基于改进比例导引法的机器人动态避障算法

随着机器人运动环境日益复杂,为了使机器人可以安全、有效地避开动态障碍到达目的地,提出一种基于改进比例导引法的机器人动态避障算法;首先借助比例导引法的思想,通过使机器人与动态障碍物的相对速度方向导引到避障向量方向完成避障,然后为满足避障完成时间和机器人机动性能约束要求,得到重叠比例导引系数取值范围,并采用比例导引法对机器人运动路径进行规划到达目的地,最后采用仿真实验测试其有效性;仿真结果表明,该算法可以使机器安全有效地避开动态障碍物,对机器人的实际运动轨迹控制具有一定的参考价值.     

基于双旋Lyapunov矢量场的无人机避障算法

提出一种基于双旋Lyapunov矢量场的无人机避障算法.首先,建立无人机和障碍物的模型,并根据无人机有限时间是否会侵犯障碍物安全圆设计避障判定规则;然后,基于最小侧向偏移量原则选定避障机动中无人机速度旋转方向为最优避障方向,选定其反方向为矢量场旋转方向,定义成功避障的标准并进行证明;最后,通过建立的障碍物合并规则提升避障效率,使得上述方法适用于未知环境下的无人机在线避障.仿真结果表明,在无人机性能约束下,所提出的算法对动态和静态障碍都能有效避障,算法性能优于Dubins路径和人工势场法.     

分布式无人机队列控制与动态障碍规避设计

研究分布式无人机集群巡航任务中的协同路径跟踪问题与动态避障控制问题.利用transverse feedback linearization(TFL)方法对无人机的动力学模型进行变换,通过解耦控制实现对期望巡航路径的跟踪.在期望路径方向上,设计基于一致性协议的分布式无人机队列协同控制算法,并结合势场法设计协同巡航过程中对移动障碍物的规避控制策略.在队列达成一致性目标的同时,能够保障队列行进的安全性.基于Lyapunov分析方法和LaSalle不变原理证明闭环系统的稳定性,同时采用能量法证明队列中的无人机不会与动态障碍物发生碰撞.最后,基于搭建的无人机协同飞行实验平台,完成多架无人机的协同队列控制和移动障碍物规避实验,飞行实验结果验证了所设计协同控制算法与避障控制策略的有效性.     

基于卡尔曼滤波算法的无人机避障路线智能生成方法

为了提高无人机避障效果,提出基于卡尔曼滤波算法的无人机避障路线生成方法。在障碍物匹配和潜在障碍物检测的基础上,利用卡尔曼滤波算法提取障碍物位置信息,并求解无人机的最优飞行方向,通过控制线速度和角速度实现无人机自动生成避障路线。以避障效果、障碍物检测率、定位误差率为实验指标进行实验,实验结果表明所提方法避障效果好、障碍物的检测率高和定位障碍物的误差率低。     

基于改进RRT算法的无人机三维避障规划

RRT算法由于其在复杂环境中有强大的随机搜索能力,在无人机避障规划中被广泛运用.为了提高无人机避障规划的效率,提出了一种基于预规划路径优化RRT算法的无人机三维避障规划算法.算法首先在障碍物膨胀规则和相交规则下生成预规划路径,然后将预规划路径看做成连续的质点组成,按一定的扩展树步长的比例从连续质点取点来确定搜索树的随机状态点,最后RRT算法在这些随机状态点的引导下进行搜索,生成避障规划路径.仿真结果表明,改进的RRT算法生成的预规划路径降低了障碍物搜索的时间和增强了搜索树扩展的方向性;预先确定的随机状态点使搜索树在扩展中具有方向性,可减少新生节点的个数和路径长度,进而提高了无人机避障路径规划的效率,使得最终生成避障路径的时间更优.     

