Status of dietary fiber contents in pigmented and non-pigmented rice varieties before and after parboiling

Five different varieties of paddy (four pigmented and one non-pigmented) were shelled and milled in pre and post parboiled form, their dietary fiber contents were estimated. Under similar conditions of milling, raw rice showed a high degree of polish (DOP), 9–12 g/100 g and parboiled rice showed low DOP, 4.6–6.6 g/100 g. Dietary fiber content was high in pigmented rice, 9–10 g/100 g compared to non-pigmented, ∼6 g/100 g. Soluble fiber content in pigmented head rice (dehusked) varied from 1 to 1.5 g/100 g and in its brokens varied from 0.45 to 1.45 g/100 g. Dietary fiber content was low by about 1% in parboiled rice. In the parboiled rice of pigmented varieties, the total fiber content varied from 7.95 ± 0.15 to 9.05 ± 0.25 g/100 g and the soluble fiber content varied from 0.7 to 0.9 g/100 g. In milled parboiled rice the respective values were 5 ± 0.4 to 6 ± 0.1 g/100 g and 0.85 ± 0.05 to 1.25 ± 0.05 g/100 g. However, the soluble fiber content in the non-pigmented brown rice, IR-64 remained same after parboiling, 0.75 ± 0.5 g/100 g. Milled parboiled rice showed higher soluble dietary fiber compared to milled raw rice. In conclusion, dietary fiber was high in pigmented rice varieties when compared with non-pigmented rice.     

Kinetics of free and glycosylated B6 vitamers,thiamin and riboflavin during germination of pea seeds

The effect of germination on the free and glycosylated B₆ vitamers (pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and glycosylated pyridoxine), thiamin and riboflavin content in pea seed (Pisum sativum L, var Esla) was investigated. In raw peas, the total vitamin B₆ content (sum of all vitamers expressed as pyridoxine) was 2.183 mg kg⁻¹ DM. Pyridoxine was found to be the predominant B₆ vitamer, while only a little amount of glycosylated pyridoxine, the vitamer with the lowest boiavailability, was observed. Thiamin and riboflavin content in raw peas was found to be 7.614 and 2.110 mg kg ⁻¹ DM, respectively. After 6 days of germination, carried out at 20°C, in the dark and with daily rinsing, a significant increase of the total vitamin B₆ content, mainly due to the increase of glycosylated pyridoxine, was observed. The content of pyridoxal and riboflavin increased in peas 7.5 and 2 times, respectively, whereas pyridoxine, pyridoxamine and thiamin decreased by 83, 24 and 25%, respectively, at the end of the experiment. Results obtained for these vitamins during pea germination were fitted to modelling curves in order to predict vitamin content for different germination periods. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

原料大米对成品黄酒抗氧化性的影响

以泰国香米、上海武育米、长粒香米、东北大米、扬州大米和扬州糯米为研究对象,考察其酿造特性和抗氧化性;分别以上述6种大米为原料酿制黄酒,研究主发酵期间醪液抗氧化能力的动态变化趋势,评估成品黄酒的品质和抗氧化性。结果显示,原料大米及相应成品黄酒中的多酚对其抗氧化活性具有重要影响,多酚含量越高,抗氧化活性就越强;以扬州大米为原料酿制的黄酒的抗氧化活性最强,且品质优良。研究结果表明,扬州大米可以作为糯米的替代品或作为配料用来酿制具有抗氧化活性的黄酒。     

Effect of thermal processing on available lysine,thiamine and riboflavin content in soymilk

Soymilk was heated over a range of temperatures (90–140°C) and times (0–6 h). The available lysine, thiamine and riboflavin content of the soymilk samples were determined. There was no significant change in available lysine during a 3 h heating period at 95°C. At elevated temperatures of 120 and 140°C, optimum heat processed soymilk gave higher measured values of available lysine than did soymilk processed at 95°C. Prolonged heating at 120 and 140°C caused a decline in available lysine. Kinetic data on the thermal degradation of thiamine and riboflavin in soymilk were fitted with first-order kinetics and the kinetic parameters were determined. © 1998 SCI.     

