Zonal disintegration phenomenon in rock mass surrounding deep tunnels

Zonal disintegration is a typical static phenomenon of deep rock masses. It has been defined as alternating regions of fractured and relatively intact rock mass that appear around or in front of the working stope during excavation of a deep tunnel. Zonal disintegration phenomenon was successfully demonstrated in the laboratory with 3D tests on analogous gypsum models, two circular cracked zones were observed in the test. The linear Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion was used with a constitutive model that showed linear softening and ideal residual plastic to analyze the elasto-plastic field of the enclosing rock mass around a deep tunnel. The results show that tunneling causes a maximum stress zone to appear between an elastic and plastic zone in the surrounding rock. The zonal disintegration phenomenon is analyzed by considering the stress-strain state of the rock mass in the vicinity of the maximum stress zone. Creep instability failure of the rock due to the development of the plastic zone, and transfer of the maximum stress zone into the rock mass, are the cause of zonal disintegration. An analytical criterion for the critical depth at which zonal disintegration can occur is derived. This depth depends mainly on the character and stress concentration coefficient of the rock mass.     

Zonal disintegration phenomenon in enclosing rock mass surrounding deep tunnels -- Elasto-plastic analysis of stress field of enclosing rock mass

The zonal disintegration phenomenon (ZDP) is a typical phenomenon in deep block rock masses. In order to investigate the mechanism of ZDP, an improved non-linear Hock-Brown strength criterion and a bi-linear constitutive model of rock mass were used to analyze the elasto-plastic stress field of the enclosing rock mass around a deep round tunnel. The radius of the plastic region and stress of the enclosing rock mass were obtained by introducing dimensionless parameters of radial distance. The results show that tunneling in deep rock mass causes a maximum stress zone to appear in the vicinity of the boundary of the elastic and the plas-tic zone in the surrounding rock mass. Under the compression of a large tangential force and a small radial force, the rock mass in the maximum stress zone was in an approximate uniaxial loading state, which could lead to a split failure in the rock mass.     

Zonal disintegration phenomenon in enclosing rock mass surrounding deep tunnels—mechanism and discussion of characteristic parameters

The mechanism of the zonal disintegration phenomenon (ZDP) was realized based on the analysis of the stressedstrained state of the rock mass in the vicinity of the maximum stress zone, which resides in the creep instability failure of rock mass due to the development of a plastic zone and transfer of the maximum stress zone within the rock mass. Some characteristic parameters of the ZDP are discussed theoretically. In first instance, the analytical critical depth condition for the occurrence of ZDP was obtained, which depends on the characteristics and stress concentration coefficient of the rock mass. Secondly, based on creep theory, the expression of the outer radius of the undisturbed zones in the deep rock mass was obtained with the use of an improved Burgers theological model, which indicated that the radius depends on the characteristics of the rock mass and the depth of excavation and increases quasi-linearly with the rise of creep compliance of the rock mass. Finally, the formula for the distance of the most remote fissured zone away from the working periphery was derived, which increases logarithmically with the increase in the ratio of the in-situ stress and ultimate strength of rock mass. The distances between fissured zones are discussed in qualitative terms.     

Mechanism of Pendulum-type wave phenomenon in deep block rock mass

Pendulum-type (μ wave) wave is a new type of elastic wave propagated with low frequency and low velocity in deep block rock masses. The μ wave is sharply different from the traditional longitudinal and transverse waves propagated in continuum media and is also a phenomenon of the sign-variable reaction of deep block rock masses to dynamic actions, besides the Anomalous Low Friction (ALF) phenomenon. In order to confirm the existence of the μ wave and study the rule of variation of this μ wave experimentally and theoretically, we first carried out one-dimensional low-speed impact experiments on granite and cement mortar blocks and continuum block models with different characteristic dimensions, based on the multipurpose testing system developed by us independently, The effects of model material and dimensions of models on the propagation properties of 1D stress wave in blocks medium are discussed. Based on a comparison and analysis of the propagation properties (acceleration amplitudes and Fou-rier spectra) of stress wave in these models, we conclude that the fractures in rock mass have considerable effect on the attenuation of the stress wave and retardarce of high frequency waves. We compared our model test data with the data of in-situ measurements from deep mines in Russia and their conclusions. The low-frequency waves occurring in blocks models were validated as Pendu-lum-type wave. The frequencies corresponding to local maxima of spectral density curves of three-directional acceleration satisfied several canonical sequences with the multiple of (√2),most of those frequencies satisfied the quantitative expression(√2)iVP/2△.     

