Hot profile extrusion of AA-6060 aluminum chips

Analyses of energy consumption in manufacturing processes have shown that most of the energy is needed for the production of material such as aluminum or steel and not for further manufacturing steps like forming or cutting. To reduce energy consumption and also a reduction of CO₂ emissions in manufacturing processes, a reduction of the amount of primary material, made from first melting after mining, as well as secondary material, made from melting of recycled scrap material, is needed. In this work, the re-use of aluminum AA-6060 scrap based on milling and turning chips, by direct hot extrusion is presented. To prevent further use of primary aluminum or melting of the chips the process aims at using compacted chips as billet material. The production of the chips as well as the compaction of billets, the extrusion process and the properties of the final profile is presented. In addition to the use of chips based on one alloy the mixture and extrusion of aluminum and SiC particles is presented. The investigations have shown that using billets made of AA-6060 chips can lead to similar mechanical and microstructural properties as using of conventional cast aluminum billets. Investigations on an additional cutting or drilling of the extruded profiles have shown even improved properties due to a reduced chip length.     

Effect of clad ratio on interfacial microstructure and properties of cladding billets via direct-chill casting process

Numerical simulation and experiments were introduced to develop AA4045/AA3003 cladding billets with different clad-ratios. The temperature fields, microstructures and mechanical properties near interface were investigated in detail. The results show that cladding billets with different clad-ratios were fabricated successfully. Si and Mn elements diffused across the bonding interface and formed diffusion layer. With the increase of clad-layer thickness, the interfacial region transforms from semisolid–solid state to liquid–solid state and the diffusion layer increased from 10 to 25 μm. The hardness at interface is higher than that of AA3003 side but lower than that of the other side. The bonding strength increased with the clad-layer thickness, attributing to solution strengthening due to elements diffusion. The cladding billets were extruded into clad pipe by indirect extrusion process after homogenization. The clad pipe remained the interfacial characteristics of as-cast cladding billet and the heredity of clad-ratio during deformation was testified.     

Material physical response in the extrusion process

The mechanical properties and surface quality of the extruded profiles depend on the final microstructure which has been developed during the extrusion process. The final microstructure is a result of a billet microstructure, material deformation history and post-processing treatment. In order to understand the role of the metal flow in the deformation history both physical and numerical process modelling techniques have been applied. Physical modeling of the extrusion process using modelling materials allows quick and inexpensive evaluation of the flow conditions through different die configurations. Additional information can be obtained from the crystallographic characterization of the typical deformation zone regions such as dead metal zone, main deformation zone and recrystallized zone on the billet-container interface. The electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) technique has been utilized to follow in detail the orientation aspects of the deformed grains in extruded aluminum. This analysis provides information which can be utilized in the die and process design to improve metal flow uniformity and therefore the microstructure of the final product. It also allows prevention of the typical extrusion defects like surface tearing.     

Microstructure and properties of AZ80 magnesium alloy prepared by hot extrusion from recycled machined chips

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转模等通道转角挤压路径对AZ31镁合金组织和力学性能的影响

利用3D转模等通道转角挤压(3D-RD ECAP)设备, 对AZ31镁合金进行了A', B_A', B_C'与C' 4种路径的ECAP实验. 对试样的显微组织观察显示, 经4种路径挤压后合金显微组织都明显细化, 但不同路径对微观组织和力学性能的影响不同. 经A' 和B_A'路径挤压的试样组织中晶粒尺寸和硬度分布比其它两种路径挤压的试样更均匀, 且显示出更高的塑性. 通过对各种路径挤压过程中试样内部立方单元的变形分析, 揭示了传统的剪切模型理论的不足. 利用有限元方法模拟了试样ECAP的形变过程, 证实材料在变形过程中各部位受力差异很大. ECAP对试样变形的均匀性主要取决于拉/压应力交替作用于试样各个部位的顺序, 而与传统剪切模型中的立方单元变形规律没有直接关系.     

Extrusion of silicon-rich AlMgSi alloys

As a part of on-going research on phase transformations during the deformation of light alloys, the effect of silicon excess on the extrudability and mechanical properties of the standard AlMgSi1 alloy within AA6082 alloy is investigated in this study. The AlMgSi1 alloy and three experimental aluminum alloys with a silicon content of 1.98%, 3.73% and 5.51% were direct-chilled cast into billets 95 mm in diameter, homogenized at 540 °C for 4 h and extruded into 12 mm diameter rods at different extrusion speeds. The results showed that an increase in the silicon content reduced the extrudability of the AlMgSi1 alloy by lowering the limiting extrusion speed. However, the extruded alloys with 3.73% and 5.51% silicon, generally characterized by a fine grained microstructure, exhibited higher strength levels compared with the 1.98% silicon alloy. Nonetheless, the mechanical properties of these alloys, in the T6 temper condition, were below those of the AlMgSi1 base alloy.     

