冷喷涂特性

冷喷涂技术是近年来发展起来的新型喷涂技术，该方法通过低温（＜600℃）的高速固态粒子与基体发生塑性碰撞而实现涂层沉积，可以避免喷涂材料在喷涂过程中受热影响而发生氧化，分解等，可以将喷涂材料的组织结构在不发生变化的条件下移植到基体表面，简要介绍了冷喷涂技术的原理与特点，冷喷涂层的组织结构与性能以及涂层沉积特性与行为的研究现状，粒子的速度对于涂层的沉积起着决定性作用，对于一定的材料存在一临界速度，约为500－600m/s，当粒子速度超过该临界速度后，随着速度的增加，沉积效率增加，最高可以达到80％以上，迄今的研究表明，冷喷涂可以实现大多数金属材料甚至金属陶瓷材料的沉积。     

冷喷涂Zn工艺参数对涂层质量的影响

简要介绍了冷喷涂技术的特点及工艺原理。利用粒子测速仪进行了粒子速度测试,借助扫描电镜观察了涂层以及涂层与界面的形貌,具体讨论并分析了气体压力、温度、粉末性质以及喷涂距离等因素对颗粒速度和涂层质量的影响。     

Fe粒子参数对低温超音速火焰喷涂层构建的影响

应用LS-DYNA大应变有限元耦合算法,研究了低温超音速火焰喷涂Fe粒子参数对喷涂层构建的影响.结果表明,随着粒子温度或者速度的升高,粒子所含内能的增加,使得涂层界面温度不断升高,粒子的沉积塑性应变发生变化.粒子在不同基体上的沉积特征表明基体硬度将影响沉积粒子与基体界面的结合状态.随着涂层的构成,后续粒子对已沉积粒子的高速撞击使得先沉积的粒子产生二次塑性变形,并引发温变.先沉积的粒子塑性变形引起的粗化作用将降低后续粒子沉积的临界速度.这些将导致涂层在拉应力作用下发生脆性断裂.     

中国冷喷涂研究进展

冷喷涂是通过高速固态颗粒依次与固态基体碰撞后、经过适当的变形牢固结合在基体表面而依次沉积形成沉积层的方法.其关键技术是控制不同材料粒子的速度超过其相应的临界速度.文中总结了中国冷喷涂研究的进展.10年来,中国对冷喷涂的研究有了长足进展,发表的论文数量从2000年1篇增加到2007年的28篇.在冷喷涂设备系统研究的基础上,研究工作的基本方法包括数值模拟和试验研究两个方面.当前中国冷喷涂涂层沉积研究基本处于国际前沿,实现了多种金属合金材料、金属间化合物、金属陶瓷与陶瓷涂层的沉积.涂层不仅可以用作保护涂层,还可以用作功能涂层,具有钎料功能的涂层可以通过冷喷涂预制钎料而为钎焊作准备,关于涂层的结合、涂层内颗粒之间的结合、涂层沉积过程规律与组织结构的控制等相关的基础研究还有待于深入开展.     

冷喷涂技术的研究进展

冷喷涂是基于空气动力学原理的一种新型喷涂技术.它是利用低温(一般低于600℃)超音速气体射流加速喷涂粒子,使粒子不熔化,以固态形式与基体发生塑性碰撞而实现涂层沉积.相比于热喷涂技术,冷喷涂可以避免材料在喷涂过程中发生过热、氧化、晶粒长大等现象,适用于非晶、纳米晶涂层的制备.介绍了冷喷涂技术的原理、特点、沉积机制和工艺参数,总结了冷喷涂纳米涂层的研究进展.     

