Carbohydrate Digestibility and Resistant Starch of Steamed Bread

Sixteen Australian hard and soft wheats and two U.S. hard wheats were milled into flours (break and reduction) for preparation of steamed breads. Chemical composition and rheological properties of the flour were determined. Steamed breads were analyzed for carbohydrate digestibility and resistant starch. There was no relationship between flour type, protein content and specific volume of steamed breads. Carbohydrate digestibility of steamed breads from soft wheat flour was higher than that of breads from hard wheat flour. Reduction flours produced steamed breads with higher carbohydrate digestibility than break flours. Resistant starch was higher in steamed breads from soft wheat flours than in those from hard wheat flours. Reduction flour produced higher resistant starch levels than break flours. Commercial white bread had resistant starch levels similar to those of steamed breads from soft wheat flour and hard wheat reduction flour.     

脱皮对不同筋力小麦粉及其馒头品质的影响

对小麦进行适度脱皮,既能去除粗纤维和表面污染物,还能较好的保留微量营养素.以高筋、中筋和低筋小麦为原料,研究4％脱皮率对不同筋力小麦粉及其馒头品质的影响.结果表明,高筋和低筋小麦脱皮后糊化参数均有所提高,而中筋小麦有所下降;脱皮后,高筋、中筋和低筋小麦粉破损淀粉质量分数分别增加了6.0％、2.6％和4.2％;高筋和低筋...     

Applicability of DATEM for Chinese steamed bread made from flours of different gluten qualities

BACKGROUD: The diacetyl tartaric acid ester of monoglycerides (DATEM) is an anionic oil‐in‐water emulsifier. The effects of DATEM on bread vary with the type of flour. However, there is insufficient information concerning the effects of DATEM on the qualities of Chinese steamed bread (CSB) even though it is also sold as a CSB improver. RESULTS: The effects of DATEM on CSB varied with flours. The overall qualities of CSB made from either weak or strong wheat flours were improved by the use of the additive, but the effects for medium strong flours were slight and uncertain. The effects of DATEM on individual parameters, such as specific volume, skin and inner structure, were similar to those on overall quality. The addition of DATEM increased the gluten strength and the dough stability of weak flour, whereas it weakened gluten strength and strengthened dough stability of strong flour. The addition of DATEM weakened the gluten strength and gave variable effects on dough stabilities for two medium strong flours. CONCLUSION: The effects of DATEM on CSB quality varied with flour type, by affecting flour characteristics, such as gluten strength, dough stability and lipid content. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of Different Debranning Degrees on the Qualities of Wheat Flour and Chinese Steamed Bread

Five Chinese wheat cultivars (Anhwei Bai Mai, Gao You 503, Ji Mai 20, Ji Nan 17, and Xi Nong 979, abbreviated as AHBM, GY503, JM20, JN17, and XN979, respectively) were milled after debranning at different degrees. The flour characteristics and qualities of steamed bread made from these flours were evaluated to study the effect of debranning degree. The results showed that the yields of flour of all samples were increased with the augment of debranning degree. The starch damage contents were decreased to a suitable scope for Chinese steamed bread (CSB) making, while the ash contents increased in most of the cases. The effects of debranning on the characteristics of flour were correlated with hardness of wheat cultivars and debranning degree. For AHBM and JM20, the qualities of steamed bread made from unpearled wheat were better than pearled ones. At the same time, for GY503, JN17, and XN979, 5.0% debranning degree improved the characteristics of flour and qualities of CSB.     

