高Nb-TiAl合金时效过程中的相变

采用热分析(DSC)、扫描电镜(BSEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、维氏硬度等测试手段,系统地研究了固溶处理后的高Nb-TiAl合金在1000~1300℃时效过程中的相变与组织演变。结果表明:高Nb-TiAl合金固溶处理后,组织偏析未完全消除,并存在α_2不稳定相;在连续升温过程中,在1192~1331℃之间,存在α_2→α相变和γ→α相变;在1200℃时效,合金显微组织为α_2/γ片层结构,在1300℃时效,显微组织为簇状结构。在1000℃与1100℃时效,随着时效时间的延长,合金的显微硬度呈现出先下降后上升的趋势,在1200~1300℃时效,随着时效时间的延长,合金的显微硬度先上升随后下降。     

固溶温度对Ti-1300合金组织与性能的影响

研究了Ti-1300合金经不同温度固溶处理和固溶+时效处理后的组织和性能。结果表明:Ti-1300合金在固溶处理后,随着固溶温度升高,合金的抗拉强度和屈服强度逐渐降低,断面收缩率先升高后降低,断后伸长率有所升高。Ti-1300合金在850℃固溶处理可获得最佳的综合性能。通过固溶和时效处理,Ti-1300合金硬度随着固溶温度的升高而增大。当固溶处理在相变点以下时,β相中时效析出次生αs相较粗大;而固溶处理在相变点以上时,β相中时效析出次生αs相较细小且均匀。     

热处理工艺对AuCuAgZn17-7-1合金组织和硬度的影响

采用光学显微镜和显微硬度计对电刷用AuCuAgZn17-7-1合金在不同固溶和时效工艺下的显微组织、显微硬度进行测试和分析。结果表明:随着固溶温度的提高,晶粒度增大,670 ℃固溶保温30 min的试验合金的硬度显著低于原始材料,硬度均匀性提高,消除了触头零件边缘与心部硬度的差异性。合金在时效过程中析出第二相,随着时效温度的升高和保温时间的延长,第二相逐渐增大,硬度先上升后下降,存在明显的时效硬化现象。经670 ℃保温30 min固溶处理和250 ℃保温60 min时效后,合金达到峰值硬度,为311.5 HV0.2。     

固溶时效热处理对A286合金组织演变规律的影响

对A286铁基高温合金进行固溶温度+时效两段式热处理工艺优化研究。采用固溶热处理制度为930~1020℃/4 h/WC,固溶时间为0~4 h。合金时效研究采用640~790℃/4 h/AC热处理;在时效温度730℃条件下,研究0~16 h时效时间对合金组织及性能的影响。结果表明:随着固溶温度上升和时间延长,合金晶粒尺寸有一定程度长大,但硬度逐渐下降;随着时效温度提高及时间延长,合金的硬度先升高而后降低;在固溶热处理过程中,合金随着固溶处理温度提高及时间的延长,γ'相回溶入基体;当固溶后的时效温度提高至700℃才析出γ'强化相;随着时效时间延长,析出的γ'强化相发生粗化;合金时效γ'强化相粗化过程符合Ostwald熟化长大规律,计算值与实际值相关系数大于97%;同时,确定了最佳的热处理工艺制度。     

β单相区固溶温度对Ti-55531合金组织及性能的影响

采用OM、SEM及拉伸测试方法,结合系列的热处理工艺,研究了β单相区不同的固溶温度对Ti-55531合金片层组织参数及力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,β单相区不同温度固溶,再经相同的时效处理后,合金的组织均为片层状的次生α_s、残余β片和微量晶界α组成的片层组织,但不同温度固溶后合金的β晶粒尺寸改变,进而影响时效析出次生α_s片的含量及尺寸,最终导致合金力学性能的差异。固溶温度在830~900 ℃之间时,随固溶温度的升高,原始β晶粒尺寸增大,后续时效析出的次生α_s长、宽及长宽比均先增大后减小,数量越来越多,合金强度直线下降,塑性先降低后增加。固溶温度为860℃时合金对应的强塑性匹配最好。合金的断裂失效机制为以微孔聚集为主,沿晶开裂和穿晶断裂并存的混合断裂机制。     

