排放口污水处理率的优化计算

依据文中建立的河道水质模型，以不环境目标为约束，污水处理费用作为排放口污水处理控制方案优选的评价依据，提出了排放口污水处理综合规划方程的拉格朗日乘子求解方法，并应用于淮河流域某区域的污水治理规划。计算结果表明该方法较传统规划方程的数值求解及惩罚函数法操作简便，对决策者进行排放口污水处理控制方案的初选具有指导意义。     

Spatio-temporal statistical models for river monitoring networks.

When introducing new wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), investors and policy makers often want to know if there indeed is a beneficial effect of the installation of a WWTP on the river water quality. Such an effect can be established in time as well as in space. Since both temporal and spatial components affect the output of a monitoring network, their dependence structure has to be modelled. River water quality data typically come from a river monitoring network for which the spatial dependence structure is unidirectional. Thus the traditional spatio-temporal models are not appropriate, as they cannot take advantage of this directional information. In this paper, a state-space model is presented in which the spatial dependence of the state variable is represented by a directed acyclic graph, and the temporal dependence by a first-order autoregressive process. The state-space model is extended with a linear model for the mean to estimate the effect of the activation of a WWTP on the dissolved oxygen concentration downstream.     

An Inexact Chance-constrained Quadratic Programming Model for Stream Water Quality Management

Water quality management is complicated with a variety of uncertainties and nonlinearities. This leads to difficulties in formulating and solving the resulting inexact nonlinear optimization problems. In this study, an inexact chance-constrained quadratic programming (ICCQP) model was developed for stream water quality management. A multi-segment stream water quality (MSWQ) simulation model was provided for establishing the relationship between environmental responses and pollution-control actions. The relationship was described by transformation matrices and vectors that could be used directly in a multi-point-source waste reduction (MWR) optimization model as water-quality constraints. The interval quadratic polynomials were employed to reflect the nonlinearities and uncertainties associated with wastewater treatment costs. Uncertainties associated with the water-quality parameters were projected into the transformation matrices and vectors through Monte Carlo simulation. Uncertainties derived from water quality standards were characterized as random variables with normal probability distributions. The proposed ICCQP model was applied to a water quality management problem in the Changsha section of the Xiangjiang River in China. The results demonstrated that the proposed optimization model could effectively communicate uncertainties into the optimization process, and generate inexact solutions containing a spectrum of wastewater treatment options. Decision alternatives could then be obtained by adjusting different combinations of the decision variables within their solution intervals. Solutions from the ICCQP model could be used to analyze tradeoffs between the wastewater treatment cost and system-failure risk due to inherent uncertainties. The results are valuable for supporting decision makers in seeking cost-effective water management strategies.     

平原感潮河网区建设项目场坪高程的确定与分析———以广州市白云区某房地产项目为例

以位于平原感潮河网区某房地产项目为例,从排涝安全角度提出场坪高程建议,并提出排涝优化措施,可供平原感潮河网地区土地开发项目排涝安全分析参考。     

辽宁太子河水污染问题的成因与对策

对辽宁太子河主要河段连续 10年 (1991～ 2 0 0 0年 )枯、丰水期河道水质变化情况进行对比分析 ,结果表明太子河流域水质呈下降趋势 ,主要超标污染物为CODMn,BOD5,NH3 N ,挥发酚等 ,导致流域水环境质量恶化的原因是流域内工业废水和生活污水的大量排放。指出要防治太子河水污染 ,必须进一步完善水资源管理体制 ,制定水资源保护规划并建立水资源核算和评价指标体系 ,建设城市污水处理系统 ,实施清洁生产 ,建立水资源实时监控优化配置系统。     

Water quality management of a stretch of river Yamuna: An interactive fuzzy multi-objective approach