豫西南小麦品种馒头制作适宜性研究

馒头是我国居民的传统主食之一。随着馒头机械化生产和市场化销售比例增加,馒头产业得到较快发展。在工业化馒头制作条件下,小麦品种特性及其面粉的馒头制作适宜性,尤其是面粉质量的稳定性,显著影响馒头的产品质量、消费体验及工业化生产的经济效益。选用豫西南地区生产上种植面积大、代表性较强的小麦品种为原料,分析其小麦粉品种的理化特性,研究馒头制作的适宜性及其小麦粉品种质量和馒头特性之间的关系。结果表明,豫西南小麦粉湿面筋含量较高,但面筋指数还有待改进;优质小麦占比有待提高;小麦粉色泽红绿值（a*值）、黄蓝值（b*值）、面筋指数、粉质参数的面团软化度、拉伸参数的拉伸面积及吹泡参数的面团延展性,是评价馒头粉质量的重要参考指标。小麦品种郑麦119、平麦998、陕道198、郑麦1342、郑麦1860比较适合制作馒头。     

复配杂粮馒头营养分析及稳定人体血糖效果研究

以小麦粉、黄豆粉、糙小米粉、杏仁粉、玉米粉、燕麦粉和谷朊粉为原料,制备一种营养相对均衡复配杂粮馒头.通过对其营养分析和餐后人体血糖值测定,结果表明:复配杂粮馒头营养均衡指数0.47,营养均衡性优于小麦馒头(INB =0.72),与血糖密切相关的碳水化合物和淀粉含量较低;与葡萄糖和小麦馒头比较,进食复配杂粮馒头后血糖升高...     

Incorporation of pulse flours of different particle size in relation to pita bread quality

BACKGROUND: To increase pulse consumption, pita bread was fortified with pulse flours milled from green lentils, navy beans and pinto beans, which were ground to produce fine and coarse flours. Pita breads were prepared using composite flours containing pulse flours (25, 50, 75%) and wheat flour or 100% pulse flours and adjusting the amount of water required for mixing based on farinograph water absorption. Pita bread quality was evaluated according to diameter, pocket height, specific loaf volume, texture and crust colour. RESULTS: Blends made from pulse flours with coarse particle size showed higher rates of water absorption. All composite flours and 100% pulse flours produced pitas with pockets, confirming their suitability for this product. Crust colour of pitas was affected less by navy bean flour than by lentil flour. Pita breads made with pinto bean flour were superior in texture. Overall, navy and pinto bean flours appeared more suitable for pita bread. Flours with coarse particle sizes produced pitas with better colour and texture. Sensory parameters of pitas containing 25% coarse pinto or navy bean flour were as good as or better than those from the wheat control. CONCLUSION: Acceptable pita breads can be made using pulse flours, although the substitution level is limited to 25%. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

EFFECT OF PENTOSANASE ON DOUGH AND BREAD PROPERTIES PRODUCED BY DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLOURS

ABSTRACT

The effects of pentosanase at different doses (20, 60 and 100 ppm) on physical dough properties and bread quality were studied using three types of wheat flours. Flour A was a regular bread flour, flour B had a high hardness ratio and protein content, and flour C was prepared from the same blend of flour A but had a high extraction ratio. Regarding farinograph data, water absorption values of the high extraction (86%) flour C and high hardness (65%) blend flour B increased with introduction of pentosanase. Extensibility values of the flours increased moderately with pentosanase addition, while resistance and energy values decreased. The volume of breads made with flours C and B decreased upon addition of pentosanase. But loaf volume of breads prepared with regular bread flour A with 50% hardness and 76% extraction rate increased with high levels of pentosanase addition. In conclusion, flour A as a regular bread flour gave satisfactory results with pentosanase supplementations, whereas the harder‐blend (65%) and higher‐extraction‐rate (85%) flours from the same cultivars did not.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Pentosanase addition was more effective on soluble pentosans than on insoluble ones. Because of these effects, it enhanced the bread‐making properties of regular flour more effectively than those of the high‐extraction and harder‐blend flours of the same cultivars.