等温条件下Ti-1300合金亚稳β相的分解动力学

通过高精度膨胀法研究了固溶态Ti-1300合金在400～700℃等温条件下相变动力学。研究表明：固溶态Ti-1300合金中亚稳β相的分解动力学可用Johnson-Mehl-Avrami(JMA)方程表征,并获得400～700℃温度范围内JMA方程的特征参数K和n,一定程度上反映了合金中亚稳β相的分解机制。当Ti-1300合金在400～420℃时效时,亚稳β相的分解方式主要为β_m→β′+β→α+β;当合金在500 ～700℃时效时,亚稳β相的分解方式主要为β_m→α+β;同时在等温条件下,时效初期α相的形核率较快,且含量迅速增加,后期达到一定量后保持稳定。根据计算和试验结果,得到了Ti-1300合金在500 ～700℃等温条件下亚稳β相的分解的TTT曲线,鼻尖温度约为600℃。     

Mg-Al-Mn-RE合金固溶处理和人工时效研究

研究固溶处理和人工时效对Mg-Al-Mn-RE合金显微组织和硬度的影响规律,结果表明:铸态Mg-6Al-0.3Mn-1.6RE合金主要由α-Mg相、γ相(Mg17Al12)和稀土相(Al11RE3)组成.固溶处理36 h后,γ相全部溶解到α-Mg基体中,稀土相未溶解,但发生断开,稀土相的杆状变得很短.时效时间为16 h时,在晶界上析出片层状γ相.随固溶处理和人工时效时间的延长,合金显微硬度升高.     

热处理对旋压态2000MPa级马氏体时效钢组织和硬度的影响

对旋压态2000 MPa级马氏体时效钢进行固溶、时效等不同制度的热处理试验,并进行了显微硬度测试和金相组织分析.结果表明:当固溶温度从700℃上升到850℃时显微硬度快速下降,随温度继续上升显微硬度变化不大;830℃×15 min固溶后组织即完全奥氏体化,在830℃固溶条件下,随保温时间延长到90 min,显微硬度维持在320～325HV;480℃可视为峰值时效温度.     

高温形变热处理对Ti-1300合金组织及硬度的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机以及IMVS-1000JMT2数显维氏显微硬度仪研究了等温变形条件下形变热处理对Ti-1300合金组织及硬度性能的影响。结果表明:高温形变热处理可以明显的细化Ti-1300合金的显微组织,并在一定程度上提高合金的力学性能。热轧态合金的组织中粗大块状和长条状α相经高温压缩变形后具有明显的等轴均匀化趋势,然后分别经过淬火时效和固溶时效处理后合金的组织主要由板条状初生α相,针状次生α相以及β相组成,初生α相和次生α相主要分布于晶界和β基体上。与淬火时效态相比,固溶时效态合金的硬度随初生α相板条厚度和含量的增加而降低,最后对影响的机理进行探讨和分析。     

7075铝合金的热处理工艺与组织性能研究

研究了固溶和时效热处理对锻态7075合金显微组织、硬度和拉伸力学性能的影响,并对断口形貌进行了观察。结果表明,锻态7075合金中的第二相主要为Al7Cu2Fe、η(Mg Zn2)和S(Al2Cu Mg)相;经过固溶处理后,晶界处η(Mg Zn2)相已经回溶至基体中;固溶温度为480℃时组织中存在Al7Cu2Fe相,而η(Mg Zn2)和S(Al2Cu Mg)相消失;随固溶温度升高,合金显微硬度先上升后减小,在470℃时显微硬度最高;随固溶时间延长,显微硬度先上升后降低,在240 min时硬度最大;延长时效时间,合金抗拉强度和屈服强度都有所提高,而断后伸长率略有降低;7075合金经470℃×240 min固溶以及125℃×24 h时效后可以获得良好的强度和塑性。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.