木质生物质精炼预处理技术研究进展

木质生物质不仅可应用于制浆造纸工业,也可替代有限的石化资源用于生产化学品、合成材料和再生能源等,然而其结构的复杂性限制了其高效转化.预处理技术作为生物质精炼高效转化的关键步骤,已成为世界各国的研究热点.文章对物理法、化学法、物理-化学法和生物法预处理木质生物质技术的国内外研究进展进行了综述,对相应技术的处理效果进行了分析和总结,对预处理技术的发展及其基于制浆造纸工业相结合的前景进行了展望并提出了建议.     

酶解木质纤维素的预处理技术研究进展

木质纤维素为可再生生物质原料,采用酶解法以木质纤维素为原料制糖发酵生产乙醇,必须对木质纤维进行预处理。目前,对木质纤维素原料的预处理方法主要有物理法、化学法、物理化学法、生物法。本文对以上几种方法的研究进行了综述。（孙悟）     

生物质转化中预处理技术的研究现状

木质纤维素是一种廉价、丰富的可再生资源,是生产生物燃料和增值化学品的重要原材料,具有巨大的应用前景。在生物质转化过程中需要一种有效的预处理方法来削弱纤维素、半纤维素和木素之间的化学键以提高木质纤维生物质的可消化性。我们对各种预处理方案进行了梳理,包括物理法、化学法、物理化学法、生物法和联合法预处理,并总结了各种方法的优缺点,最后对生物质预处理技术前景进行展望。     

利用木质纤维素原料生产高附加值产品的技术前景

在过去的10年间,对生物质废料资源化利用的研究逐渐成为了热点。为实现生物质经济的可持续发展,必须对抽提、回收及合成工业应用的生物质产品进行研究。生物质废料的有效利用,尤其是木质纤维素原料（主要由纤维素、半纤维素以及木质素组成）的大规模应用必须通过创新性研究来实现。文中通过一种生物质精炼工艺路线介绍了木质纤维素生物质加工的最新进展,并进行了深入分析,同时,还在生物质精炼工厂范围内讨论和检验了现有工业生物质加工工艺。     

欧洲木质纤维素生物质精炼的现状与前景

2012年,欧洲生物经济战略正式启动,欧盟正式将生物经济定义为:利用和生产可再生生物质资源,并将这些资源和一些废弃物转化为高附加值的生物质产品的经济模式。在该战略及其有关方案的推动下,生物质精炼逐渐成为未来生物经济的重要组成部分。目前,欧洲共有40多家木质纤维素生物质精炼厂,本文主要介绍生物质精炼领域的关键要素,包括原料来源、加工方法和生物质产品市场等,以及这一新产业面临的挑战和未来的发展机遇。欧盟旨在支持该行业实现气候和生物质能源目标,推动欧洲范围内生物质精炼以及生物经济的发展,在一定程度上也为其他国家和地区发展生物经济提供了蓝本。     

半纤维素降解产物糖醛酸的测定方法研究进展

木质纤维是制造材料、能源和化学品的重要资源。关于木质纤维中纤维素、木素和半纤维素分离的工作多年来一直是人们关注的课题。探究半纤维素的降解和结构变化对于实现植物纤维三大素分离、拓宽生物质精炼的新模式具有重要意义,将为制浆造纸工艺和生物质基材料的发展提供新方法和新思路。本文重点阐述了半纤维素在碱性蒸煮过程中的主要降解产物4-O-甲基葡萄糖醛酸(meGlcA)及其转化物己烯糖醛酸(HexA)含量的测定方法,meGlcA含量的准确测定有助于改进制浆蒸煮工艺条件,提高纤维分离的纯度和成纸质量,更好实现纤维素高值化利用;HexA在制浆过程中影响着漂白工艺化学品的消耗,测定其成分变化能够为降低漂白剂用量提供基础。     

纤维素酶转化木质纤维素生物质生产乙醇的研究进展

木质纤维素生物质是价廉易得、来源丰富的可再生资源和能源，被纤维素酶转化后可以生产乙醇部分替代石油，这不仅有利于环境保护和资源再利用，而且可减少温室气体的排放和缓解化石能源的危机。纤维素酶成本的降低以及纤维素转化效率的提高是纤维素酶转化木质纤维素生物质生产乙醇的关键。本文综述了纤维素酶转化木质纤维素生物质生产乙醇的研究进展，主要包括纤维素酶的分类及其作用机制、纤维素酶的生产、木质纤维素生物质的预处理、纤维素酶的转化和糖化发酵乙醇工艺。     

基于低共熔溶剂预处理的木质纤维素生物质精炼研究进展

低共熔溶剂(DES)是一种新型的绿色溶剂,具有制备简单、成本低廉、生物相容性好、可循环再生、分子极性强和可设计性等特点,在生物质精炼、催化转化及功能材料构筑等领域展现出良好的应用前景.本文结合DES预处理技术在木质纤维素生物质精炼领域的最新研究报道,重点综述了不同组成和性质的DES采用单独或协同预处理分别对纤维素、半纤...     

纤维素、半纤维素与木质素间相互作用研究进展

纤维素、半纤维素和木质素是木质纤维生物质细胞壁中的3种主要组分,其通过复杂的相互作用形成超分子网络结构,使木质纤维生物质具有优异的机械性能及抵抗物理、化学和微生物降解的能力,同时也导致生物质预处理和组分分离困难。本文总结了近年来关于纤维素、半纤维素与木质素间相互作用的研究进展,重点介绍了木质素与半纤维素之间的共价键、范德华力和静电作用等,以期在原子-分子水平上充分认识和了解细胞壁结构,为通过基因工程合成易降解的木质纤维原料,或寻找清洁高效的生物质精炼技术提供一定的理论指导。     

基于熔盐水合物预处理的木质纤维生物质精炼研究进展

熔盐水合物（molten salt hydrate,MSH）具有易制备、成本低、沸点高、蒸汽压低、环境友好等特点,在木质纤维生物质精炼领域展现出广阔的应用前景。本文主要综述了MSH预处理技术在木质纤维生物质组分分离及高值化利用方面的研究进展,并总结了MSH预处理技术在目前木质纤维生物质精炼研究发展中存在的不足及未来的发展方向,以期为木质纤维生物质的精炼研究提供借鉴。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the