A new model of scientific collaboration part 2. Collaboration patterns in Indian medicine

Collaboration in science has become a prevailing trend and it will be worthwhile to study the patterns of co-authorships in scientific research. In this study a three-dimensional behavioural pattern of Indian medicinal co-authorship network is presented. The high evenness of this pattern has caused us to carry out a non-linear regression analysis. The pattern of Indian Medicinal coauthorships can be described by the same non-linear mathematical function that describes the behavioural patterns of international medicine co-authorship networks and networks of other scientific disciplines. The following question has arise: Is there a general validity of this function in co-authorship networks?     

Do types of collaboration change citation? Collaboration and citation patterns of South African science publications

Bibliographic records are extensively used in the study of citations. Based on ISI data, this paper examines citation patterns of the publications of South African scientists in recent years. In particular, the focus of this paper is on citations as to the collaborative dimensions of South African scientists in their publications. The study reveals that the number of citations received by a publication varies not only according to the collaboration but also to the types of collaboration of the authors who are involved in its production. Furthermore, it emerges that the impact of citations on publications differs from discipline to discipline, and affiliating sector to sector, regardless of collaboration.     

Collaboration structures in Slovenian scientific communities

We combine two seemingly distinct perspectives regarding the modeling of network dynamics. One perspective is found in the work of physicists and mathematicians who formally introduced the small world model and the mechanism of preferential attachment. The other perspective is sociological and focuses on the process of cumulative advantage and considers the agency of individual actors in a network. We test hypotheses, based on work drawn from these perspectives, regarding the structure and dynamics of scientific collaboration networks. The data we use are for four scientific disciplines in the Slovene system of science. The results deal with the overall topology of these networks and specific processes that generate them. The two perspectives can be joined to mutual benefit. Within this combined approach, the presence of small-world structures was confirmed. However preferential attachment is far more complex than advocates of a single autonomous mechanism claim.     

Collaboration network patterns and research performance: the case of Korean public research institutions

This study examines the impact of collaborating patterns on the R&;D performance of public research institutions (PRIs) in Korea’s science and engineering fields. For the construction of R&;D collaborating networks based on the co-authorship data of 127 institutions in Scopus, this paper proposes four types of collaborations by categorizing network analyses into two dimensions: structural positions (density, efficiency, and betweeness centrality) and the relational characteristics of individual nodes (eigenvector and closeness centralities). To explore the research performance by collaboration type, we employ a data envelopment analysis window analysis of a panel of 23 PRIs over a 10-year period. Comparing the R&;D productivities of each group, we find that the PRIs of higher productivity adhere to a cohesive networking strategy, retaining intensive relations with their existing partners. The empirical results suggest that excessively cohesive alliances might end up in ‘lock-in’ relations, hindering the exploitation of new opportunities for innovation. These findings are implicit in relation to the Korean Government’s R&;D policies on collaborating strategies to produce sustained research results with the advent of the convergence research era.     

Quantifying the higher-order influence of scientific publications

Scientometrics - Citation impact is commonly assessed using direct, first-order citation relations. We consider here instead the indirect influence of publications on new publications via...     

A nonlinear collective credit allocation in scientific publications

Scientometrics - Collaboration among researchers plays an important role in scientific discoveries, especially in multidisciplinary research. How to allocate credit reasonably to coauthors of a...     