基于马尔可夫过程和深度神经网络的TBM围岩识别

为了实现隧道围岩的实时识别,基于马尔可夫过程和深度神经网络模型,提出将先验围岩信息和掘进参数结合,作为深度神经网络输入的隧道掘进机（TBM）围岩实时识别方法. 根据施工现场地质勘探资料,用马尔可夫过程的隧道围岩分类方法预测隧道沿线的围岩分布概率;将该围岩分布概率作为先验围岩信息,结合TBM掘进参数作为神经网络输入,真实围岩类别作为输出,训练深度神经网络以实现对TBM前方围岩的实时识别. 使用工程现场数据进行对比实验,结果表明,所设计的深度神经网络模型的围岩总体识别率高于96%. 相比于仅将掘进参数作为输入,当结合先验围岩信息和掘进参数作为输入时,模型围岩识别率提高6%以上.     

Analysis of microseismic activity in rock mass controlled by fault in deep metal mine

Aiming at evaluating the stability of a rock mass near a fault,a microseismic(MS) monitoring system was established in Hongtoushan copper mine.The distribution of displacement and log(/),the relationship between MS activity and the exploitation process,and the stability of the rock mass controlled by a fault were studied.The results obtained from microseismic data showed that MS events were mainly concentrated al the footwall of the fault.When the distance to the fault exceeded 20 m,the rock mass reached a relatively stable state.MS activity is closely related to the mining process.Under the strong disturbance from blasting,the initiation and propagation of cracks is much faster.MS activity belongs in the category of aftershocks after large scale excavation.The displacement and log(C/) obtained from MS events can reflect the difference in physical and mechanical behavior of different areas within the rock mass,which is useful in judging the integrity and degradation of the rock mass.     

双节理岩体TBM滚刀破岩过程数值模拟

为了研究节理特征对全断面掘进机(tunnel boring machine, TBM)盘形滚刀破岩的影响,采用颗粒流方法建立盘形滚刀与含平行双节理岩体的二维数值模型,进行不同节理倾角和间距的30组数值试验,根据数值试验结果研究岩体破裂模式、滚刀竖向接触力峰值随节理倾角和间距的变化规律、滚刀破岩过程中细观裂纹扩展规律。研究结果表明:不同的节理特征下,滚刀破岩可以分为4种基本的破裂模式;滚刀竖向接触力峰值随节理倾角的增大呈现先减小后增大的趋势,在节理倾角为30°或45°时最小,在节理倾角为90°时最大;滚刀竖向接触力峰值随节理间距的增大总体上呈现增大趋势;随滚刀的贯入,滚刀竖向接触力与细观裂纹个数有3个关联的变化阶段。通过研究TBM滚刀与节理岩体相互作用机制,揭示不同节理特征对滚刀破岩的影响规律,对TBM滚刀的合理设计和施工有一定的指导意义。     

Mechanism of energy limit equilibrium of rock burst in coal mine

With the increase of mining depth, the effect of rock burst on coal mining is becoming more and more obvious and the rock burst mechanism becomes more and more complicated. Scholars from many countries had put forward different mechanisms, but no one gave a reasonable explanation to the mechanism of rock burst. In this paper, based on the energy theories, we studied the energy limit equilibrium (ELE) of coal mine rock burst. The coal seam with rock burst is divided into energy limit equilibrium zone (ELEZ) (A) and elastic zone (B); we also determined the position where the rock burst occurs, including the roof and floor of coal seams; in addition, we derived the limit width of ELEZ and the mathematic relationship between the limit width and occurrence mechanism of rock burst: the energy difference function (EDF), w(x) = wJ - wp because first-order derivative w'(x), is less than 0. So EDF is a monotonically decreasing function. The graph of the energy difference function was also determined,through which we analysed the occurrence mechanism of rock burst.     

原岩应力的边界元位移反分析确定方法

围岩位移量在岩石地下工程中比较容易测得，利用数值计算方法通过反分析的手段可以由位移反算出原岩应力，并通过边界元法阐述了原岩应力位移反分析法的原理。