     

顶空固相微萃取- 气质联用分析小麦馒头制作过程中的挥发性成分变化

为研究小麦挥发成分在加工过程的形成变化,选用具有代表性的3种不同筋力小麦品种--普冰143、晋麦47、西农9817,采用顶空固相微萃取技术萃取其小麦粉、发酵面团和馒头的挥发性成分并进行气相色谱-质谱分析鉴定。结果表明：普冰143、晋麦47、西农9817小麦粉检测出23种相同的挥发性成分,分别占总量的84.01%、77.82%和82.28%,其中主要成分为萘、1-甲基-萘、(Z)-2-丁烯二酸二甲酯、1,7-二甲基-萘、2-甲基-萘;发酵面团中检测出共同成分18种,分别占总量的80.99%、71.65%和70.44%,主要成分为乙醇、萘、1-甲基-萘、丁二酸乙基甲酯、苯乙醇;馒头中检出26种相同的挥发性成分,分别占总量的80.26%、75.99%和80.43%,主要成分为萘、1-甲基-萘、2-戊烷基-呋喃、乙醇、壬醛。不同筋力小麦制品之间的挥发性成分存在差异,但大部分主要成分相同。从小麦粉到馒头的制作过程中,挥发性成分发生明显变化,其中烃类物质相对含量明显减少而醇类物质种类和相对含量均增多。     

山农紫糯小麦粉理化性质分析及其馒头产品的开发

糯小麦粉由于直链淀粉含量很低而被赋予其独特的理化性质。本实验对山农新培育出的紫糯小麦品种制粉的理化和营养性质进行了测定,并与普通小麦粉配粉制作馒头,通过质构仪检测试验和感观评价相结合的方法对馒头品质进行了研究,从而确定了山东农业大学新培育紫糯小麦品种开发馒头产品的最佳工艺。试验结果表明:山农紫糯小麦粉的脂肪、蛋白质、灰分和蛋白质中清蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白含量比普通面粉高,而淀粉和球蛋白含量比普通面低;其糊透明度、谷值黏度、最终黏度、糊化温度较低,但崩解值、峰值黏度、回生值高。添加15%的紫糯小麦粉可显著的改善馒头的表皮色泽,并且对馒头的弹性、黏着性、黏聚性和回复性影响最大,此时馒头的总评分达到最大值。     

不同品种马铃薯对马铃薯-小麦复合馒头品质特性的影响

本文以22个品种的新鲜马铃薯为原料制备马铃薯全粉,并对马铃薯全粉的基本成分进行了分析和比较;然后以22个不同品种的马铃薯全粉为原料制作马铃薯-小麦复合馒头(马铃薯全粉:小麦粉=3:7),并对其比体积、高径比、气孔结构和质构特性进行了分析和比较。结果表明,不同品种马铃薯-小麦复合馒头的比体积、高径比、气孔特性和质构特性存在显著差异性(p0.05)。高径比和比体积均较高的品种是紫花白、夏波蒂、陇薯6号、陇薯7号、中薯2号;气孔密度和气孔表面积分率都较高的品种是一点红、青薯9号、大西洋;硬度和咀嚼性都较好的品种是一点红、费乌瑞它、青薯6号、青薯9号、大西洋。综合考虑馒头的感官和物理特性,一点红、青薯9号和大西洋3个品种比较适合替代小麦粉,制得体积较为理想、硬度较低、气孔结构较好的馒头。     

面粉中三大营养组分对馒头品质影响的研究进展综述

面粉品质是影响馒头品质最根本的因素,对面粉中三大营养组分蛋白质、淀粉和脂类对馒头品质影响的研究进展进行综述,希望为馒头专用粉的生产及优质馒头的制作提供理论依据。     

豌豆蛋白粉馒头加工工艺研究

将豌豆蛋白粉作为营养强化剂加入小麦粉中以改善馒头的口感、风味,丰富馒头的种类,增加食用者对蛋白质的摄入。选取豌豆蛋白粉添加量、加水量、二次发酵时间和馒头坯揉制次数4个因素,设计单因素和L9(34)正交试验。结果表明:豌豆蛋白粉添加量为6%、加水量为54%、二次发酵时间为45 min、馒头坯揉制次数为12次,得到豌豆蛋白粉馒头品质较好。将豌豆蛋白粉馒头与小麦粉馒头比较,蛋白质、不饱和脂肪酸、膳食纤维、赖氨酸的含量高于小麦馒头,添加豌豆蛋白粉明显改善了馒头品质,感官评分检验在5%水平下t=5.582,大于t9(5%)=2.262,两者存在显著差异,豌豆蛋白粉馒头感官性状、营养价值均优于小麦馒头。     