South African research in selected scientific areas: Status 1981–2000

The paper is a bibliometric study of the publication and citation patterns and impact of South African research 1981–2000 in five selected research fields: Animal & Plant sciences; Chemistry; Biochemistry; Microbiology & molecular biology, including genetics; and Physics, excluding Space science. Data are collected from Science Citation Index via the ISI product National Science Indicators. With the exception of Microbiology & molecular biology and Physics the results demonstrate a decrease of SA publications from 1986–1990. The SA world share declines for all five fields. First from the period 1994–1998 the Animal & plant sciences and Microbiology & molecular biology turn the decline into an increase. Absolute citation impact is increasing for all the fields from 1989–1993, except for Chemistry. One reason for the decline is a lower publication output. General & internal medicine, as an supplementary volume-heavy field observed, declines in citations until that same period from which it becomes stable, also in impact, but with a marked decrease in cited paper proportion. In citation world shares the five fields combined show positive signs also since 1989–1993, after which period the international eco-political embargo of SA was lifted. However, Biochemistry and Chemistry continue to decline during the 1990s. Citation impact relative to the world shows a similar pattern, but stagnation appears towards the end of the 1990s in all the observed fields combined. The trends are quite similar to those of Mexico and New Zealand. It is thus highly uncertain if a general citation embargo of SA occurred; yet, in some fields like the Animal & plant sciences, Veterinary science, Chemistry, and General & internal medicine there are signs that a mild citation embargo might have occurred. However, the economic embargo, combined with a significant brain drain, may have had an effect on the publication productivity, after it was lifted. For all indicators Chemistry is undergoing a marked decline during the last decade. This is in line with the negative trends for General & internal medicine, whereas some other medical specialities, biology, economics and other social sciences, the engineering fields and materials sciences keep stable or increase their production. SA is in line with the Mexican development but below that of New Zealand, seemingly losing ground to the developed countries. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Delimitation of scientific subfields using cognitive words from corporate addresses in scientific publications

An appropriate delimitation of scientific subfields constitutes one of the key problems in bibliometrics. Several methods have been explored for this task. The main ones are co-citation analysis, co-word analysis, the use of indexing systems based on controlled or uncontrolled keywords, and finally the use of a classification of scientific journals into subfields or categories. In our contribution we will explore a new method, which is based on cognitive words from addresses (corporate sources) in scientific publications. Cognitive address words are words referring to scientific (sub)fields, methods or objects of research, that appear in the institutional affiliations of the publishing authors (e.g., Department of Pharmacology, AIDS Research Center). We will focus on theScience Citation Index (SCI), published by the Institute for Scientific Information. Our methods will be applied to a multidisciplinary set of articles extracted from the journalsScience andNature.     

Collaboration in sensor network research: an in-depth longitudinal analysis of assortative mixing patterns

Many investigations of scientific collaboration are based on statistical analyses of large networks constructed from bibliographic repositories. These investigations often rely on a wealth of bibliographic data, but very little or no other information about the individuals in the network, and thus, fail to illustrate the broader social and academic landscape in which collaboration takes place. In this article, we perform an in-depth longitudinal analysis of a relatively small network of scientific collaboration (N = 291) constructed from the bibliographic record of a research centerin the development and application of wireless and sensor network technologies. We perform a preliminary analysis of selected structural properties of the network, computing its range, configuration and topology. We then support our preliminary statistical analysis with an in-depth temporal investigation of the assortative mixing of selected node characteristics, unveiling the researchers’ propensity to collaborate preferentially with others with a similar academic profile. Our qualitative analysis of mixing patterns offers clues as to the nature of the scientific community being modeled in relation to its organizational, disciplinary, institutional, and international arrangements of collaboration.     

Participation of Mexican Civil Society Organizations in scientific publications

Scientometrics - We present a bibliometric study, from the perspective of the mode 2 knowledge production, from a transdisciplinary point of view (Gibbons et al. in The new production of knowledge:...     

Collaboration patterns in theoretical population genetics

The paper points out that the characteristic properties of general social networks are reflected in co-authorship patterns of theoretical population genetics as studied from 1900 to 1980. The results are consistent with the analyses of bibliographies where the co-authorship networks in invisible colleges probably have shown the same behavioural patterns as the non-scientific populations. The patterns of behaviour are portrayed in two-dimensional as well as three-dimensional representations of co-authorship data in theoretical population genetics.     