Effect of superheated-steam drying compared to conventional parboiling on chalkiness,head rice yield and quality of chalky rice kernels

Four rice cultivars (Ayutthaya 1, Khao Bahn Nah 432, Plai Ngahm Prachin Buri, and Prachin Buri 2) that usually have a major problem with chalkiness were processed by applying superheated-steam drying and conventional parboiling methods. The main objectives were: (1) to determine the possibility of applying superheated-steam drying to solve the chalkiness and low head rice yield problems and (2) to compare the properties of rice produced using superheated-steam drying and the conventional parboiling process. Both the initial moisture content and superheated-steam drying temperature significantly affected head rice yield. The higher moisture helped to increase starch gelatinization leading to a stronger rice structure and subsequently an increased head rice yield. The rice samples dried in the superheated-steam dryer using an initial moisture content of paddy at 32% w.b. for 6 h under a steam pressure of 1.2 bar and at three drying temperatures (120, 140, 160 °C) had higher milling quality than the conventionally parboiled rice samples. The darker color of the superheated-steam-dried samples was their main drawback. Both parboiling and superheated-steam drying could clearly lessen the percentage of chalky rice kernels compared to the raw paddy. The parboiled rice and superheated-steam-dried rice had more nutrients than normal white rice.     

Effect of processing on phosphorus and phytic acid contents of some Egyptian varieties of legumes

Phytic acid and total phosphorus contents were determined in different varieties of dry legume seeds—broad beans, lentils, lupin, fenugreek, chickpea and peas. These seeds are widely used in Egypt. The dry seeds were subjected to different processing methods according to the mean of their consumption in Egypt. These processing methods include decortication, steeping, sprouting, boiling and cooking. Phytic acid and total phosphorus contents of seeds differed according to the kind, the variety and the processing method. Steeping and sprouting decreased the phytic acid content of the seeds. The phytic acid content of lupin was greatly reduced by decortication and by steeping of seeds.     

适宜加工宁波汤圆的稻米品种筛选

选取15种粳米、籼米及市场上常见的4种糯米粉制作汤圆,与市售宁波汤圆理化性质、感官特性及质构进行比较。结果表明,浙糯106水磨制成的糯米粉较适宜制作宁波汤圆,其主要品质指标已达到宁波汤圆的品质水平,是供试品种中最适于加工成宁波汤圆的品种。     

20种黑米的总酚含量与抗氧化活性

采用超声波辅助乙醇法提取20种黑米中的总酚,福林-酚法测定总酚含量,铁氰化钾法、铁还原抗氧化能力（FRAP）法、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）法测定抗氧化活性。对黑米的总酚含量和不同抗氧化方法测定的抗氧化活性开展相关性分析。结果表明,黑米的总酚含量及抗氧化活性因品种不同存在显著差异（p<0.05）,总酚含量介于（2.305±0.035）^4.842±0.030mg/g之间,得到五种高总酚含量、高抗氧化活性黑米品种。相关性分析发现,黑米总酚抗氧化能力与总酚含量之间呈现极显著的正相关（R2>0.900,p<0.01）。本研究为全面开展黑米品种资源的选育及综合开发利用提供了参考价值和科学依据。      

Changes in oral processing parameters of three rice varieties

Mastication and saliva addition affects the formation of a bolus, directly playing a key role in people's eating enjoyment. However, the specific changes of oral physiological parameters and bolus moisture content in the oral processing of rice have not been studied in detail. Thus, in the present study, salivary flow rate, salivary secretion, chewing frequency, and bolus moisture content during oral processing of three rice varieties (japonica rice, indica rice, and glutinous rice) were fully investigated. The differences among different rice and changes among different oral processing stages (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) were analyzed. Results showed that the swallowing time of glutinous rice was significantly lower than that of japonica and indica rice (p < .05). However, there was no significant difference in the chewing frequency of the three rice varieties throughout the oral processing stages (1.59–1.66 Hz, p > .05). During oral processing, the salivary flow rates for the three kinds of rice decreased significantly (p < .05), from 37.72 ± 4.32 mg/s (0%–25% stage) to 19.83 ± 5.50 mg/s (75%–100% stage). The dry basis moisture content of the bolus increased significantly (p < .05), from 1.53 ± 0.08 (0%) to 1.96 ± 0.02 (100%). In the 75%–100% stage, the amount of saliva secretion for japonica rice was highest, followed by indica rice and glutinous rice (p < .05). At the point of swallowing (100% stage), the dry basis moisture content of all three rice-bolus' was consistent (1.94–1.99, p > .05).     