径向挤压对Zn-15Al合金线材组织和性能的影响

为了改善锌铝合金线材加工使用性能,依据90°转角挤压原理,采用径向挤压出线工艺制取线材,研究了线材拉拔后的微观组织和力学性能,并与轴向挤压出线工艺进行对比.结果表明,径向挤压出线工艺可明显细化合金组织,且有纤维化倾向.线材抗拉强度降低15%,而伸长率提高30%.该工艺有利于线坯的拉拔加工,减少喷枪送丝途中的阻力.     

铸轧法与挤压法生产TP2铜管组织和性能对比分析

考察和评价了铸轧法和挤压法生产铜管管坯和管材的组织和性能，并分析了水平连铸铜管坯的组织性能以及管坯和管材的拉伸断裂机制。     

触变模锻成形工艺对镁合金成形件力学性能的影响

采用半固态等温热处理法、近液相线模锻法和等通道角挤压法制备AZ91D—Y镁合金半固态坯料。分别将3种状态的坯料加热到半固态温度区间进行二次重熔后,进行了触变模锻成形。结果表明,在半固态温度为560℃,模锻压力为200MPa的条件下,半固态等温热处理法、近液相线模锻法和等通道角挤压法制备坯料分别保温30,20,15min后触变模锻获得最佳力学性能;随着坯料加热温度的升高,触变模锻成形件力学性能呈现先上升后下降的趋势;增加成形压力有利于触变模锻成形件力学性能的提高;在相同成形条件下,等通道角挤压法制备坯料触变模锻后的力学性能最好,近液相线模锻法次之,半固态等温热处理法较差。     

A6N01-T5铝合金型材力学性能与停放时问的关系

论述了A6N01—T5铝合金型材停放时间与力学性能的关系。铸锭经挤压机挤压成形，在挤压机上在线淬火处理，室温停放不同的时间，随后在相同的时效制度下进行人工时效，其力学性能的变化非常明显。通过对比试验，确定了型材力学性能与停放时间的关系曲线。     

A6N01-T5铝合金型材力学性能与停放时间的关系

论述了A6N01-T5铝合金型材停放时间与力学性能的关系。铸锭经挤压机挤压成形,在挤压机上在线淬火处理,室温停放不同的时间,随后在相同的时效制度下进行人工时效,其力学性能的变化非常明显。通过对比试验,确定了型材力学性能与停放时间的关系曲线。     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AZ31 Mg Alloy Fabricated by Pre-compression and Frustum Shearing Extrusion

The AZ31 Mg alloys were processed by 6% pre-compression and frustum shearing extrusion at various temperatures, and the microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of the resulting alloys are systematically investigated. The results show that the grain size monotonically increases from 6.4 to 12.6 lm and the texture intensity increases from 6.7 to 9.6with the increase in the extrusion temperature. The combining effect of the pre-twinning and the frustum shearing deformation is found to contribute to the development of the weak basal texture in Mg alloys. The Mg alloy sheet produced at the extrusion temperature of 563 K exhibits excellent mechanical properties. The yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation for the extruded alloys are 189.6 MPa, 288.4 MPa and 24.9%, respectively. Such improved mechanical properties are comparable or even superior to those of the alloys subjected to other deformation techniques, rendering the pre-compression and frustum shearing extrusion a promising way for further tailoring properties of Mg alloys.     

AM30 porthole die extrusions—A comparison with circular seamless extruded tubes

One of the prospective applications of wrought AM30 magnesium alloy is in the form of hollow circular extrusions. They can either be fabricated by employing a conventional conical die and mandrel that produce seamless extrudates, or by using a porthole die employing a welding chamber technique. The latter has become popular due to several advantages and has been adopted commercially for aluminium and magnesium alloy extrusions. In the present investigation, cast billets of AM30 magnesium alloy were extruded under similar conditions, using two different dies, i.e., a conventional conical die and a commercially used porthole die. The extruded circular tubes produced by the two methods were characterized for their microstructure as well as physical and mechanical properties. The tubes fabricated using porthole die showed significant refinement in microstructure with improved mechanical properties, outside the seam-joint portion, compared to the tubes fabricated using conical die. The extrusion loads using porthole die, were, however, higher compared to the conventional method. Processing issues, structure and properties of magnesium extrusions, produced by the two methods, are discussed in details in this paper.     

