明胶/壳聚糖复合膜的制备与表征

采用流延法制备了明胶/壳聚糖复合膜,通过对复合膜结构及力学、热学、光学等性能进行表征,探究了壳聚糖对复合膜性能的影响。结果表明:明胶与壳聚糖共混相容性较好,复合膜均一透明。通过添加壳聚糖和甘油可以明显改善明胶/壳聚糖复合膜的抗拉强度、断裂伸长率、热稳定性及吸水性能;随壳聚糖含量的增加,透明度下降,壳聚糖添加量为30%(质量分数)时,透明度为79.4%(透光率小于80%)。研究认为通过壳聚糖与甘油对明胶进行改性可以不同程度地改善明胶膜的力学性能、吸水性能,能够满足其在不同领域的应用。     

响应面法优化制备壳聚糖明胶活性膜

目的制备一种具有疏水功能的壳聚糖-明胶活性膜。方法通过研究不同质量浓度比的明胶-壳聚糖对膜性能的影响,确定两者的最佳质量浓度比,并研究柠檬酸三丁酯、甘油、吐温-20浓度对活性膜疏水性能的影响。根据Box-Benhnken试验设计原理,以膜的抗拉强度作为响应值,对活性疏水膜的制备工艺进行优化。探讨各因素交互作用,确定制备壳聚糖-明胶活性疏水膜的最佳条件。结果明胶-壳聚糖的最佳质量浓度比为1∶1,各因素对膜抗拉强度的显著性影响依次是柠檬酸三丁酯甘油吐温-20。经过验证,制备活性膜时,柠檬酸三丁酯、甘油、吐温-20的最佳质量浓度分别为0.9,0.3,0.1 g/mL,该条件下膜的抗拉强度为20.9 MPa,断裂伸长率为41.34%。结论该工艺条件下所制备的活性膜感官性能、物理性能和疏水性能均良好。     

醋酸对明胶-壳聚糖膜性质的影响及应用

目的制备基于不同醋酸质量分数的明胶-壳聚糖基可食复合膜,以期探究醋酸质量分数(1%、1.5%、2%和2.5%)对复合膜性质及应用的影响。方法利用透湿仪、透氧仪、拉伸仪、扫描电镜、热重、红外和拉曼光谱探究可食性复合膜的理化性质,并进行机理解析。结果低醋酸浓度制备的复合膜具有较低透湿性和透氧性,且其抗拉强度和断裂伸长率较高;同时醋酸浓度较低时,可以提高复合膜表面的光滑度,改善复合膜的热稳定性。红外测试与拉曼测试表明,明胶、壳聚糖、醋酸之间主要是通过氢键进行相互作用并结合,从而形成了稳定致密的薄膜。结论以质量分数为1%醋酸制备得到的明胶-壳聚糖基复合膜,其性质表现得更加优异,同时该系列薄膜可以制备成包装袋并能有效包装花生,对明胶-壳聚糖复合膜在食品包装领域的应用具有一定的参考作用。     

不同碳纳米管对壳聚糖膜性能的影响研究

目的研究普通碳纳米管(MWNT)与羧基化碳纳米管(MWNT-COOH)对壳聚糖复合膜性能的影响。方法将质量分数不同的MWNT与MWNT-COOH分别添加到壳聚糖基材中,采用溶液共混法制得纳米复合膜,并对复合膜的溶胀性能、透湿性能、力学性能、表面形貌和抑菌性能等进行表征。结果当MWNT和MWNT-COOH的质量分数均为1%时,2种复合膜的阻湿性能和拉伸性能相对于纯壳聚糖膜有明显改善,尤其是MWNT-COOH,2种碳纳米管的加入均可增强复合膜对大肠杆菌的抑制效果。结论浓度相同时,与MWNT相比,MWNT-COOH与壳聚糖间具有更强的结合力,它的加入能更有效地改善壳聚糖膜的性能。     

