satisfactory quality.     

蛋黄月饼的生物保鲜

研究了乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)与纳他霉素(Natamycin)及其两者复合对苏式蛋黄月饼的防腐效果。结果表明,生物防腐剂Nisin和Natamycin在蛋黄月饼保鲜方面有很好的效果,常温下可以延长苏式月饼货架期达到45d。     

添加谷氨酰胺转氨酶对糙米蛋糕品质的影响

研究在糙米蛋糕的蛋黄糊和蛋清中分别添加不同量的谷氨酰胺转氨酶(transglutaminase,TGase)对蛋糕烘焙品质的影响,并分析比较了TGase添加前后蛋黄糊和蛋清理化特性的变化。结果表明:添加TGase能显著提高糙米蛋糕的比容和弹性,降低其硬度,在蛋黄糊和蛋清中分别添加10和2 U/g TGase时,糙米蛋糕比容达到最大值6.0 mL/g。添加TGase后,蛋黄糊的黏度和乳化稳定性分别提高62.27%和3.86%,蛋清打发后的泡沫稳定性提高8.43%。通过测定发现蛋黄糊中的游离巯基含量明显减少,傅里叶变换红外光谱(fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)和体积排阻高效液相色谱(size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography,SE-HPLC)的分析表明,添加了TGase的蛋黄糊中蛋白质β-折叠的比例显著增加,无规卷曲、β-转角的比例下降,并形成了更多大分子质量的蛋白质聚集体。这表明添加TGase促进了蛋黄糊和蛋清中的蛋白形成更多的交联,使蛋白质网络更加紧密,从而改善糙米蛋糕的质构。     

Aquafaba,wastewater from chickpea canning,functions as an egg replacer in sponge cake

Aquafaba, the viscous liquid resulting from cooking chickpeas in water is typically discarded. However, this solution is now widely used by the vegan community as an egg replacement that adds texture to food products, such as mayonnaise, pudding, ice cream and baked goods. Sponge cake was prepared with either egg white or aquafaba derived from ten different brands of canned chickpea and the texture and colour were compared. Aquafaba obtained from each chickpea can produced foam which differed in both properties and stability. In addition, aquafaba from some brands provided comparable foam volume and stability to that achieved with egg white. The colour and texture of sponge cake made with either egg white or aquafaba were similar and acceptable, but cakes prepared with aquafaba were less springy, and less cohesive than cake that included egg white. Based on our results, it appears that aquafaba has potential to replace egg white in eggless cake recipes.     

Use of Mucor miehei lipase to improve functional properties of yolk-contaminated egg whites

Egg yolk contamination of egg whites continues to be a serious problem in the egg industry. The ability of egg whites to form stable and voluminous foams is greatly inhibited by yolk contamination, even at very low levels, between 0.01% and 0.2% w/w yolk in white. Experiments were conducted to determine if Mucor miehei lipase could regenerate the functional properties of yolk-contaminated egg whites. Lipase from M. miehei and colipase from porcine pancreas were added to yolk-contaminated (0.2%, w/w) egg white samples to hydrolyze triglycerides originating from egg yolk. Enzymatic hydrolysis of triacylglycerols was confirmed using thin-layer chromatography. Treatment of yolk-contaminated samples with lipase and colipase yielded significant (P < 0.05) improvements in a number of the functional properties, including the final foam volume, foam capacity, and foaming power. These functional properties showed complete restoration to control levels. However, foam stability and foam drainage levels were not statistically different from yolk-contaminated samples that had not been enzymatically treated. Enzyme-treated yolk-contaminated egg whites were also tested in angel food cakes. Enzyme-treated, yolk-contaminated egg whites performed similarly to non-yolk-contaminated control, and much better than yolk-contaminated sample in angel food cakes. The results show that most negative effects of yolk contamination can be reversed by treatment with Mucor miehei lipase and colipase.