Extrusion of spray-formed Al–25Si–X composites and their evaluation

A comprehensive methodology to fabricate an Al–25Si–X composite via spray-forming and extrusion was investigated to judge the potential of this alloy for applications requiring high strength as well as high wear resistance and/or high elastic modulus. Billets were spray-formed with a low gas/metal ratio of about 0.8 m³/kg to reduce the consumption of nitrogen gas. The billets, having considerable porosity, were then extruded into sub-scale bars using various extrusion parameters, such as extrusion ratio, die temperature, and die configuration to optimize the extrusion conditions and eliminate the pores in the preform. Based on results obtained from the preliminary sub-scale extrusion tests, the spray-formed billets were then hot extruded into a tubular shape with outer and inner diameters of 97 mm × 77 mm, respectively, at an extrusion temperature of 500 °C. Various material properties of the extruded tubes were measured and compared with other candidate materials for these applications.     

Application of mashy state extrusion

Mashy state extrusion, a new metal forming process, is proposed and investigated. In the process, mashy billets, including solid and liquid components, are extruded into bars, wires, and tubes. The process is applied not only to aluminum alloys and copper alloys, but also to metal-ceramic composites. Through the study, the extrusion conditions necessary to manufacture sound products and mechanical properties of extruded bars, wires, and tubes are investigated. It is found that the extrusion force or pressure for mashy state extrusion is distinctively lower than that for the conventional hot extrusion; therefore, a high extrusion ratio is easily attainable. The mechanical properties of products and their internal structures are satisfactory when the appropriate solid fraction of billet, reduction in area, and cooling conditions at die are employed. Through the investigation, it becomes clear that mashy state extrusion is a metal forming process with very good potential and is effective to manufacture various metal-metal and metal-ceramic composite products.     

Investigations on workability of commercial purity aluminum processed by equal channel angular pressing

Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is an important process for producing ultra fine grains in bulk metallic materials by means of severe plastic deformation. Workability of metals and alloys is an important parameter as it influences the fracture resistance of the material and the ease of subsequent forming by conventional techniques. In this study, the effect of various passes and processing routes of ECAP on the workability of commercially pure aluminum has been investigated. Aluminum specimens were subjected to ECAP using 90° angle ECAP die. ECAP was carried out using two processing routes for up to three passes. Microstructure characterization and mechanical property measurements were carried out. Workability was determined by means of upsetting tests on hexagonal collar specimens machined from specimens processed by ECAP. A Cockcroft fracture criterion was used to evaluate experimental results. It is observed that processing to two passes through Route C results in enhanced mechanical properties with only a slight decrease in workability.     

MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RAPIDLY SOLIDIFIED Al－Fe BASED ALLOYS

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Squeeze casting of aluminium alloys for higher formability in cold forging

Abstract

This research project investigated the process conditions of using squeeze casting process to produce aluminium alloy preforms or billets for subsequent cold forging process. The comparative effects of heat treatments, their microstructures and mechanical properties were evaluated. Through these studies and experiments, the main emphasis is on the study of commercial material Al 6061, Al 2014 and Al 356 alloys. The formability of the alloys was carried out using forward and backward extrusion test at 50% area reduction at room temperature (cold extrusion). It was found that when wrought aluminium 6061, 2014 and 356 alloys were squeeze cast to form the preforms, the preform microstructures revealed very fine microstructures that are feasible to be cold extruded. In addition, after thermal annealing treatment of 6061 squeeze cast preforms, the samples showed a similar value of work hardening exponent value of 0˙20 as compared to the wrought aluminium alloy 6061, with a workhardening exponent value of 0˙21 obtained from the static compression test. Wrought aluminium alloys generally cost twice the amount as compared with casting ingots. The microstructures of the squeeze cast 6061 alloy showed no visible cracks or inclusions after the deformation by extrusion. The results of the studies showed that Al 6061 preforms via squeeze cast technique may be cold extruded or formed, which provide an alternative means for the production of billets for the cold extrusion or forging process.     

Effects of fabrication methods on deformability and microstructure of Mg–Zn–Zr wrought alloy

The effects of fabrication processing methods on the workability of Mg–Zn–Zr wrought magnesium alloy (ZK60A) were investigated based on the microstructure and inherent internal defects. Three different billets, semi-continuously cast, semi-continuously cast and subsequently extruded, and die-cast, were fabricated and uniaxially compressed at elevated temperatures and two different strain rates to determine the deformation capabilities. The grain structure of the billets was investigated using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The internal defects were inspected by an X-ray scanner. The enhanced deformability was observed in semi-continuously cast billet compared to the one fabricated by conventional die-casting, and the subsequent extrusion further improved the deformability.     

固溶处理对AZ91D镁合金挤压管件组织和性能影响

研究了不同状态坯料及热处理工艺对挤压成形AZ91D合金管件组织性能的影响。结果表明,坯料的各种预处理状态对待压成形管件的组织和力学性能均有不同程度的影响,无论镁锭经过什么预处理,挤压成形的管件经固溶处理后．水冷的力学性能要高于空冷的力学性能;而经固溶加时效处理后则相反,水冷时效之后的力学性能普遍比经过空冷时效的力学性能低。