Oat Oil: Refining and stability

Oil obtained by petroleum ether extraction of Dal oats was refined by conventional methods. Degumming loss was reduced to 15% by degumming in hexane solution and partially neutralizing the oil with sodium hydroxide. The free fatty acid was 6~8%, and alkali refining losses were 25~30%. Oat oil was bleached successfully with charcoal and deodorized. Stability of the refined oil was compared with soybean oil at 25 and 55 C by peroxide values and organoleptic tests. Stability of oat oil was increased by the addition of citric acid and was significantly greater than that of soybean oil, especially at 25 C. Oat oil contained significant amounts of α-tocopherol, but ferulic and caffeic acids, antioxidants important in whole oats, were not extracted by hexane. Paper No. J-8657 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, IA, Project No. 2143.     

三豆饮抗氧化活性的研究

目的研究三豆饮水煎液不同部位(石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇)的抗氧化能力大小,探讨隔夜变性的原因。方法分别用还原能力测定法、DPPH自由基清除法、羟自由基清除法来评价各部位抗氧化性大小,并对隔夜样品进行测定。结果正丁醇部位抗氧化活性最高,其次是乙酸乙酯部位;隔夜放置后的样品抗氧化性均比当天样品低,可能是隔夜变性的原因。结论三豆饮的抗氧化性可能是药效原因之一,文章可为三豆饮的进一步开发提供参考。     

煤液化油气液平衡体系研究

煤炭直接液化反应体系为高温高压下气、液、固三相混合物,液化体系的高压气液相平衡数据是液化过程设计的基础数据。为得到高压下的气液平衡数据,本研究引入流程模拟软件Aspen Plus,针对煤液化油高温和低温分离器,建立了煤液化油闪蒸模型。通过计算值与文献值对比,筛选适用于煤液化高压体系的物性方法,最终得出使用UNIQUAC-RKS方法和GRAYSON方法可以分别得到与高温分离器和低温分离器的实验值较相符的气液平衡数据。采用UNIQUAC-RKS方法的高温分离器气相和液相组成计算值与实验值的平均相对误差为分别为18.7%、5.49%,采用GRAYSON方法的低温分离器气相和液相组成计算值与实验值的平均相对误差为分别为19.8%、42.5%。     

Polar Lipids Reduce In Vitro Duodenal Lipolysis Rate of Oat Oil and Liquid Oat Base Products

Alternative ways for increased appetite control are today widely sought for due to the growing global health issues connected to obesity. In in vivo studies, oat has been proven an attractive candidate for inducing satiety. Oat is rich in polar lipids, of which the galactolipids are especially interesting, and a hypothesis is that these lipids play an important role for the ileal brake mechanism. In this study, the aim is to investigate the role of polar oat lipids on pancreatic lipolysis rate, using a pH-stat based in vitro digestion model of the duodenum. Lipolysis of oat oil, a mix of oat oil/rapeseed oil (RSO), as well as a liquid oat base (OB) simulating an oat drink with different polar lipid content are investigated, and compared with RSO as control. Increasing the polar lipid content of the product digested leads to a significantly decreased lipolysis rate, and this effect is even observed when mixing RSO with a low amount of oat oil (10%). The results support the hypothesis that polar lipids can delay lipolysis also in a complex, natural system like the liquid OB, and even a minor amount of oat lipids can have large effect on lipolysis rates. Practical applications: The number of studies connecting galactolipids with a decreasing effect on duodenal lipolysis is growing; however, the mechanism behind this phenomenon is still not clarified. Here, the same effect is seen in a complex, natural food system. These findings open up for interesting future food products, where inclusion of oat oil, even at low concentrations, can have a prolonging effect on satiety. Oat for human consumption is an increasing market, thanks to the positive health benefits oat has been connected to, in combination with the current trend toward climate-friendly plant-based options for meat and dairy products. It is believed that oat oil can be attractive as an ingredient in various food products, for example, protein bars and spreads. More studies are needed to confirm the results in vivo. However, a great potential is seen for the use of oat oil to enhance appetite control.     

