Ratcheting convective cells of sand grains around offshore piles under cyclic lateral loads

Sand densification around the pile has traditionally been regarded as an explanation for the grain migration and soil subsidence that often occur around cyclic laterally loaded piles embedded in sand. Supported by new empirical evidence, this paper proposes that, additionally to some soil densification around the pile, the main cause for the continuous “steady-state” grain migration is a convective cell flow of sand grains in the vicinities of the pile head. Such convective flow would be caused by a ratcheting mechanism triggered by the cyclic low-frequency lateral displacements of the pile. Furthermore, the experimental results suggest that the limit between the convective cell and the static soil is marked by a distinct direct shear surface. This might shed some light into the complex phenomena related to the pile-soil interaction in the upper layers of the bedding, which are normally the main contributor for the lateral load-bearing capacity of piles.     

Vibration-induced arching in a deep granular bed

Forced vertical vibration of a granular layer can drive flow phenomena such as heaping, convection, fluidization, densification, surface waves and arching. Food, mineral processing, and pharmaceuticals industries all utilize vibratory processes for the handling and transport of granular materials. Understanding how a granular material responds when subjected to vibration is essential for equipment design. Three-dimensional discrete element simulations have been used in this study to investigate the convective motion leading to arching in a vertically vibrated, deep granular bed. The undulating granular layer contains alternating regions that first compact and then relax. The dynamics of these regions may depend on material properties such as restitution and friction coefficients; as well as particle shape. The effects of these factors on the kinematics and dynamics of the arching pattern are investigated here. The arching pattern is found to arise from synchronised momentum transfer between the rise and fall of the deforming granular layer and horizontally travelling waves. The arching pattern was found to be stable across a broad range of restitution and friction levels and particle shapes. Particles with high restitution tend to disrupt the timing between the vertical and horizontal periodic flows and affect the stability of the pattern selection. Large friction results in shear resistance, higher bed pressures, lower bulk densities, and delays in the timing of the vertical and horizontal momentum transfer. Non-sphericity leads to increased dilation of the bed, slower sideways velocities, and increased loading on the floor and dissipation rate in the bed.     

黏弹性地基中基于虚土桩模型的桩顶纵向振动阻抗研究

基于虚土桩模型,对均质粘弹性地基中桩土纵向耦合振动问题进行了研究。首先,假定桩侧土为各向同性的线性粘弹性材料,并考虑土体的竖向波动效应,结合Euler-Bernoulli杆件理论,建立了桩土纵向耦合振动的定解问题;其次,采用分离变量法求解桩侧土纵向振动的控制方程,得到了桩侧土与桩身接触面上的剪切动刚度,将所得的剪切动刚度代入到桩身振动控制方程,采用Laplace变换技术,进一步求得了任意荷载作用下桩顶纵向振动阻抗的解析解。基于所得解,详细讨论了不同桩身设计参数时桩端土厚度对桩顶纵向振动阻抗的影响。最后,将虚土桩模型与其他桩端土支承模型进行了对比研究,结果表明,对虚土桩模型选用合适的材料参数和桩端土厚度,其得到的桩端支承复刚度值介于现有多种模型的计算值之间。     

Blast response and failure analysis of pile foundations subjected to surface explosion

This paper presents the response of pile foundations to ground shocks induced by surface explosion using fully coupled and non-linear dynamic computer simulation techniques together with different material models for the explosive, air, soil and pile. It uses the Arbitrary Lagrange Euler coupling formulation with proper state material parameters and equations. Blast wave propagation in soil, horizontal pile deformation and pile damage are presented to facilitate failure evaluation of piles. Effects of end restraint of pile head and the number and spacing of piles within a group on their blast response and potential failure are investigated. The techniques developed and applied in this paper and its findings provide valuable information on the blast response and failure evaluation of piles and will provide guidance in their future analysis and design.     