This paper presents an Interactive Fuzzy Multi-Objective Linear Programming (IFMOLP) model for water quality management in a river basin. The IFMOLP model formulated will first evaluate dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations or DO deficits at a point in different reaches depending on the overall Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) concentration present in the respective drain. Subsequently, the model incorporates the aspirations and conflicting objectives of the decision maker (DM) by taking into consideration the aspects relevant for pollution control boards as well as dischargers responsible for generating wastewater. The uncertainty associated with specifying the water quality criteria (based on DO concentration or DO deficit) and treatment cost to remove pollution level is incorporated by interacting the decision maker. In this process DM is asked to specify the reference aspiration levels of achievement for the values of all membership functions generated with respect to each objective. This provides flexibility for the pollution control authorities and dischargers to specify their aspirations. IFMOLP model developed herein is then used in a case study for the evaluation of optimal BOD removal in different drains located across the river Yamuna at New Delhi, India. The presented model will simulate the allocation of waste load efficiencies with satisfactory results which will indicate usefulness of the model in managing more complex river basins along with better flexible policies of water management.     

苏州市外城河水生态环境状况及对策研究

在调查苏州市河网水系及水生态环境质量并收集有关资料的基础上 ,根据苏州市外城河及进出河道水系的水质状况 ,指出苏州市外城河水系污染为有机污染 ,枯水期和丰水期水污染严重 ,污染源具有由点源向面源转移的特点 ,而苏州市古城区生活污水收集率低、城市污水处理厂处理能力低、面污染源控制薄弱、湿地生态系统遭到破坏是造成外城河水体污染的主要原因。最后制定了以截流、管理、治污、引水、疏浚以及生态修复相结合的一体化控制对策 ,以改善苏州市外城河水环境状况     

河流排污权多目标优化分配模型研究

分析了目前排污权分配研究现状及存在问题，提出由河流环境保护部门确定河流总体排污权，依次向水功能区、排污者进行分配的两级分配模式，从生态环境保护和水资源可持续利用角度出发，以经济最优和水质最优为目标，以污染物浓度控制和总量控制为约束，同时考虑分配的公平性，排污者生产连续性等，建立河流排污权多目标优化分配模型。将此模型应用于举水河排污权分配并与不同方法之结果进行对比分析，证明本文提出的方法可给出的排序权总量较小，污染物综合处理费较少的方案，且水环境节余容量较多。     

水环境污染系统规划的模糊非线性规划模型

本文将模糊集理论与非线性规划优化方法有机地结合起来，首次提出水环境污染系统规划的模糊非线性规划模型．并将它应用于沈阳市南部污水排放系统的最优化处理规划．在满足水质要求的同时，可以显著地降低污水处理的总费用．     

闸控感潮河段重金属迁移转化规律研究

以长江感潮江段的某入江河道为典型案例,根据闸控条件下的水文特征、污染物迁移转化特性分别建立了由入江河道及长江相关河段构成的动态二维水动力及重金属数学模型,模拟分析了闸门控制下入江河道的水流运动规律、点源连续排放的重金属浓度随时间变化及二维平面分布特征。模拟结果表明:在长江潮汐、水闸控制影响下,入江河道内重金属浓度在一定范围内呈现周期性波动的现象,重金属浓度整体呈增大趋势,随着污水排放时间的推移,河道内各断面处重金属浓度最大值和波动区间均趋于稳定;典型超周期内,河道内落潮流污染带长度大于涨潮流。重金属在潮汐河道内的变化是一个非常复杂的过程,对这一过程的模拟,可以为河道水质治理和污染防治提供技术依据。     

深圳河湾水系生态需水的污水资源化

以深圳河湾水系为例,探讨以污水资源化再生水满足城市水系生态需水的方法。该方法统一考虑河流的水量水质需求,计算不同截污率和补水水质条件下河流的生态需水量;根据生态用水的供需平衡情况,确定污水资源化规模与水质要求。在此基础上,设计污水资源化的处理工艺以及再生水厂等的分布;并通过数学模型预测补水方案对水环境改善的效果。本研究为面向城市水系生态补水的污水资源化工程规划提供了科学的方法。     

三角联解法水力水质模型的糙率反演及面污染源计算

采用三级联解法建立河网的水量水质模型.在水量模型中，对糙率的率定作了改进.提出在全河网将糙率分级，减少了参数数量，并用复合形法反演参数.对水质模型中生活面源的确定提出了更切实际的经验公式。     

Water reuse for urban landscape irrigation: aspersion and health related regulations.