Characteristics of functional brown rice prepared by parboiling and microwave drying

Brown rice (BR) is well known for its functional properties; however, it is considered unsuitable for consumption in modern diet owing to its hard texture, low digestibility, and high lipid peroxidation. In this study, we investigated the physicochemical properties, and cooking and storage characteristics of functional BR prepared by parboiling (100°C, 15 min) and microwave drying (100 kW, 8 rpm, 91°C, 40 min) processes. These processes significantly increased resistant starch (RS) content by 1.5-fold and total dietary fiber (TDF) content by 1.8-fold; Parboiling and microwave drying processes increased the umami taste by 10% using electronic tongue and decreased the hardness by 10% using texture analyzer, respectively. Additionally, irrespective of the storage duration, these processes remarkably decreased acidity and bacterial counts in the parboiled BR group compared to that in the BR group. Presumably, higher RS and TDF contents, enhanced umami taste, and longer shelf-life of BR would help patients with obesity and diabetes, and industries developing relevant high-value food products.     

Effect of soaking medium on the physicochemical properties of parboiled glutinous rice of selected Laotian cultivars

The effect of various soaking mediums, viz. water (control), 3% NaCl and 0.2% acetic acid, and without soaking on the physicochemical properties of parboiled selected glutinous (TDK8 and TDK11) and non-glutinous (Doongara) was investigated in the present study. Results showed that the chemistry of soaking had a significant effect on the head rice yield (HRY), grain hardness, crystallinity, color, pasting and thermal properties, textural attributes, and glycemic index of these rice varieties. Soaking with NaCl and acetic acid significantly increased the grain hardness and HRY than control and without soaking treatments. Acetic acid and NaCl soaking significantly affected crystalline regions of starch resulting in reduced crystallinity in X-ray diffraction analysis and thermal endotherms in DSC analysis. NaCl soaking induced swelling of starch granules resulting in high peak and final viscosities. However, acetic acid restricted swelling resulting in reduced peak and final viscosities. NaCl and acetic acid soakings also resulted in increased hardness and adhesiveness of cooked grains than normal water soaked and un-soaked parboiled rice samples. Interestingly, change in textural attributes was prominent in parboiled glutinous rice. The color difference value for fresh parboiled samples was significantly lower for acetic acid soaked samples compared to NaCl soaked and un-soaked samples probably due to bleaching effect of acetic acid. Moreover, parboiling also resulted in significant reduction in glycemic index of glutinous rice. These findings revealed the potential application of parboiling with modified soaking techniques to improve the grain quality.     

稻谷品种和加工程度对赤拟谷盗的抗性

赤拟谷盗(Tribolium castaneum,Herbst)是一种世界性的储粮害虫,是粮食加工和其他储粮设施中最重要的害虫.本实验旨在研究不同品系赤拟谷盗在不同水稻品种和加工程度上取食偏好和发育,包括四个籼稻水稻品种大粒香、宜香、福建和湖北与三个粳稻品种嘉禾、秀水和盘锦.结果表明,大米中出现子一代试虫数量最多,糙米...     

Degradation and conversion of thiamin and thiamin phosphate esters in fresh stored pork and in raw sausages

Pork samples were extracted with trichloroacetic acid (4%) and analyzed for thiamin (T) and thiamin phosphate esters with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The following concentrations (on protein basis) were found in samples analyzed 0.5 h after slaughter: non-phosphorylated T, 1.0 nmol/g; thiamin monophosphate (TP), 1.3 nmol/g; thiamin diphosphate (TP₂), 9.1 nmol/g; and thiamin triphosphate (TP₃), 65.7 nmol/g. A fifth substance was also detected, which has not yet been identified in pork and may be related to thiamin tetraphosphate (TP₄) or adenosine thiamin triphosphate (ATP₃); when calculated as thiamin tetraphosphate the content (on protein basis) of the fifth substance was 15.0 nmol/g.     

Iron content and availability studies in some Sri Lankan rice varieties

Thirty‐eight rice varieties, grown in Low Country Wet Zone, during Yala (2006) and Maha (2006/2007) seasons were screened for stable high iron rice varieties and were statistically analysed. Iron contents ranged 1.89–3.73 mg 100 g^?1 and varied significantly (P < 0.05) with variety and season. Selected fifteen high iron rice varieties, at degree of polishing 8–10% were analysed for iron, zinc and phytate. High iron contents in endosperm were observed in Suduru Samba (0.47 mg 100 g^?1), Basmati 370 (0.37 mg 100 g^?1), Kalu Heenati (0.42 mg 100 g^?1), Rathu Heenati (0.44 mg 100 g^?1) and Sudu Heenati (0.37 mg 100 g^?1). Phytate contents of polished rice varieties ranged from 200–300 mg 100 g^?1. Large reduction in iron content (84.5–93.6%) was observed in polished rice while the reduction in phytate content (18.9–40.8%) was low. Percentage dialyzability of iron in selected endosperm high iron rice varieties ranged from 1.73 to 8.71. Dialysability of iron in cooked polished rice did not show a relation to the phytate content in raw rice.     