可食性淀粉/壳聚糖复合膜的制备与性能研究

目的 利用壳聚糖对淀粉改性制备可食性复合膜,研究复合膜的结构与性能。方法 通过溶液共混法将壳聚糖的乙酸溶液与淀粉糊化液均匀混合,然后流延成膜,分析壳聚糖、甘油、Na Cl含量对复合膜的力学性能、水蒸气透过率的影响,通过X-射线衍射、扫描电镜和热重分析对复合膜的结构和性能进行表征分析。结果 复合膜中淀粉与壳聚糖两组分具有良好的相容性;甘油和Na Cl的添加有利于促进淀粉的塑化,改善复合膜的柔性,同时影响其力学强度和水蒸气透过率。结论 当淀粉与壳聚糖质量比为5∶3、甘油质量分数为25%、Na Cl质量分数为5%时,所制备的膜具有优异的综合性能。     

二次通用旋转组合设计法优化水溶性壳聚糖 / 纤维素复合膜的制备工艺

采用二次通用旋转试验设计,对水溶性壳聚糖/纤维素复合膜的制备工艺进行了优化,建立了复合膜的拉伸强度与水溶性壳聚糖质量分数、纤维素质量分数、甘油浓度的二次回归数学模型,并利用该模型探讨了各因素对复合膜的拉伸强度的影响。结果表明,各因素对复合膜的拉伸强度作用大小依次为纤维素质量分数>甘油质量分数>水溶性壳聚糖质量分数;水溶性壳聚糖质量分数为3.6%,纤维素质量分数为2.5%,甘油质量分数为10%时,复合膜的性能最优,在该条件下,复合膜的拉伸强度为0.801 MPa,伸长率为15.2%,且柔软度为288 mN。     

明胶-壳聚糖复合膜的制备与性能

制备了一系列不同配比的明胶-壳聚糖复合膜,研究了壳聚糖含量对复合膜力学性能、吸湿性能的影响,通过X射线衍射和红外光谱分析了复合膜的结构。结果表明,复合膜及纯壳聚糖膜的断裂伸长率和拉伸强度均大于纯明胶膜,壳聚糖的加入可改善膜的力学性能。随壳聚糖含量的增加,复合膜的吸湿率增大。明胶与壳聚糖分子间存在较强的相互作用,与明胶共...     

纳米纤维素/壳聚糖复合膜的制备和性能

目的获得力学性能和阻隔性能优异的食品包装用壳聚糖膜。方法通过超声法由糠醛渣纤维素制备纳米纤维素(NCC),将其与壳聚糖(CS)共混流延制备纳米纤维素/壳聚糖复合膜(NCC-CS)。结果复合膜中NCC质量分数为5%时,NCC-CS的拉伸强度比纯CS膜提高了30%,NCC-CS的透湿量比纯CS膜降低了24%。SEM分析结果表明NCC-CS复合膜微观结构致密。FT-IR和XRD的分析结果表明CS与NCC间存在着较强的相互作用。结论 NCC的加入对CS膜的力学性能和阻隔性能的提高有促进作用。     

甘油对壳聚糖-淀粉复合可食性膜力学性能的影响

目的以壳聚糖-淀粉复合膜为研究对象,加入不同质量分数的甘油作为增塑剂,研究甘油对复合膜性能产生的影响。方法将壳聚糖溶液和玉米淀粉溶液以6∶4的体积比混合,再添加一定量甘油,流延成膜,利用万能试验机测定膜的力学性能,用扫描电镜观察膜的形貌特征,并对膜进行红外扫描和X-衍射分析。结果甘油与淀粉壳聚糖具有良好的相容性,当甘油质量分数为35%～55%时,随着甘油含量的增加,膜的抗拉强度下降,断裂伸长率增加,抗拉强度最高可达33.57 MPa,断裂伸长率最高可达80.39%。结论甘油作为一种增塑剂,能够改善膜的力学性能,为可食性膜的广泛应用提供了可能性。     

壳聚糖纳米氧化锌涂膜保鲜苹果的研究

对壳聚糖膜和壳聚糖纳米氧化锌复合膜的抗拉强度、伸长率、透气性、透湿性进行测试,并用含纳米氧化锌5%(质量分数)的壳聚糖复合溶液制成涂膜液对苹果进行保鲜研究。结果表明:含纳米氧化锌质量分数为5%的壳聚糖复合膜的成膜性,优于壳聚糖膜;涂膜苹果在贮藏期间,壳聚糖纳米氧化锌涂膜组的感官评分、腐烂指数、失重率和维生素C含量的变化,均比壳聚糖膜组和对照组的要小;相对于对照组,壳聚糖膜约延长保质期6 d,壳聚糖纳米氧化锌复合膜约延长保质期9 d。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...