A numerical study of piled raft foundations

Abstract

This paper presents raft‐pile‐soil interaction for a vertically loaded flexible piled raft on layered subsoil using a two‐dimensional finite difference numerical tool. The subsoil is modeled as a linear elastic material and the raft is modeled as a beam structure under plane strain. In addition, the piles are simulated by a series of pile elements considering the pile/soil interface behavior. In the simulations, the required input parameters of soil, pile and interface are determined by back analyses of pile loading tests. Settlement, bending moment, both in pile and raft, as well as effects of raft flexibility for vertical uniform loading in the subsoil were examined. It is found that even though for vertical uniform loading, a relatively high bending moment may be induced in the piles due to lateral displacement of the stressed subsoil. For the case of a piled raft placed over a soft clay layer at ground surface the contact pressure at the raft‐soil interface is merely 4 ～ 6% of that developed in the unpiled raft. Nevertheless, the contact pressure may reach 15 ～ 25% of that of the unpiled raft if the piled raft is resting on a sand layer at the ground surface. This implies that the loading carried by the pile group could be reduced by almost 1/4 of the design load and it could eventually reduce the cost of pile group construction to a certain extent.     

Effect of axial ratcheting deformation on torsional low cycle fatigue life of lead-free solder Sn–3.5Ag

Multiaxial fatigue tests were conducted on Sn–3.5Ag solder specimens under axial/torsional loading at room temperature. It was found that the ratcheting strain increased while the fatigue life decreased with the increase of axial stress and shear strain amplitude. A power relationship of ratcheting strain rate versus fatigue life was observed. Equivalent strain approach and critical plane approaches were evaluated with fatigue life data obtained in the tests. Since those approaches excluded the consideration of the ratcheting strain and mean stress, the methods for fatigue life prediction were improper for multiaxial fatigue with ratcheting strain. Coffin model, considered the effect of ratcheting on fatigue life depending on the ratio of ratcheting strain to material ductility, brought the fatigue life predictions on non-conservative side if the ratcheting deformation was large. For this reason, a model with the maximum shear strain range and axial ratcheting strain rate was proposed as a new damage parameter. The new model could not only describe the fatigue life in torsion test, but also predicted torsional fatigue life of the lead-free solder with axial ratcheting.     

液化场地桩柱式基础桥梁结构地震反应的敏感性分析

地震反应的有效估计是液化场地桥梁结构设计、加固改造的必要环节,但通过数值模拟手段获得的结果易受模型参数变化的影响。为探究影响液化场地桥梁结构地震反应的控制性参数,该文首先建立了某离心机试验的场地-结构整体有限元模型,通过数值分析与试验结果的对比验证了数值方法的可靠性;然后,建立了上覆粘土层-松砂层-密砂层的典型倾斜液化场地-桩柱式桥梁结构有限元模型,采用龙卷风图和一次二阶矩方法,以场地和结构的主要物理性质为分析参数,进行场地、结构地震反应的敏感性分析。结果表明:场地、结构的地震反应与各分析参数大体上呈线性或低非线性的变化关系;在所研究的参数中,液化松砂层的内摩擦角、土层倾角和地震峰值加速度为控制性参数,而密砂层各参数和钢筋、混凝土强度参数的敏感性均很低。研究结果可对液化场地桥梁结构地震反应的准确估算,振动台、离心机模型试验的工况优化提供科学参考。     

爆炸法密实砂土地基(Ⅱ)—现场试验

对大面积吹填砂地基的处理需要寻找一种更经济、快速的地基处理方法。在软基础处理的各种方法中,爆炸法处理松散砂土地基以其快速、经济、简单的优点为人们所认同,但爆炸密实法在我国地基处理中应用得不多。本文尝试应用了爆炸密实法处理某码头吹填砂地基,进行了现场试验,验证爆炸法处理吹填砂地基的效果及可行性,为爆炸密实法处理地基的工程设计和理论研究提供参考。     