响应面法优化糖尿病肾病患者专用山药馒头配方

在单因素实验的基础上,选取合适的因素及水平,利用响应面法对低蛋白、中升糖指数山药馒头配方进行优化以改善馒头口感和质构。经过响应面优化之后的最佳工艺参数:山药粉与小麦粉的比例为19:21 (g/g),酵母量为0.8%,水分添加量60%,第二次发酵时间15 min,此配方感官评分为91.87分,硬度为4216.67 g,咀嚼度为3334.45 g。经测定,该山药馒头蛋白质含量为4.64%,血糖生成指数为60.37,属于低蛋白中升糖指数水平,适合糖尿病患者在日常饮食中食用。     

乳酸菌发酵剂对杂粮面团及馒头品质的影响

为研究混合乳酸菌发酵对杂粮面团及馒头品质的影响,将黄豌豆粉、莜麦粉、谷朊粉及燕麦β-葡聚糖（oatmeal β-glucan,OBG）复配成杂粮粉基质,利用直投式混合乳酸菌发酵剂发酵面团制作馒头。探究乳酸菌在面团中的酸化能力,分析杂粮面团中OBG、抗性淀粉（resistant starch,RS）和游离氨基酸含量的变化以及面团的微观结构变化,并对发酵前后的杂粮馒头和小麦粉馒头进行品质及营养特性比较。结果表明,在发酵杂粮面团中乳酸菌酸化能力强,发酵24 h后乳酸和乙酸质量浓度分别达到24.85、8.98 mg/mL。与未发酵的杂粮面团相比,乳酸菌发酵杂粮面团中OBG含量下降32.56%,RS含量上升32.88%,游离氨基酸总量提升至1.46倍,氨基酸组成模式更优,部分蛋白质和纤维素发生降解,面筋网络结构更加紧密且连续。在营养方面,乳酸菌发酵前后的杂粮馒头膳食纤维质量分数均高于6%,蛋白质质量分数分别为40.35%和38.38%,属于高纤维高蛋白食品,显著优于小麦粉馒头。乳酸菌发酵杂粮馒头具有更高的体外蛋白消化率和比容,且乳酸菌发酵杂粮馒头感官评价总评分显著高于未发酵杂粮馒头,整体可接受度...     

Hard Winter Wheat and Flour Properties in Relation to Breadmaking Quality of Straight-dough Bread： Flour Particle Size and Bread Crumb Grain

Samples of 12 hard winter wheats and their flours that produced breads varying in crumb grain scores were studied for 38 quality parameters including： wheat physical and chemical characteristics; flour ash and protein contents, starch damage, swelling power, pasting characteristics, and flour particle size distribution; dough properties determined by a mixograph; and breadmaking properties for pup loaves （100g flour）. Only two parameters, the protein content of wheat and the granulation of flour, showed significant correlations with bread crumb grain scores. Protein content of wheat ranging 12.9%- 14.5% determined by an NIR method showed a weak inverse relationship （r =-0.61, p〈0.05） with bread crumb grain score. Flour particle size distribution measured by both Alpine Air Jet Sieve and NIR methods revealed that the weight wt % of particles less than 38 μ m in size and representing 9.6% - 19.3 % of the flour weights was correlated positively （r =0.78, p 〈 0.01） with crumb grain score, whereas wt % of flour particles larger than 125μm had an inverse relationship （r =-0.60, p〈0.05） with crumb grain score.     