基于稀疏A*搜索和改进人工势场的无人机动态航迹规划

针对不同属性的障碍物所构成的威胁分布模型, 本文提出了一种基于稀疏A*搜索算法预规划和改进人工势场相结合的无人机动态避障算法. 该算法首先对威胁分布建立栅格化模型; 然后根据静态威胁, 基于稀疏A*搜索算法进行全局航迹规划; 最后结合预规划路径和动态威胁分布, 利用改进人工势场法完成无人机的动态避障. 仿真结果表明, 该方法能够规划出给定威胁指标下的全局最优路径并达到良好的动态规避性能.     

多旋翼无人机避障系统的控制设计

为解决多旋翼无人机（Unmanned Aerial Vehicle,UAV）因遇到障碍物导致毁损的问题,研究了多旋翼无人机避障系统的控制设计。首先,分析多旋翼无人机避障系统的总体结构,并利用卷积神经网络设计比例-积分-微分（Proportion-Integral-Differential,PID）控制器。其次,通过模糊自整定PID控制算法动态调整PID控制器的增益系数,实现多旋翼无人机避障系统的控制。最后,实验验证了该方法能够有效控制多旋翼无人机避障系统,控制效果较好。     

基于空间运动约束的无人机碰撞回避规划

三维空间中,面对移动的障碍物,无人机如何进行运动规划是一个很有趣的研究方向。在动态环境下,传统的基于速度障碍物的算法主要针对二维机器人。用机器人的可达速度集减去导致碰撞的速度集,然后选取合适的速度实现避障动作。根据无人机和障碍物的当前位置和速度进行泛化的三维矢量运算,计算导致碰撞的速度集合。依据无人机制动器的最大速度和最大加速度,对其当前时刻可达到的速度空间进行约束。在这个相减集合中,依据场景的需求制定相应的策略并选取合适的速度,实现三维场景下的回避障碍物规划。针对被抽象为球状的无人机在三维空间下躲避球状障碍物行驶至终点的场景,在虚幻四引擎中结合C++编程和图形化编程实现了避障算法并进行验证。通过捕捉不同策略的运动轨迹,度量其耗时,有效地验证了所提算法能够完成无人机在三维空间下的动态障碍物回避任务。     

基于模型预测控制与改进人工势场法的多无人机路径规划

模型预测控制(model predictive control,MPC)已成功地应用于无人机集群的路径规划.但其存在计算量大及单步运算时间长等不足,在实时运行中往往难以获得较高的控制频率.而离线的MPC需要准确的地图信息,难以处理地图中无法预测的动态障碍物.对此,提出一种结合离线MPC全局规划与在线改进人工势场法局部规划的方法.在利用MPC方法生成安全、平滑轨迹的同时,提高无人机在动态障碍物影响下的避障能力.通过引入调节力来处理传统人工势场法的局部极小值问题,并将目标与无人机的相对距离引入斥力函数,同时改进引力函数,以改善无人机在目标点处低速徘徊的问题.此外,设计一种事件触发的无人机轨迹变更与轨迹恢复策略,使无人机仅在必要时实施动态避障行为.在此基础上,最大化利用原来的规划轨迹.仿真验证结果表明,所提出的路径规划方法能够使无人机集群安全飞行至目标点,并且具有良好的动态避障能力.     

基于滚动速度障碍法的无人机山地航测避障路径规划研究

无人机在进行山地航测时,经常遭遇鸟类等动态障碍,若不能及时规避掉障碍,极容易发生坠机事故。为此,研究一种基于滚动速度障碍法的无人机山地航测避障路径规划方法。基于山地环境模型,结合飞行路径长度、路径平滑度建立一个综合目标函数并利用改进布谷鸟搜索算法求解,得到无人机山地航测的初始路径。对图像进行预处理后,识别无人机初始路径飞行过程中遇到的障碍物,并通过超声波测量无人机与障碍物之间的距离,以此建立速度障碍模型,实现速度障碍碰撞分析,通过滚动窗口的方式确定无人机与障碍物是否存在飞行冲突。基于滚动速度障碍避障方法实现滚动角度避障和速度避障,获取最终的优化路径,完成基于滚动速度障碍法的无人机山地航测避障路径规划。测试结果表明:航测避障路径长度为571.45m,平滑度为165.52,规划的方案更具合理性。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。