考虑附加抗力影响的单桩水平受力分析方法

单桩基础受水平荷载作用时,桩身截面转动引起的竖向摩阻力形成土对桩的附加抗力矩,同时桩端土对桩也有一定的附加抗力效应。为了研究桩身和桩端附加抗力对单桩水平承载特性的影响,该文基于API规范推荐的砂土摩阻力模型,结合桩身径向土压力引起的极限摩阻力增强效应,推导出砂土中桩身抗力矩的离散数值解和简化公式解;采用API规范推荐的黏性土摩阻力模型,推导出黏性土中桩身抗力矩的离散数值解和简化公式解。基于双曲线桩端竖向应力-位移模型,在考虑桩端桩-土界面脱开效应的基础上,得到了桩端抗力矩的离散数值解和简化公式解,桩端水平剪力的离散数值解;进而提出基于Winkler地基梁模型的有限元计算方法,并编制了程序。通过对比试验数据,初步验证了该文方法的正确性,进行了水平承载力的参数分析,结果表明:随着长径比的增加,附加抗力在总水平承载力中的占比逐渐减小;而随着桩直径的增加,附加抗力在总水平承载力中的占比并未显著变化。     

碎石桩加固可液化场地数值模拟与分析

采用砂土液化大变形模型模拟饱和砂土及等效非线性增量模型模拟碎石桩,对碎石桩加固约19 m厚饱和砂土场地的动力离心模型试验进行数值模拟,在加固区与非加固区不同部位的加速度和超静孔隙水压响应时程与试验数据符合较好。在试验验证的基础上,对不同震动强度下碎石桩的排水与加密效应对加固可液化场地的动力响应影响进行了模拟研究,包括:超静孔压累积与消散,土体液化变形的发展,及加固区内部与外部响应差异等。结果表明:碎石桩加固可明显改善土体抗液化能力,在所分析的0.2 g震动强度工况,碎石桩加固区除桩间土浅层1 m~2 m少量部位外未出现土体液化,基本达到加固消除液化的目的。碎石桩抗液化的有效影响范围约为2.5倍~3倍桩径,在浅层小而随深度增加;外围桩发挥着加固区排水屏障和非加固区排水通道的作用;碎石桩加固加密土体时,会提高土体的剪应力比峰值。     

电晕处理对高性能PBO纤维的表面性能及其界面粘接性能的影响

对高性能PBO纤维表面进行了电晕处理,优化了其处理工艺。用XPS,FT-IR和SEM研究了处理前后纤维表面化学结构及物理结构的变化,通过单丝拔出试验和短梁剪切试验评价了PBO纤维与树脂基体的微宏观界面粘接性能。结果表明:经电晕处理后,PBO纤维表面含氧量增多,表面浸润性得到改善,单丝拔出的PBO-环氧界面剪切强度(IFSS)提高了25.6 ％,但短梁剪切强度(ILSS)的提高不明显。     

爆炸法密实砂土地基(Ⅱ)——现场试验

对大面积吹填砂地基的处理需要寻找一种更经济、快速的地基处理方法。在软基础处理的各种方法中,爆炸法处理松散砂土地基以其快速、经济、简单的优点为人们所认同,但爆炸密实法在我国地基处理中应用得不多。本文尝试应用了爆炸密实法处理某码头吹填砂地基,进行了现场试验,验证爆炸法处理吹填砂地基的效果及可行性,为爆炸密实法处理地基的工程设计和理论研究提供参考。     