Delineating the scientific footprint in technology: Identifying scientific publications within non-patent references

Indicators based on non-patent references (NPRs) are increasingly being used for measuring and assessing science–technology interactions. But NPRs in patent documents contain noise, as not all of them can be considered ‘scientific’. In this article, we introduce the results of a machine-learning algorithm that allows identifying scientific references in an automated manner. Using the obtained results, we analyze indicators based on NPRs, with a focus on the difference between NPR- and scientific non-patent references-based indicators. Differences between both indicators are significant and dependent on the considered patent system, the applicant country and the technological domain. These results signal the relevancy of delineating scientific references when using NPRs to assess the occurrence and impact of science–technology interactions.     

Scientific research areas in Mexico: Growth patterns in the late seventies

A longitudinal study of ten Mexican research areas was carried out in the late 1970s. In the study, research institutions were classified by a group of experts as primary and secondary, depending on the quality and quantity of research output. New institutions created during this time period were also classified as primary or secondary. Examination of the data shows a greater growth in the number of research personnel in primary institutions, evidence of uneven distribution of resources. Furthermore, due to the high turnover of qualified personnel observed in secondary institutions, they are at a disadvantage in forming mature, stable research groups, and are often precluded from becoming first rate research center. Since the national science and technology system does not facilitate the movement of institutions from secondary to primary positions, it is recommended that whenever a new institution is created, it should be provided with appropriate resources, both human and material, to make sure it will be considered as first rank from its inception. Also, in order to reduce the gap between primary and secondary institutions, long range strategies, including the provision of high quality researchers, should be developed to facilitate the upgrading of the secondary institutions.     

International collaboration in scientific research in Vietnam: an analysis of patterns and impact

Scientometrics - The present study sought to examine the trend and impact of international collaboration in scientific research in Vietnam during the period after the introduction of the a reform...     

跨国公司的研发机制与科研成果转化

赢创集团是来自于德国的创新型跨国企业,其核心的特种化学品业务居全球同业领先地位。创新是业务可持续发展的根本,也是赢创一直关注的焦点。赢创的研发体系是多层面的,在不同业务部门内进行的研发与赢创已拥有的核心技术密切相关。若某项研究涉及全新的市场和技术,则在集团专门负责战略性研发的部门Creavis进行。Creavis专注于面向未来市场的新技术及其应用,其预期市场增长率将高于平均水平。该部门所进行的研发项目普遍具有中等以上的风险度。根据项目的风险程度,分别由所谓的项目屋或科学商业中心两个研发机构完成。Creavis内部的创业机构将会向市场推广以上研发部门所完成的项目,其开展业务的方式是从项目初期的介入直至完成项目的成果转化,从而建立具有可持续性及盈利性的商业模式。以锂电池中的陶瓷薄膜项目为例,这项创新技术在混合动力车和电动车的大型锂电池上得以应用,其市场前景极具吸引力。此类电池还可用于储存源自太阳能和风能等再生性能源的静态电力储能系统中。创新不仅意味着新产品的开发,创新管理的目的是推进并建立企业的创新战略、创新流程和创新文化。     

Citation patterns in scientific revolutions

The method of classifying citations according to the context in the citing paper, previously developed by the authors, is applied to the study of scientific revolutions. In particular, the BCS theory of superconductivity ind the non-conservation of parity are investigated. The results can be easily interpreted in terms of the characteristic features of these discoveries. It is suggested that these two examples represent two different types of “paradigm” changes, thus prompting a considerable refinement of the usual dichotomous picture of “normal”vs. “breakthrough” science.     

Collaborative patterns and age structures in Chinese publications

This paper is the continued study on age structure of scientific collaboration in Chinese computer science. Based on an extended database a new method is used to analyze the nature and preference of collaboration. Observed values of two- three- and four-dimensional collaboration were compared respectively with their expected values. Investigation covered co-authors" combination patterns, name permutations in their papers, especially the age of the first author. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Citation histories of scientific publications. The data sources

Some 160 data-containing studies on the citation aging of scientific literature are reviewed. The hitherto proposed time-distribution models are examined for relevant parameter values.