瓦特计测量声功率方法的分析和简化

本文给出郎之万Ｌａｎｇｅｖｉｎ型换能器及变幅杆振动节点，腹点处振幅比随负载的变化情况，分析了瓦特计算测量声功率本身存在的理论偏差，并给出了两性能相同的换能器对接系统的实验结果，表明这种方法在轻负载（不大于水负载）测量中的准确性，提出工程上简化的测量方法。     

复频超声换能器的研究

研究了一种具有多个共振频率的功率超声换能器，即复频超声换能器。换能器由一个纵向振动夹心式压电超声振子和一个弯曲振动薄圆盘复合而成。给出了换能器的理论共振频率方程，对实际制作的换能器的共振频率，等效电阻抗及有效机电耦合系数进行了实验测试，并对换能器的大功率工作性能进行了定性的测量及观察。实验结果表明，给出的换能器可以在不同的振动模式上工作，因此具有许多共振频率，且对应换能器不同的共振频率，换能器的等     

A4负载条件下功率换能器的特性研究

本文给出３种换能器系统在有、有一定输入功率负载条件下输入电阻抗、电声效率的频率特性，在某一工作频率处的功率特性，并与线性理论结果的趋势相一致，对大功率超声换能器的应用有一定指导意义     

A4 负载条件下功率换能器的特性研究

本文给出３种换能器系统在，有一定输入功率负载条件下输入电阻抗，电声效率的频率特性在某一工作频率处的功率特性，并与线性理论结果的趋势相一致，对大功率超声换能器的应用有一定指导意义。     

超声换能器研究中的几个问题

本文从超声换能器设计和使用中提出的几个重要问题：如：超声换能器的最佳结构形状、压电元件的最佳位置、电声效率与声负载的关系。如何评价超声振子的优劣，以及在大功率下的测量问题等，参阅了多篇文献资料和实践中的点滴体会写出此文，以便进一步共同深入研究     

声表面波器件中叉指换能器及外电路引起的附加相移特性

一般的声表面波器件是由与外电路相联接的两个叉指换能器组成，其中所要处理的信号都要经受电 － 声和声 － 电两次转换。又指换能器的结构和外电路的特性对这些转换的效率和相位变化有着密切的联系。本文从声表面波又指换能器交叉场等效电路模型出发，较详细地讨论了声表面波器件中输入、输出又指换能器的设计参数（中心频率和叉指电极对数等）及外电路负载和匹配网络对信号的转换效率和相移（或延迟时间）的影响。本文还针对某些又指换能器的实际例子，给出了详细的计算数据。文中所给出的公式和计算结果，可作为设计声表面波延迟线和振荡器的参考。     

大功率水声换能器的测量方法

本文是对大功率水声换能器测量方法研究的总结。详细介绍了两种新的测量技术,并给出了测量例子,分析了测量精度。对于换能器在大功率下表现出来的非线性特性的量度方法也进行了描述与分析。     

基于单片机控制的超声换能器频率跟踪

根据超声波压电换能器在谐振状态下工作电流最大的特点,针对因负载变化或扰动导致超声压电换能器工作频率偏离固有频率的问题,设计了由单片机组成的A/D转换器及其输入输出电路组成的共振频率单闭环跟踪系统.在软件的支持下,改变单片机输出给超声功率电源的PWM波的频率,使A/D转换采集到换能器的负载电流的分流值达到最大,从而保证了超声换能器工作在最佳谐振状态.该文对设计方案的硬件和软件部分作了较为详细的分析,并给出部分硬件原理图.设计方案应用在超声乳化装置上时,实测误差低于0.5%.     