Antioxidative and Functional Properties of Pumpkin Oil Cake Globulin Hydrolysates

Cucurbitin extracted from pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) oil cake was enzymatically hydrolysed with three different enzymes viz. alcalase, flavourzyme and pepsin. Antioxidative and functional properties of cucurbitin hydrolysates with different degrees of hydrolysis (DH) were investigated. The antioxidant activity of the hydrolysates was strongly dependent on the enzyme used. The hydrolysates obtained by alcalase and pepsin showed antioxidative potential whereas flavourzyme hydrolysates did not demonstrate these activities. Reducing power and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging activity of cucurbitin hydrolysate were positively related to DH. The highest antioxidant activity was found in the hydrolysate obtained by alcalase at DH 25.6 % [reducing power of 0.25 ± 0.01 A700 nm and ABTS scavenging activity of 3.34 ± 0.02 mmol/L Trolox equivalent antioxidant coefficients (TEAC)]. Hydrolysis by all enzymes increased the protein solubility within the studied pH range. The best emulsion activity and stability index (EAI = 143.28 ± 3.05 m²/g and ESI = 87.5 ± 1.96 min) have hydrolysates produced by flavourzyme (DH 9.2 %) whereas alcalase produced hydrolysates with the best foaming capacity (FC = 242 ± 3.21). The results demonstrate that hydrolysates produced in the present study have good functional properties as well as antioxidant activity indicating their possible use in different food systems.     

Separating Oil from Aqueous Extraction Fractions of Soybean

Previous research has shown that enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction processing (EAEP) extracts 88–90% of the total soybean oil from extruded full-fat soy flakes into the aqueous media, which is distributed as cream (oil-in-water emulsion), skim, and free oil. In the present work, a simple separatory funnel procedure was effective in separating aqueous skim, cream and free oil fractions allowing mass balances and extraction and recovery efficiencies to be determined. The procedure was used to separate and compare liquid fractions extracted from full-fat soy flour and extruded full-fat soy flakes. EAEP extracted more oil from the extruded full-fat soy flakes, and yielded more free oil from the resulting cream compared to unextruded full-fat soy flour. Dry matter partitioning between fractions was similar for the two procedures. Mean oil droplet sizes in the cream and skim fractions were larger for EAEP of extruded flakes compared to non-enzymatic AEP of unextruded flour (45 vs. 20 μm for cream; 13 vs. 5 μm for skim) making the emulsions from EAEP of extruded flakes less stable. All major soy protein subunits were present in the cream fractions, as well as other fractions, from both processes. The cream could be broken using phospholipase treatments and 70–80% of total oil in the extruded full-fat flakes was recovered using EAEP and a phospholipase de-emulsification procedure.     

气相色谱法测定酚萘洗馏分中的萘含量

用色谱法测定酚油、萘油和洗油中的萘含量,与结晶法的结果相比,两种方法的平均偏差为0.13%～0.35%,说明气相色谱法完全可代替结晶法。     

Beeswax Fractions Used as Potential Oil Gelling Agents

The objective of this work was the fractionation of beeswax to investigate the phase behavior of binary blends of the fractions and their potential use as gelling agents in edible oleogels. We have extracted seven distinctive fractions, using preparative flash chromatography with eluents permitted to be used in the processing of food raw materials. The odor profile of the fractions was characterized. The high purity of collected fractions was shown through thin-layer chromatography, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography with an evaporative light scattering detector methods for hydrocarbons (94.8%), monoesters (97.6%), and mixed mono-, di-, and triesters fraction (98.7%). Free fatty acids and fatty alcohol fractions had lower purity which equals 82.6% and 39%, respectively. The analysis of the binary pseudo phase diagram revealed that all fractions combined with hydrocarbons express eutectic behavior. Combinations of all other fractions resulted in the formation of solid solutions. This study shows that the texture of oleogels can be improved by using a combination of various fractions of beeswax instead of native wax.     