不同加工精度对大米中镉含量的影响

将46组稻谷用砻谷机砻谷后得到糙米,再用碾米机碾去糙米的糠层,根据碾米时间的不同,将稻谷分为糙米、四级精米、三级精米、二级精米、一级精米,三级糠粉和一级糠粉;用原子吸收分光光度计测定46组大米各组分的镉含量并进行分析,得出镉含量的大小顺序为：三级糠粉>一级糠粉>糙米>四级精米>三级精米>二级精米>一级精米;通过将大米中各组分两两比较进行配对样本T检验,得出一级糠粉与糙米具有统计意义(P＜0.05),其余比较分析具有较大差异性(P＜0.01);不同加工精度的精米中重金属镉含量也存在显著差异：四级精米镉含量最高,为(0.40±0.24)mg/kg,一级精米镉含量最低,为(0.22±0.13)mg/kg;稻谷的糠层对镉的富集作用最强,对于整个稻米镉含量分析有较大影响。     

不同品种籼米化学成分、凝胶和糊化特性及米粉加工品质比较

以7个直链淀粉含量较高的籼稻品种为材料,在相同栽培条件下比较了其稻米主要化学成分含量、凝胶特性和糊化特性差异,并对其加工米粉进行了感官品质评价,旨在为米粉加工选择优质稻米原料品种提供依据。结果显示,桂朝13稻米粗脂肪和可溶性糖含量高,凝胶黏附性小、弹性和回弹性较大,凝胶硬度、黏聚性、胶黏性和咀嚼度适中,大米粉糊化温度高,米糊峰值黏度、崩解值和回生值低,具有良好的热糊稳定性和冷糊稳定性,加工米粉的感官品质最优。逐步回归分析表明,米粉的感官品质主要受稻米粗脂肪含量、回生值和凝胶回弹性的影响。米粉加工原料除需选择直链淀粉含量高的稻米外,还应选择粗脂肪含量高、凝胶回弹性大和糊化回生值低的品种。     

大米及其加工产品中镉的消减方法研究进展

镉是一种毒性较强且不能被生物降解的重金属元素,易被动植物吸附富集后通过食物链进入人体而产生危害。水稻是一种镉富集能力较强的农作物,可通过根部吸收环境中的镉转移至稻谷中。近年来,由于土壤、水体、大气的镉污染日益严重,污染区生产的大米普遍出现镉超标的问题,严重影响了大米及其加工产品的食用安全。从源头控制镉污染虽是解决问题的根本,但难以在短期内实现。因此,直接消减大米及其加工产品中镉的研究受到了广泛关注。本文分析了镉在大米中的分布和存在形态,重点介绍了消减大米及其加工产品中镉的方法,主要包括物理法、化学法、生物法和复合法等4大类,并总结和比较了4种方法的优缺点,同时对今后的发展趋势和前景进行了展望。     

Gamma Irradiation Effects on Thiamin and Riboflavin in Beef, Lamb, Pork, and Turkey

A study was made of the loss of thiamin and riboflavin due to gamma irradiation of beef, lamb and pork longissimus dorsi, turkey breast and leg muscles. Thiamin losses averaged 11%/kiloGray (kGy) and riboflavin losses 2.5%kGy above three kGy. The rate of loss of thiamin in beef was higher than that in lamb, pork and turkey leg, but not turkey breast. with losses of 16%/kGy in beef and 8%/kGy in lamb. The rate of thiamin loss was not related to sulfhydryl, protein, moisture, fat or water content, pH or reducing capacity by redox titration. Loss of riboflavin was not different among species. Any detriment from such slight losses would seem to be more than compensated by the advantage of controlling bacteriological contamination by irradiation processing.     

16个水稻品种新米和陈米理化特性的比较

以常温下储藏1年的16个水稻品种(系)陈米与其相应的新米为材料,比较分析了稻米理化性状、淀粉RVA谱特征值、食味值及米饭的硬度和黏度。结果表明:陈米的食味值均有不同程度下降;新米食味值高的品种其陈米的食味值也相对较高;与新比相比,陈米的直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量无明显变化;陈米的最高黏度和崩解值较新米有所上升;陈米米饭的硬度上升,黏度下降,陈米的硬度和黏度分别与其食味值呈显著负相关和正相关关系,相关系数分别为r=-0.537*和r=0.553*,因此可以通过测定陈米的硬度间接评价陈米的食味品质。