使用辐射力天平的超声治疗换能器的电声特性测量方法研究

论述和规范了工作于200 kHz~10 MHz频率范围内的超声治疗换能器的基本电声特性和参数定义,诠释了它们的物理意义和相互关系,研究并提出了一套基于辐射力和有效面积测量的发射换能器的电声参数的测量方法。对平面活塞型、球面聚焦型和圆柱面聚焦型换能器实施了测量,给出了实测结果。     

Cymbal压电发电换能器有限元分析

通过建立Cymbal压电发电换能器的机电耦合有限元分析模型,计算分析了换能器结构参数对输出电压和谐振频率的影响以及外接负载对Cymbal换能器输出电压和输出功率的影响。研究表明,为了降低换能器的工作频率和提高换能器的输出电压,应增大换能器的空腔底部直径和减小换能器的空腔高度;在选择金属端冒和压电陶瓷厚度等参数时,应综合考虑换能器系统的刚度和外界振动源的频率特性和加速度特性;在任意一个频率点上,Cymbal换能器均存在一个最佳的外接负载,使得换能器的输出功率最大,而这个最佳的负载阻抗就等于Cymbal换能器在这个工作频率点上的输出阻抗。文中还提出并分析了基于外加预应力的多振子级联方式Cymbal压电发电换能器系统的结构。     

基于拓扑优化的压电分流阻尼抑振实验研究

将结构拓扑优化引入压电分流振动抑制中,以压电元件的分布面积为设计变量,压电元件产生的电荷最大化为优化目标,对压电元件的拓扑进行了优化以获得最佳抑振效果。针对悬臂梁结构,得到了对不同的结构模态进行抑制时的压电元件最优拓扑构型。建立了带有压电分流阻尼系统的悬臂梁振动控制实验模型,将压电元件拓扑优化后的压电分流阻尼系统应用于悬臂梁多阶弯曲模态的振动响应抑制实验,并对比分析了带最优拓扑和非优拓扑压电元件的悬臂梁压电分流阻尼抑振效果。结果表明,对压电元件进行拓扑优化可以明显提高压电分流阻尼系统的抑振效果。     

Spherical wave decomposition approach to ultrasonic field calculations

A simple, flexible, accurate, and comprehensive numerical method is presented for theoretically analyzing the diffraction field of a continuous wave transducer of arbitrary size, shape, and frequency. Using the extensively studied circular transducer for comparison, numerical results are shown for an unfocused transducer with uniform velocity excitation as well as for a focused transducer with Gaussian velocity excitation. Data concerning the execution time, program size, and convergence of the method are also presented for its implementation as a design tool on a minicomputer system.     

Modeling and optimization of high-frequency ultrasound transducers

Obtaining an accurate transducer model for a high-frequency transducer can be troublesome using traditional models, such as the KLM model, since it is often difficult to measure precisely the piezoelectric, dielectric, and mechanical properties of the transducer. This paper describes an alternative method of modeling transducers using network theory. The network theory model for a transducer is determined from a measurement of the transducer impedance in water and the pulse-echo response of the system for a given electrical source and load. A discussion of how this model can be used to optimize the design of an electrical matching circuit is given. This method is illustrated by designing a two-element transmission line matching circuit for a miniature 53 MHz transducer. Excellent agreement between the network model prediction and the experimental response is obtained     

Position and time-delay calibration of transducer elements in a sparse array for underwater ultrasound imaging

This paper describes a novel method for the calibration of the position and time delay of transducer elements in a large, sparse array used for underwater, high-resolution ultrasound imaging. This method is based on the principles used in the global positioning system (GPS). However, unlike GPS, in which the wave propagation speed is generally assumed known, the sound propagation speed in the water usually is unknown and it is calibrated simultaneously in this method to achieve high calibration accuracy. In this method, a high-precision positioning system is used to scan a single hydrophone (used for transmission) in the imaging field of the array. The hydrophone transmits pulses at selected positions, and the transducer elements in the sparse array receive the transmitted signals. Time of flight (TOF) values between transducer elements and hydrophone positions then are measured. From a series of measured TOF values, the position and time delay values for each transducer element as well as the propagation speed can be calibrated. The performances of the calibration algorithm are theoretically analyzed and evaluated with numerical calculations and simulation studies. It is found that this method is capable of calibrating the positions and time delays of transducer elements with high accuracy.     