Comparison of Methods for Separating Polar Lipids from Oat Oil

Polar lipids of crude oat oil were investigated. Oat oil was separated from oats by extraction with isopropanol. Polar lipids were fractionated from crude oil by supercritical CO₂-extraction, by ultrafiltration in hexane and by water degumming. The polar fraction from CO₂-extraction had the highest phospholipid and lowest tocopherol content. The polar fractions made by different methods possessed similar antioxidative properties. However, the polar lipids from oats were more powerful antioxidants than those made from soybean or rapeseed oil.     

F-T合成油品加工提高柴油采收率的几种方法

本文介绍了费-托合成（F-T合成）油品的性质及其各馏分经过加氢裂化所得产品的性能及应用。通过改变中间油品的进料配比,选用中间馏分油选择性更高的催化剂,优化催化剂床层温度分布及分馏系统操作等途径来达到提高柴油收率的目的。     

Antioxidant Activity of Oat Malt Extracts in Accelerated Corn Oil Oxidation

Oat cultivar AC Vermont was malted to concentrate antioxidants, milled to fractionate only the endosperm portion and extracted with methanol to isolate the crude antioxidants. The oat malt antioxidant fraction was assessed as a natural antioxidant based upon enhancing the stability of corn oil against oxidation and compared to the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The induction time (time required for the formation of 10 meq hydroperoxide per kilogram corn oil thermally oxidized) was used to measure antioxidant activity of oat antioxidant or BHT. The protection factor achieved by crude oat malt antioxidant extract concentrate at 0.26% (2,600 μg/g) was comparable to BHT (75 μg/g). The antioxidant activity of the oat and barley malt extract concentrates was not significantly different. However, the extract concentrate of oat malt had 44% less color compared to that of barley malt at equal concentrations showing its potential as a natural food antioxidant.     

原油组分对采出水乳状液稳定性的影响

采用界面张力仪、表面粘弹性仪和浊度仪,研究了原油组分对桩西采出水乳状液稳定性的影响.结果表明,当各组分在模拟油中的浓度相同时,沥青质的界面张力最小,蜡组分的最大,胶质的居中;在相同的剪切速率下,沥青质的界面剪切粘度最大,蜡组分的最小,胶质的居中.原油组分浓度增加,组分模拟油油水界面张力减小,界面剪切粘度增加,乳状液稳定性增强.分离组分模拟油乳状液稳定性的强弱顺序依次为:沥青质组分>胶质>蜡组分.     

伊朗轻质原油减渣馏分油水界面张力的研究

The vacuum residual from Iranian Light crude oil are separated into a series of 16 narrow fractions according to the molecular weight by the supercritical fluid extraction and fractional (SFEF) technology. The chemical element and the UV spectrum of each fraction are analyzed. The effects of several factors on the interfacial tension are investigated, which are the fraction concentration in oil phase, the ratio of oil component, the salts dissolved in the water phase and the pH value. The interfacial tension decreases rapidly as the concentration of the residual fraction in the oil increases, showing a higher interfacial activity of the fraction. The interfacial tension changes, as the amount of absorption or the state of the fractions in the interface changes resulting from different ratios of oil, different kinds or concentrations of salts in water, and different pH values. It is concluded that the intrfacial tension changes regularly, corresponding to the regular molecular parameters of the vacuum residual fractions.     

Physical Properties of Butter Oil Fractions Obtained by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction

Butter oil has been fractionated with supercritical carbon dioxide at 40°C. 125 bar and 350 bar, respectively. The chemical composition and physical properties of the butter oil fractions have been studied with gas chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The polymorphism of the fractions has been studied by X-ray diffraction during crystallization. Fractionation carried out at lower extraction pressure results in higher selectivity. The first fractions collected during the extraction process contain triglycerides which are enriched in short chain fatty acids. The colourless fractions melt and crystallize at a lower temperature compared to the original butter. The residual fraction is enriched in triglycerides with long chain fatty acids, is yellow, melts and crystallizes at a higher temperature. All the investigated fractions shows the β′ form when crystallized from the melt.     