冷喷涂TC4涂层临界沉积速度计算及制备涂层性能研究

目的研究冷喷涂TC4涂层的临界沉积速度及粒子温度对临界沉积速度的影响规律,并研究气体压强对沉积涂层性能的影响规律。方法理论研究上,采用有限元LS-DYNA软件中的Johnson-Cook塑性模型,选取3D164计算单元建立模型,研究粒子在不同温度和不同速度下碰撞基体后的形貌特征,确定粒子沉积临界速度。试验研究上,采用N_2作为冷喷涂驱动气体,在TC4合金上制备TC4涂层,然后采用SEM、Image J图像分析软件、硬度计等分析已沉积涂层的孔隙率和硬度等性能。结果 25、400、500、600℃温度下,计算表明10μm的TC4合金粒子在TC4基板上的临界沉积速度分别为730、465、392、361 m/s,即随粒子温度升高,粒子临界沉积速度降低,粒子沉积成涂层更容易。采用冷喷涂工艺在TC4基板上沉积TC4涂层,在N_2温度600℃、气体压力3 MPa的条件下,制备的TC4涂层厚度约1000μm,与TC4钛合金基体结合紧密,涂层孔隙率约为6.46%。结论气体温度升高,粒子临界沉积速度降低;气体压强变大,制备的涂层厚度就大且更加致密。     

冷喷涂Cu涂层过程中粒子速度的影响因素分析

简要介绍了冷喷涂技术特点及工艺原理。利用粒子测速仪对各种因素下的粒子速度进行了测试；借助扫描电镜观察了涂层以及涂层与界面的形貌；具体讨论和分析了气体压力、温度、粉末以及喷涂距离等因素对颗粒速度的影响。     

冷喷涂过程中气固两相流动行为及喷涂工艺优化研究新进展

冷喷涂技术因其固态沉积特性及突出的冶金优势,在金属或金属基复合材料涂层制备、增材制造与修复再制造等领域获得了国内外研究者的广泛关注。 近十年来,国内外对冷喷涂技术的基础理论研究也取得了重要进展。 冷喷涂粒子加速加热行为是结合机理研究的先决条件。 因此,文中结合作者多年的研究经验,对冷喷涂过程中气固两相流动行为及喷涂工艺优化的最新进展进行了综述。 首先,分析了冷喷涂喷嘴内外的气体流动特性;其次,讨论了冷喷涂粒子的加速与加热行为;然后,阐述了冷喷涂过程中工艺参数优化的策略;最后,给出了相关研究的发展方向。     

冷喷涂制备钛及钛合金涂层研究进展

冷喷涂过程的低温特性决定了其适合制备氧化敏感性的 Ti 及 Ti 合金涂层,由于 Ti 金属的难变形性,使得很难得到高质量的冷喷涂涂层。 国内外学者对冷喷涂制备 Ti 及 Ti 合金涂层开展了初步研究工作。 文中在大量文献分析的基础上对冷喷涂制备 Ti 及 Ti 合金涂层组织调控手段进行了分类总结。 目前,对冷喷钛及钛合金涂层的调控手段主要集中在喷涂参数、粉末状态、基体状态和喷嘴等 4 个方面。 除此之外,一些新兴的技术如原位喷丸辅助技术、温喷涂技术也被证明是一种有效的增强难变形粒子变形的技术。 未来对冷喷涂 Ti 及 Ti 合金涂层的研究既要注重冷喷涂工艺本身,又要加强与其他加工技术的融合。     

冷喷涂技术及其系统的研究现状与展望

与传统的热喷涂相比,冷喷涂具有沉积温度低、沉积效率高、孔隙率低,以及粉末在沉积过程中不易发生氧化、分解、相变和纳米结构材料的晶粒长大等问题,这使得氧化敏感、温度敏感和相变敏感等材料的高质量涂层制备成为可能.更值得一提地是,近年来冷喷涂工艺与设备的大力发展使冷喷涂作为一种快速固态成形工艺,在金属增材制造和航空航天等关键零...     

An analysis of the cold spray process and its coatings

In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and extensive spray tests were performed for detailed analyses of the cold spray process. The modeling of the gas and particle flow field for different nozzle geometries and process parameters in correlation with the results of the experiments reveal that adhesion only occurs when the powder particles exceed a critical impact velocity that is specific to the spray material. For spherical copper powder with low oxygen content, the critical velocity was determined to be about 570 m/s. With nitrogen as the process gas and particle grain sizes from 5–25 μm, deposition efficiencies of more than 70% were achieved. The cold sprayed coatings show negligible porosity and oxygen contents comparable to the initial powder feedstock. Therefore, properties such as the electrical conductivity at room temperature correspond to those of the bulk material. The methods presented here can also be applied to develop strategies for cold spraying of other materials such as zinc, stainless steel, or nickel-based super-alloys.     

