基于等效数值评价法的湖库营养状态评价分析

根据国家湖泊(水库)营养状态评价标准及分级方法,运用等效数值评价法,建立湖库营养状态综合评价的等效数值模型,以云南省9大高原湖泊为例,对滇池等湖泊营养状态进行综合评价,并与主成分分析法及指数评价法评价结果作对比分析.结果表明该模型满足评价精度要求,是一种湖库营养状态综合评价的新方法.     

长潭水库富营养化的季节演变分析

根据2011-2012年在梅州长潭水库不同水深及不同方位布点采样,对水体的浮游藻类藻相（群落结构、密度）和水质状况水温、总氮、总磷和叶绿素含量进行了的调查、监测,采用湖库营养状态指数法对湖泊富营养化评价,对梅州长潭水库的富营养化的状况和不同时期藻类组成进行季节演变分析.     

高州水库浮游植物多样性与营养状态评价

高州水库属重要饮用水源,为更好掌握高州水库浮游植物规律,从2011年2月至2012年11月开展了7期对高州水库石骨库区浮游植物现状多样性的调查和评价,对高州水库2012年水质状况的水温、总氮、总磷、叶绿素等含量进行检测,采样湖库营养状态指数对湖泊富营养化进行评价。结果表明,两年的浮游植物密度变化幅度为28.73~60.21万个/L,密度呈上升趋势,2011~2012年间高州水库石骨库区浮游植物多样性属低至一般水平,而营养状态指数处于中营养状态。     

陆浑水库水质趋势分析及水环境安全状况评价

根据陆浑水库2009—2015年水质逐月监测数据,应用综合营养状态指数对水库营养状态进行了分析,应用季节性Kendall检验法对溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、硝酸盐氮、氨氮、总氮、总磷污染因子的变化趋势进行了分析研究,并通过建立陆浑水库的水环境安全评价指标体系,对水库的水环境安全状况进行了评价。结果表明:综合营养状态指数显示水库水体长期处于中营养状态,TN是制约水体富营养化的关键因素,磷是陆浑水库的限制性营养盐;2009—2015年陆浑水库水质状况相对较为稳定,并有改善趋势,基本处于较安全状态。     

呼伦贝尔市湖库型水源地污染因子超标成因分析

呼伦贝尔市主要水源地中现有湖库型水源地2处,即扬旗山水库和满洲里市满扎煤一水源（达赉湖小河口）水源地,其中扬旗山水库为在建工程,没有资料评价。采用营养状况指数评分法,完成了满洲里市满扎煤一水源（达赉湖小河口）水源地营养状态评价,为富营养程度,下面对满洲里市满扎煤一水源（达赉湖小河口）水源地污染因子成因进行分析。     

邯郸大型水库水体质量及富营养化综合评价

本文采用综合污染指数法和综合营养状态指数法对邯郸市两座大型水库进行了水体质量和富营养化评价。结果表明,两种方法的评价结果与实际水体状况相吻合,综合污染指数法能判断水体污染状况,综合营养状态指数法能判断水体的富营养化状态,且计算步骤简单,实用性较强,故两种方法相结合的评价方式更适合水库水环境评价。评价结果为邯郸市水资源科学管理、合理利用提供了科学依据。     

基于模糊数学的大伙房水库营养状态评价

分别采用营养状态指数法和模糊综合评价法对2015年大伙房水库进行富营养化评价,对评价结果进行对比分析显示:大伙房水库水体整体处于中营养~轻度富营养型状态,但总氮指标已达到中度富营养化程度,水库上游区域的富营养化程度高于库中心区,在严重的干旱年,容易出现富营养化状态加重和暴发水华的风险。模糊综合评价法既考虑了富营养化级别划分的模糊性,又考虑了不同评价因子对富营养化程度的影响权重,评价结果更加客观合理。     

两种湖库营养状态评价方法的探讨

该文采用模糊综合评价法对惠州市的10宗湖库进行富营养化评价,并将评价结果与营养状态指数法进行比较分析,验证模糊综合评价法的可行性与合理性,为湖库的管理治理提供有效的决策依据。     