A Comparison of Steam Reforming of Two Model Bio‐Oil Fractions

Two model bio‐oil fractions were chosen as two different major classes of components present in bio‐oil. Steam reforming of the two fractions was carried out to investigate the gas product distributions and carbon deposition behavior. Higher H₂ yield and carbon conversion to the gaseous phase can be obtained at relatively low temperature (650 °C) for steam reforming of the light fraction. For steam reforming of the heavy fraction, a higher temperature (800 °C) is necessary to obtain higher H₂ yield and carbon conversion to the gaseous phase. At 800 °C, the heavy fraction requires a higher steam to carbon ratio (10) than that for the light fraction (7) to achieve efficient steam reforming. Based on the same carbon space velocity, for 10 h stream time, the drop of H₂ yield and carbon conversion to the gaseous phase in the steam reforming of the heavy fraction is more rapid than that of the light fraction. Carbon deposition in the steam reforming of the heavy fraction is much more severe than that of the light fraction, as determined by carbon content analysis and SEM detection.     

煤液化油窄馏分饱和蒸气压和蒸发焓的测定及计算

用三次膨胀法对煤直接液化油窄馏分的饱和蒸气压进行了测定。实验结果显示,在同一测试温度下,饱和蒸气压随窄馏分蒸馏温度的升高而降低,相同蒸馏温度下,随测试温度的增大而增大;煤液化轻油馏分与纯物质饱和蒸气压一样,其对数值与温度的倒数呈现出良好的线性关系。同时还对测量数据进行线性回归,并使用克劳修斯-克拉佩龙方程进行了蒸发焓的计算,结果显示,随蒸馏温度的提高,窄馏分的蒸发焓数据呈上升的趋势。     

Correlations Between Cloud Point and Compositional Properties of Palm Oil and Liquid Fractions from Dry Fractionation

Dry fractionation of palm oil can be conducted as a multi-step process; this gives rise to new softer and harder fractions having multitudes of applications in fat foods. This work focuses on the liquid fractions obtained following a triple-step fractionation; the cloud point was measured on a set of 125 palm oil, olein, super olein and top olein samples, with the intention to correlate this value to the compositional properties. The Mettler cloud point, the diacylglycerol content, some selected single or groups of triacylglycerols and the iodine value (in total, 11 variables per sample) were measured and entered in a statistical model. A principal component analysis (PCA) was first carried out from which different sub-groups were highlighted. In each sub-group, various regressions (simple linear, simple non-linear and multiple linear) were applied and 28 significant equations were derived. Out of these, one multiple linear regression involving the iodine value, the UUU and PPP contents showed the best correlation with the Mettler cloud point. This equation was selected to predict the cloud point since it was further successfully validated by using a set of 25 other independent samples. A partial least square (PLS) regression was tested and also considered adequate to predict the cloud point.     

Enzymatic Interesterification of Palm Oil and Fractions: Monitoring the Degree of Interesterification using Different Methods

Interesterification is an important modification technique for fats and oils resulting in the redistribution of the fatty acids among the glycerol backbone and thus changing the physico-chemical properties of the modified fat. In this study palm oil, palm olein and soft palm mid fraction (PMF) were subjected to both enzymatic (batchwise) and chemical interesterification. The reaction products were characterized before, during and after interesterification by HPLC, pulsed NMR (p-NMR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Interesterification led to more uniform triacylglycerol (TAG) compositions with smaller differences in final physico-chemical properties between the studied substrates. The degree of interesterification was evaluated on the basis of TAG composition and solid fat content (SFC). Significant differences between both methods were observed. The degree of interesterification based on SFC is therefore a better tool to evaluate the rate constant of the reaction as the TAG composition method does not take into consideration the formation of positional isomers at the end of the enzymatic process.     

某油田管道中间清管站改造及效果

某油田管道于2011年4月建成投产,清管作业难度大且对正常生产影响较大。为保证集输系统的正常生产,减少清管时对处理厂正常运行的不利影响,对中间清管站进行改造,改造完成后的中间清管站具有灵活收集西部管道液体功能,避免了关井,减少了天然气放空,降低了管道压差、缩短了清管周期,增加了调控清管器运行速度措施,在保障正常生产、减少天然气资源浪费、保护环境等方面效果明显。