Cold-Sprayed Magnesium Coatings Deposited with Helium and Air

Cold-sprayed magnesium coatings have been little researched although cold spraying has been applied to deposit a large number of materials such as metals,metal matrix composites.In the present study,helium gas and air were employed as the propelling gases to deposit Mg coatings under the temperature of 600℃and 630℃.The effect of gas types on the coating microstructure was investigated.It is much interesting to find that the particle deposition efficiency using helium gas as propelling gas is lower than that using air.This suggests that strong erosion occurred during cold spraying using helium gas.The porosity of the coating using helium gas is lower than that using air.In addition,the in-flight particle velocity was also simulated by the FLUENT software to explore the effect of gas types.The modeled results show that the in-flight particle velocity using helium is higher than the erosion velocity of Mg particle.     

Influence of Helium and Nitrogen Gases on the Properties of Cold Gas Dynamic Sprayed Pure Titanium Coatings

This study investigates the effect of propellant gas, helium, and nitrogen during cold spraying of titanium coatings. Coatings were characterized by SEM and were evaluated for their deposition efficiency (DE), microhardness, and porosity. In selected conditions, three particle velocities were investigated in which for each condition, the propelling gases?? temperature and pressure were attuned to attain similar particle velocities for each gas. Observations show that loosely bonded particles can be detached by high-pressure supersonic gas stream. Selected coatings were characterized by XPS to analyze the occurrence of oxidation and nitridation. Although generally accepted that coating characteristics can be affected by particle temperature, results show that for the same particle velocity, DE and coating density are also a function of substrate temperature. In addition, a thick and fully dense cold sprayed titanium coating was achieved with optimized spray parameters and nozzle using helium. The corresponding average particle velocity was 1173 m/s.     

冷喷涂金属基复合涂层及材料研究进展

冷喷涂是近年来一种发展十分迅速的材料固态沉积技术,其具有喷涂温度低和颗粒沉积速度高的特点,在金属基复合涂层及材料制备方面展现出了良好的应用前景。 在大量文献整理和分析的基础上,对冷喷涂金属基复合涂层及材料的最新研究进展进行了系统的介绍。 首先归纳了机械混合法、球磨法、包覆法以及造粒法等复合粉末的制备方法及其优缺点,为复合粉末的制备和选择提供了参考;其次,分类介绍了采用冷喷涂制备的铝基、镍基、铜基、钴基以及其他金属基复合涂层及材料;再次,分析了退火、激光、搅拌摩擦焊和热机械等后续处理方法对冷喷涂金属基复合涂层及材料组织结构和性能的影响,并介绍了不同后续处理方法的优缺点;最后,总结了冷喷涂金属基复合涂层及材料的潜在应用领域和存在问题。     

Effect of Nozzle Geometry on the Microstructure and Properties of HVAF-Sprayed WC-10Co4Cr and Cr<Subscript>3</Subscript>C<Subscript>2</Subscript>-25NiCr Coatings

Thermally sprayed hard metal coatings are the industrial standard solution for numerous demanding applications to improve wear resistance. In the aim of improving coating quality by utilising finer particle size distributions, several approaches have been studied to control the spray temperature. The most viable solution is to use the modern high velocity air-fuel (HVAF) spray process, which has already proven to produce high-quality coatings with dense structures. In HVAF spray process, the particle heating and acceleration can be efficiently controlled by changing the nozzle geometry. In this study, fine WC-10Co4Cr and Cr₃C₂-25NiCr powders were sprayed with three nozzle geometries to investigate their effect on the particle temperature, velocity and coating microstructure. The study demonstrates that the particle melting and resulting carbide dissolution can be efficiently controlled by changing the nozzle geometry from cylindrical to convergent–divergent. Moreover, the average particle velocity was increased from 780 to over 900 m/s. The increase in particle velocity significantly improved the coating structure and density. Further evaluation was carried out to resolve the effect of particle in-flight parameters on coating structure and cavitation erosion resistance, which was significantly improved in the case of WC-10Co4Cr coatings with the increasing average particle velocity.     