综合水质标识指数法在公园湖泊水质评价中的应用

2011年8月对上海市12个公园中的13个湖泊水体进行了调查。对综合水质指数中各单因子水质标识指数的权重进行了改进与选择,根据调查资料,采用综合水质标识指数法对被调查水体的水质状况及营养状态进行了评价,用评分法和综合营养状态指数法验证了综合水质标识指数法应用于湖泊富营养化评价中的合理性。结果表明:所调查的湖泊中,仅有15.4%的公园湖泊综合水质达到水环境功能区要求,处于富营养化状态的公园湖泊占53.8%,湖泊中TN和CODCr污染最严重,综合水质标识指数法简便易用,能全面反映水质状况,评价结果科学合理,适合在公园湖泊富营养化评价中推广使用。     

基于指标权重的湖库营养状态识别

针对湖库营养状态识别未考虑指标权重及营养状态分级较少的不足,基于熵值法与概率神经网络（PNN）基本原理,提出熵值PNN湖库营养状态识别模型,以全国24个湖库营养状态识别为例进行分析。利用熵值法确定识别指标权重,依据我国湖库富营养化评价标准,将湖库营养状态划分为极贫营养一极重度富营养11个等级,提出基于改进的湖库营养状态识别等级标准,在等级标准域值间采用随机内插的方法生成样本对PNN模型进行训练和检验,利用正确识别率和运行时间对PNN模型性能进行评价。最后,基于两种方案对全国24个湖库营养状态进行识别。结果表明：@PNN模型对于随机生成的训练样本和检验样本的正确识别率分别达到98．9％、98．6％（5次平均）,模型用于湖库营养状态识别是合理可行的。②湖库识别结果存在差异。比较而言,基于指标权重考虑的识别结果更能科学、客观地反映湖库营养状态。     

河湖健康评估指标、标准与方法研究

河湖健康评估是河湖生态保护管理的重要基础性技术工作,是全面推行河(湖)长制建设的重要任务。本文重点介绍全国河湖健康评估工作的技术成果,主要内容包括:构建了包括水文水资源、河湖物理形态、水质、水生生物及河湖社会服务功能五个方面的健康评估指标体系,提出了5个等级的河湖健康分级标准,形成了系统的河湖健康调查评价方法,采用该标准与方法,在全国36个河湖(库)水体进行了河湖健康评估。实践证明,全国河湖健康评估提出的河湖健康内涵及评估指标体系能够系统表征我国河湖生态及功能特点,指标总体科学合理,整套技术方法具有很好的操作性。     

First assessment of the ecological status of Karaoun reservoir,Lebanon

Many reservoirs have been constructed throughout the world during the 20th century, with many also suffering from eutrophication. The resulting increased phytoplankton biomass in reservoirs impairs their use. Except for Lake Kinneret, the environmental status of lakes and reservoirs in the Middle East is poorly documented. Karaoun reservoir, also known as Qaroun, Qaraoun or Qarun, is the largest water body in Lebanon, having been constructed for irrigation and hydropower production. This present study reviews Karaoun reservoir, including its characteristics, uses, water quality and phytoplankton succession, to assess the environmental status of the reservoir on the basis of the few existing previous publications about the reservoir. Since 2004, which is 39 years after its construction, the reservoir is considered to be hypereutrophic, with low phytoplankton biodiversity and regular blooms of toxic cyanobacteria. The nutrient and trace metal concentrations would not prevent use of the reservoir for a drinking water supply for Beirut, as is currently being planned, although not all the micropollutants in the lake were documented. Karaoun reservoir is compared to other monitored lakes and reservoirs around the Mediterranean Sea. They share annual toxic cyanobacteria blooms of Aphanizomenon ovalisporum and of Microcystis aeruginosa. The phytoplankton composition and succession of Karaoun reservoir is more similar to El Gergal reservoir (Spain) than nearby natural lakes such as Lake Kinneret (Israel) and Lake Trichonis (Greece). Phytoplankton diversity in Karaoun reservoir was the lowest, due to higher nutrient concentrations and a larger decrease in water level in the dry season. Karaoun reservoir represents an interesting example of the potential response of the phytoplankton community in other lakes and reservoirs during the drought periods expected to occur as a result of global climate change.     