基于T-P模型的桩-桩水平振动相互作用研究

为精确揭示桩-土动力相互作用,弥补动力Winkler地基-Bernoulli-Euler梁模型(E-W模型)在桩-桩水平振动分析中的不足。考虑土体剪切效应和桩身剪切变形,建立Pasternak-Timoshenko模型(T-P模型)模拟桩-土动力相互作用,推导水平动力和竖向荷载共同作用下的主动桩水平振动解析解。在此基础上,根据桩-桩动力相互作用原理,建立被动桩水平振动控制方程,运用传递矩阵法考虑土体分层特性,利用初参数法计算桩-桩动力相互作用因子;与已有文献进行对比,验证计算结果的正确性。通过参数分析表明：土体剪切效应对水平动力相互作用因子有增强效果;在给定桩土参数的情况下,主动桩和被动桩存在“有效桩长”(Ld=10d～15d);当桩身长径比在L/d=5～10范围内时,不宜忽略桩身剪切变形对动力相互作用因子的影响;竖向荷载对水平-摇摆耦合作用因子的影响最为显著。     

单桩横向非线性动力响应的简化分析模型

根据迟滞非线性系统随机振动的基本理论,在动力Winkler地基梁模型的基础上,提出了一个新的研究单桩横向非线性动力响应的一维简化分析模型。其中,桩周土对单桩的横向非线性作用力由连续分布的非线性退化迟滞弹簧模拟,而运动过程中的能量耗散,则由与非线性弹簧并联的、频率相关的粘壶表示。该模型能够反映单桩非线性行为的主要特征,并可以揭示各种非线性因素,如,桩周土的迟滞效应、桩周土力学性能的退化、桩周土的屈服、桩土界面分离等,对单桩动力响应的影响。该模型采用的计算参数,可以由实际桩土系统的物理参数、被广泛采用的设计规范和经验公式加以确定。计算结果表明,该模型可以较好地模拟各种单桩土系统的横向非线性动力学响应。     

Free vibration of semi-rigid connected Reddy-Bickford piles embedded in elastic soil

The literature on free vibration analysis of Bernoulli-Euler and Timoshenko piles embedded in elastic soil is plenty, but that of Reddy-Bickford piles partially embedded in elastic soil with/without axial force effect is fewer. The soil that the pile partially embedded in is idealized by Winkler model and is assumed to be two-layered. The pile part above the soil is called the first region and the parts embedded in the soil are called the second and the third region, respectively. It is assumed that the behaviour of the material is linear-elastic, that axial force along the pile length to be constant and the upper end of the pile that is semi-rigid supported against rotation is modelled by an elastic spring. The governing differential equations of motion of the rectangular pile in free vibration are derived using Hamilton’s principle and Winkler hypothesis. The terms are found directly from the solutions of the differential equations that describe the deformations of the cross-section according to the high-order theory. The models have six degrees of freedom at the two ends, one transverse displacement and two rotations, and the end forces are a shear force and two end moments. Natural frequencies of the pile are calculated using transfer matrix and the secant method for non-trivial solution of linear homogeneous system of equations obtained due to values of axial forces acting on the pile, total and embedded lengths of the pile, the linear-elastic rotational restraining stiffness at the upper end of the pile and to the boundary conditions of the pile. Two different boundary conditions are considered in the study. For the first boundary condition, the pile’s end at the first region is semi-rigid connected and not restricted for horizontal displacement and the end at the third region is free and for the second boundary condition, the pile’s end at the first region is semi-rigid connected and restricted for horizontal displacement and the end at the third region is fixed supported. The calculated natural frequencies of semi-rigid connected Reddy-Bickford pile embedded in elastic soil are given in tables and compared with results of Timoshenko pile model.     

Influence of substrate moisture state and roughness on interface microstructure and bond strength: Slant shear vs. pull-off testing