基于近场测量法的水声换能器声场重建方法研究

为了提高对水声换能器声场分析的效率,开展了基于近场测量法的水声换能器的声场重建方法研究,首先将水声换能器的全息测量面近似为等效声源面,通过积分得到声场重建模型,然后利用自主研发的水下声场测量系统获得发射换能器全息测量面的复声压,实现对其声场的重建,最后比较不同全息测量面的重建结果和实测数据,并分析全息测量面的位置对重建结果的误差影响,得到了重建方法的有效测量区间。该声场重建方法可快速得到水声换能器的声场分布,并且准确可靠。     

A Linear Time-Invariant Filtering Approach for Ultrasonic Transducer Normalization

The increased use of automatic defect detection and characterization systems of the self-learning type has created a demand for means capable of normalizing signals from ultrasonic transducers. Measurements obtained using different measurement setups should be normalized with reference to a standard transducer. It is usually an unfeasible task to optimize characterization procedures for all combinations of measurement parameters that are usually available in a modern complex measurement system. For instance, a change of transducer or only a change in cable length may result in substantial differences in measured data. We propose a linear filtering approach for normalizing ultrasonic pulse-echo measurements as a preprocessing step before presenting the data to a characterization system. The approach requires two data sets: one for the reference transducer and one for the transducer to normalize. We formulate the normalization problem as a general linear approximation problem and derive an optimal linear transformation for an ideal situation with known transducer and noise characteristics. Due to the properties of the optimal linear transformation, a close approximation of this transformation can be implemented using a linear time-invariant filter. We verify by simulations that the filter approximation is valid, and we also examine some properties concerning the accuracy of the estimates obtained using the filter approximation. The filter is obtained using the output error method, one of the standard system identification methods. The proposed method is tested on real ultrasonic data obtained from carbon-fiber—reinforced epoxy composites. The results of experiments with real data, illustrating one of the possible applications, are used to point out some practical considerations that have to be taken into account when implementing the proposed method.     

试析制冷实验装置温度传感器系统在线校准和日常校准的方法

制冷实验装置温度传感器的校准方法通常都存在着一定的系统误差,本文根据制冷实验装置的特点及系统误差产生的原因,重点阐述了温度传感器系统在线校准的方法,同时简要介绍了制冷实验室操作人员日常校准的方法。     

基于遗传算法的单矢量水听器多目标方位估计

矢量水听器能同时获得声场中某一点的声压标量和质点振速矢量,获得了比常规声压水听器更多的信息。矢量水听器自身是一个空间共点阵,具有一定的空间指向性,这些特点使矢量信号处理技术与声压信号处理技术具有重大差异。根据单个矢量水听器多目标分辨的数学模型,即声压和振速的偶次阶矩组成的非线性联立方程组,研究了该方程的解算方法,给出了可以使用遗传算法求解该非线性方程组的结论和计算精度。     

压电引信传感器设计技术

本文通过对武器系统使用条件和触发引信技术要求的分析,提出了压电引信方案,并系统地介绍了该引信传感器的工作原理、结构设计及调试方法。通过性能实验,证明这种压电引信传感器瞬发度高,万向性好,满足了技术要求,是种较好的快速响应万向性引信用传感器。该传感器也可用于各种三维冲击,振动测量中。     

飞机点火火花电流的测试

设计了一种基于霍尔电流传感器的飞机点火火花电流测试系统.与分流器、互感器、Rogowski线圈等测试装置比较,发现基于霍尔传感器的测试系统响应时间短、频带宽、精度高、测试方便.介绍了霍尔电流传感器测试原理,搭建了实验装置,实现了瞬间大电流的非侵入式自动化测量.测试过程中特别注意到抗电磁干扰和接地问题,得到了准确的火花电流数据和波形.提出了用相关性分析方法分析测试结果的重复性.