熟豆豆浆馒头与传统小麦粉馒头的感官品质及营养成分对比

本文以大豆、小麦富强粉为主要原料制成熟豆豆浆馒头,与传统加工工艺制成标准粉馒头和富强粉馒头进行感官评价和营养成分对比.结果表明:在感官品质的对比中,三种馒头感官品质的总得分和气味方面的得分为熟豆豆浆馒头＞富强粉馒头＞标准粉馒头,在粘牙方面的得分为熟豆豆浆馒头大于标准粉馒头和富强粉馒头,在色泽方面的得分为熟豆豆浆馒头和富...     

Characteristics of Bread Prepared from Wheat Flours Blended with Various Kinds of Newly Developed Rice Flours

ABSTRACT:  Characteristics of the bread prepared from wheat flour blended with the flour of various kinds of newly developed rice cultivars were investigated. Qualities of the bread made from wheat flour blended with rice flour have been reported to be inferior to those from 100% wheat flour bread. To improve its qualities, we searched for the new-characteristic rice flours among the various kinds of newly developed rice cultivars to blend with the wheat flour for the bread preparation. The most suitable new characteristic rices are combination of purple waxy rice, high-amylose rice, and sugary rice. Specific volume of the bread from the combination of wheat and these 3 kinds of rice flours showed higher specific volume (3.93) compared with the traditional wheat/rice bread (3.58). We adopted the novel method, continuous progressive compression test, to measure the physical properties of the dough and the bread in addition to the sensory evaluation. As a result of the selection of the most suitable rice cultivars and blending ratio with the wheat flour, we could develop the novel wheat/rice bread, of which loaf volume, physical properties, and tastes are acceptable and resistant to firming on even 4 d after the bread preparation.
To increase the ratio of rice to wheat, we tried to add a part of rice as cooked rice grains. The specific volume and qualities of the bread were maintained well although the rice content of total flour increased from 30% to 40%.     

Effect of black rice flour with different particle sizes on frozen dough and steamed bread quality

This article presents a novel idea for the preparation of frozen dough and steamed bread by which black rice flour (BRF) with different particle sizes (0.18–0.25 mm, 0.15–0.18 mm and 0.125–0.15 mm) was added into wheat flour (WF), considering the nutritional values of BRF. The characteristic of the composite flour (CF), frozen dough and steamed bread was studied. CF had higher contents of dietary fibres (2.01–2.16%) but lower content of protein (11.57–11.92%) compared with WF (1.6% and 12.60%, respectively). Correlation analysis showed that the addition of BRF could alleviate the damage to dough caused by freezing, which may be due to that water in CF dough was more stable. The content of freezable water in WF dough increased by 23.48%, while that in CF dough increased by 6.09–12.11% after frozen storage. With decreasing particle size, the hardness of CF dough decreased and the resistance to extension and gas retention coefficient increased, whereas the specific volume and the soft crumb texture of CF steamed bread increased. In short, small-sized BRF is more suitable for use in the preparation of steamed bread.     

不同粒径小米粉对面团流变特性及馒头质构特性的影响

为研究小米粉添加对面团流变特性和馒头制品质构特性的影响,分别选取不同粒径的粳性和糯性小米粉,利用损伤淀粉测定仪、快速黏度分析仪等对不同小米粉的损伤淀粉含量和糊化特性进行分析,通过流变仪测定小米面团的流变学特性,结合扫描电镜观察小米面团微观结构变化,并利用质构仪测定小米馒头的质构特性。结果表明：随着小米粉粒径的减小,多数品种小米粉（除冀谷39和汇华金米）损伤淀粉的碘吸收率增加;受直支比的影响,相同目数下,粳性小米粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度和回生值较糯性小米粉大。流变学研究表明,除汇华金米和冀谷39,储能模量与损耗模量随角频率增加总体上升。扫描电镜观察发现小米粉的添加使面团结构更加松散。小米粉的添加会对馒头质构性质中硬度、咀嚼性和弹性等有一定程度的负面影响。主成分分析表明馒头咀嚼性、损伤淀粉、峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度、崩解值和回生值可作为区分粳糯品种和馒头品质特征的指标。