There are conflicting views in the literature concerning the optimum moisture state for an existing substrate prior to the application of a repair material. Both saturated-surface-dry (SSD) and dry substrates have been found to be preferable in a variety of studies. One confounding factor is that some studies evaluate bonding of the repair material to the substrate via pull-off (direct tension) testing, while others have employed some form of shear specimens as their preferred testing configuration. Available evidence suggests that dry substrate specimens usually perform equivalently or better in shear testing, while SSD ones generally exhibit higher bond strengths when a pull-off test is performed, although exceptions to these trends have been observed. This paper applies a variety of microstructural characterization tools to investigate the interfacial microstructure that develops when a fresh repair material is applied to either a dry or SSD substrate. Simultaneous neutron and X-ray radiography are employed to observe the dynamic microstructural rearrangements that occur at this interface during the first 4 h of curing. Based on the differences in water movement and densification (particle compaction) that occur for the dry and SSD specimens, respectively, a hypothesis is formulated as to why different bond tests may favor one moisture state over the other, also dependent on their surface roughness. It is suggested that the compaction of particles at a dry substrate surface may increase the frictional resistance when tested under slant shear loading, but contribute relatively little to the bonding when the interface is submitted to pull-off forces. For maximizing bond performance, the fluidity of the repair material and the roughness and moisture state of the substrate must all be given adequate consideration.     

纵向振动粘弹性桩的分叉和混沌运动

研究了轴向周期载荷作用下非线性粘弹性嵌岩桩纵向振动的混沌运动。假定桩和土体分别满足Leaderman非线性粘弹性本构关系和线性粘弹性本构关系,得到的运动方程为非线性积分-偏微分方程;利用Galerkin方法将方程简化,并进行了数值计算。数值结果表明纵向振动的非线性粘弹性桩可以通过准周期分叉的方式进入混沌运动。     

非线性土中单桩竖向动力特性分析

在Novak边界层模型基础上,将桩周土分为非线性粘弹性内域和线性粘弹性外域,采用随内域平均应变减小的剪切模量和增长的材料迟滞阻尼比近似考虑内域的非线性粘弹性,采用等效线性方法对端承桩与三维土层的竖向耦合振动进行了研究,得到了非线性土中单桩竖向动力阻抗函数。对动力特性进行算例分析,讨论了内域土非线性、桩长细比、桩-土刚度关系和密度比、材料阻尼、激振荷载幅值等因素对非线性土中单桩竖向动刚度和阻尼的影响,对进一步研究桩-土-结构动力相互作用机理具有理论价值和实践意义。     

Mechanical characterization of spot friction stir welded joints in aluminum alloys by combined experimental/numerical approaches: Part II: Macromechanical studies

This is part II of a two part paper summarizing material characteristics of Spot Friction Stir Welded (SFW) lap joints in aluminum alloy 6111 at the macromechanical and micromechanical levels. In this paper, modal vibration testing and static flexure testing at the macromechanical level combined with numerical finite element models have been used to indirectly determine the elastic moduli of the base metal and weld zone. It was observed that the modal frequencies (and the corresponding apparent stiffness) of the joint oscillate at low amplitudes with increasing processing time. For each vibration mode, the amplitude of the oscillation in the frequency vs. processing time is only a few percent of the mean frequency, while the corresponding lap shear strength increases monotonically by a factor of about 8 as the processing time increases. Comparison of predicted modal frequencies and static load–displacement response of SFW joints with the corresponding measured responses seem to indicate that the weld zone is not as stiff as the base metal. Parametric studies to determine the effect of weld zone measurements on the modal frequencies have been carried out using finite element models.     

饱和松砂与结构接触面反复剪切下邻近土体性状数值分析

该文采用颗粒离散元软件PFC2D,研究了不排水条件高频循环剪切作用下饱和松砂与板桩接触面附近的砂土特性,分析了模型参数对饱和松砂孔隙率和体应变的影响,以及剪切过程中超静孔压的变化规律和砂土颗粒的运动轨迹。结果表明:当颗粒摩擦系数、颗粒刚度、剪切振幅和剪切频率越小或边界围压和接触面摩擦系数越大,饱和松砂的剪缩现象越明显。砂土的孔隙率在作用瞬间减少、然后略有增加后呈下降趋势至稳定;随循环次数增加,砂土中的超静孔压总体上呈增长趋势;砂土颗粒的变位随离开接触面距离的增加而减小。