我国应用生态技术修复富营养化湖泊的研究进展

我国湖泊、水库的营养化非常严重，且呈发展之势。在众多的治理方法中，生态方法以其效果好，费用低等优点，越来越受到人们的重视，成为国内外富营养化湖泊治理与研究的热点。本文将富营养化湖泊治理的生态技术分为控制营养盐的技术和直接控制藻类的技术，并分析了各种技术的生态原理、技术应用条件、实例应用情况以及技术优点和缺点等。湖泊富营养化是一个典型的生态问题，应综合各项技术的优点，科学地运用各项技术．宴旌富营养化湖泊的治殚。     

Lakes of Malaysia: Water quality,eutrophication and management

The present study was undertaken to evaluate and verify the water quality status and trophic state of 15 major lakes and reservoirs in Malaysia. The lake water quality assessments were based on the National Water Quality Index (NWQI), while the trophic state assessments were based on Carlson's Trophic State Index (TSI). The findings of this water quality assessment, based on data collected between September and October 2012, indicated that a majority of the lakes were classified as Class II (Clean) waters suitable for recreational use. The results of the trophic state assessments, however, indicated that all of the lakes were eutrophic, meaning they were nutrient‐rich, they could experience algae blooms or macrophyte problems, and they were likely to exhibit poor water quality. Sustainable management measures and strategies are suggested to address the eutrophication problems of Malaysian lakes and reservoirs, with the national responses on lake and reservoir management also being discussed.     

Coagulation and sedimentation in lakes,reservoirs and water treatment plants

Coagulation and sedimentation occur naturally in all lakes and reservoirs and, by design, in water treatment plants using surface supplies. Important factors that affect water quality in lakes and reservoirs include nutrient loading, areal hydraulic loading, and detention time together with the concentrations of land-derived Z(pedogenic) natural organic matter and hardness in waters entering the lake or reservoir. These, in turn, have important effects on the design and operation of potable water treatment systems. It is difficult and expensive to use the good physics to compensate for poor chemistry in water treatment plant design. There are many interesting and useful similarities among the physical and chemical characteristics of lakes, reservoirs, and water treatment plants.     

云南省地表水水质评价

以云南省2000～2009年主要水质参数的监测数据为依据,采用指数法、单指标评价法、季节性Kendall检验法等方法,对云南省地表水水功能区水质类别、水质达标情况、水质变化趋势、饮用水源地水质、湖库营养化状况等方面进行了评价和分析。水质评价分析体现了历史（趋势）与现状结合、水质水量结合、水资源质量与功能使用结合的原则。通过对结果的研究,明确了云南水功能区现状、达标比例、污染物特征、水源地水质合格比例等重要参数,对今后水资源管理保护具有重要指导意义。     

Analysis of Effective Environmental Flow Release Strategies for Lake Urmia Restoration

Saline lakes have diminished considerably due to large-scale irrigation projects throughout the world. Environmental flow (EF) release from upstream reservoirs could help conserve and restore these lakes. However, experiences from regions lacking environmental legislation or with insufficient water resources management show that, despite EF allocation, farmers tend to use all available water for agriculture. In this study, we employed a new method for designing environmental flow release strategies to restore desiccated terminal lakes in arid and semi-arid regions with intensive cultivation within the catchment. The novelty of the method is that it takes into account farmers’ water use behavior and the natural flow regime in upstream systems to design an optimum monthly EF release strategy for reservoirs. We applied the method to the water resource system of Lake Urmia, once the largest saline lake in the Middle East and now one of the most endangered saline lakes in the world. The analysis showed that the EF released is exploited by lowland farmers before reaching Lake Urmia and that inflow to the lake from some rivers has decreased by up to 80%. We propose a new EF release strategy that requires a considerable change in practice whereby water is released in the shortest possible time (according to reservoir outlet capacity) during the period of lowest irrigation demand in winter. Restoring the lake to minimum ecological level would require 2.4–3.4 km³ EF allocation by different methods of release based on the recent condition (2002–2011) of the lake.