Effect of Nozzle Material on Downstream Lateral Injection Cold Spray Performance

In cold gas dynamic spraying, the gas nature, process stagnation pressure and temperature, and the standoff distance are known to be important parameters that affect the deposition efficiency and coating quality. This investigation attempts to elucidate the effect of nozzle material on coatings produced using a downstream lateral injection cold spray system. Through experimentation, it is shown that the nozzle material has a substantial effect on deposition efficiency and particle velocity. It is proposed that the effects are related to complex interaction between the particles and the internal nozzle walls. The results obtained lead to the conclusion that during the particle/nozzle wall contact, a nozzle with higher thermal diffusivity transfers more heat to the particles. This heat transfer results in lower critical velocities and therefore higher deposition efficiencies, despite a noticeable reduction of particle velocities which is also attributed to particle-nozzle interactions.     

Bonding mechanism in cold gas spraying

Cold gas spraying is a relatively new coating process by which coatings can be produced without significant heating of the sprayed powder. In contrast to the well-known thermal spray processes such as flame, arc, and plasma spraying, in cold spraying there is no melting of particles prior to impact on the substrate. The adhesion of particles in this process is due solely to their kinetic energy upon impact. Experimental investigations show that successful bonding is achieved only above a critical particle velocity, whose value depends on the temperature and the thermomechanical properties of the sprayed material. This paper supplies a hypothesis for the bonding of particles in cold gas spraying, by making use of numerical modelling of the deformation during particle impact. The results of modelling are assessed with respect to the experimentally evaluated critical velocities, impact morphologies and strengths of coatings. The analysis demonstrates that bonding can be attributed to adiabatic shear instabilities which occur at the particle surface at or beyond the critical velocity. On the basis of this criterion, critical velocities can be predicted and used to optimise process parameters for various materials.     

Plasma spraying of Wc-Co part I: Theoretical investigation of particle heating and acceleration during spraying

Plasma-sprayed WC-Co coatings are used extensively in a variety of wear-resistant applications. The quality of these sprayed coatings depends greatly on the temperature and velocity of the powder particles impacting the substrate. Because it is both expensive and difficult to experimentally determine these particle parameters, the present study deals with a theoretical investigation of particle heatup and acceleration during plasma spraying of WC-Co based on a recently developed model. The effect of WC-Co particle size on the evolution of particle temperature and velocity is examined through calculations performed under typical spraying conditions. The implications of the powder particles, assuming an off-axis trajectory during their traverse through the plasma flame, are also discussed.     

Structure of plasma-sprayed zirconia coatings tailored by controlling the temperature and velocity of the sprayed particles

The correlation between particle temperature and velocity with the structure of plasma-sprayed zirconia coatings is studied to determine which parameter most strongly influences the coating structure. The particle temperature and velocity are measured using an integrated optical monitoring system positioned normal to the spraying axis. The total porosity, angular crack distribution, and thermal diffusivity are correlated with the particle temperature and velocity. Results show that the temperature of the sprayed particles has a larger effect on the coating properties than the velocity in the conditions investigated.     

主气流温度对高压冷喷涂粉末速度和温度的影响

目的研究高压冷喷涂中,送粉气流在室温时主气流温度对冷喷涂粒子速度和温度的影响。方法利用计算流体力学软件FLUENT对冷喷涂流场进行数值模拟,分析不同送粉压差、不同喷管喉部直径的情况下,主气流温度对气体流场、粉末速度和温度的影响状况。结果送粉压差为0.1 MPa且喷管喉部直径为2 mm时,进入喷管的送粉气流流量占总气流流量的比值超过50%,此时提升主气流温度对冷喷涂粒子撞击速度和温度的提升幅度十分有限。在不改变送粉气流流量的情况下,增加喷管喉部直径可有效削弱送粉气流对粒子加速的不利影响。结论考虑送粉气流时,主气流温度对冷喷涂粉末沉积效果较弱,为了提高冷喷涂粉末沉积效率应保证顺利送粉的前提下尽可能地减小送粉气流流量,并且在设计喷管时应适当增加喷管喉部直径。