The Mediterranean seaside resort of Le Grau du Roi includes 40 hectares of landscaped areas spray irrigated with river water supplied through a separate network. Wastewater collected from several municipalities is treated in an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and polished in waste stabilization ponds (WSPs). Planned substitution of treated wastewater for river water is hindered by spray irrigation prohibition within a 100 m distance from houses and recreational areas. WWTP and WSP effluents were monitored for pathogens with a particular attention to Legionella in Spring and Summer 2006. Helminth eggs, salmonellae and enteroviruses were never detected neither in WWTP effluent nor in the ponds. Legionella spp content was slightly higher or of the order of magnitude of river water contents. Regarding Legionella pneumophila contents, WSP effluent did not significantly differ from the river water. E.coli and enterococci contents in WSP effluents complied with the "excellent quality" criteria of the European Directive for coastal bathing waters. Therefore, substituting WSP effluents to river water is unlikely to alter health risks related to spray irrigation and, in this case, the buffer zone required by the French water reuse guidelines appears being short of support.     

Impact Assessment of Different Management Scenarios on Water Quality of Porsuk River and Dam System – Turkey

Porsuk Dam Reservoir (PDR), which is located on Porsuk River, is the main drinking water resource of Eskisehir City-Turkey. Both the river and the reservoir are under the threat of several domestic and industrial point sources and land-based diffuse pollution. The river water quality is very poor with high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds at the entrance to Porsuk Reservoir. The reservoir shows symptoms of a hypertrophic lake. The expected responses of the whole river and reservoir system under different pollution control scenarios were estimated to develop plausible water quality management strategies. The adopted scenarios assumed different levels of treatment for the major domestic point sources that include conventional treatment and tertiary treatment. The contemporary Turkish Allowable Discharge Limits (ADLs) and the best available technology choices were the investigated treatment options for the major industries. The expected improvements of water quality characteristics under the management scenario options have been estimated by means of mathematical models. The model choices were the QUAL2E for the river and BATHTUB for the reservoir. Recommendations for different levels of treatment were derived in order to improve the water quality both within the river and in the reservoir.     

亭子口水利枢纽建设对嘉陵江水环境影响研究

亭子口水利枢纽担负有城镇供水和农田灌溉的任务,因此,对水库水质保护的要求较高。采用一维和二维水质模型,分析了亭子口水利枢纽建设对嘉陵江水环境的影响。研究重点：工程建设期砂石料加工冲洗废水对下游河道水质的影响,工程运行期水库水质变化对水库沿岸城（集）镇供水水源的影响,入库支流闻溪河回水顶托对剑阁县县城水环境的影响以及闻溪河入库段的水环境容量变化。根据预测结果和亭子口水利枢纽的特性,研究提出了建设期砂石料冲洗废水和运行期支流闻溪河水污染控制方案。     

松花江区水资源质量评价综述

基于全国第二次水资源调查评价成果,对松花江区地表水资源质量现状进行综合概述。松花江区的地表水体污染严重,以有机污染为主,主要污染指标是CODMn;综合评价水质劣于Ⅲ类的河长占总河长的62.7%;湖泊、水库基本处于中富营养和富营养状态,水质多为Ⅴ类和劣Ⅴ类。汛期污染重于非汛期,面污染源影响大于点污染源;有机污染主要来自农村和田野,城市工业和生活污水也是重要的污染源。     

时间尺度对平原感潮河网水动力水质模拟精度的影响

为探究不同时间尺度边界入流条件对平原感潮河网水动力水质模型模拟精度的影响,以典型平原感潮河网地区的张家港市中部为研究区域,结合野外同步监测数据、自动高频监测数据、常规监测资料等构建了水动力水质模型进行模拟分析。结果表明:时间尺度、开始取值时刻以及调度情况均会影响模拟精度;研究区域边界入流条件、水动力模拟结果和水质模拟结果可信的最大时间尺度为1 h,水质模拟精度优于水动力模拟精度。     

大辽河灌溉期潮水位与压潮流量趋势分析

根据2005、2006年大辽河灌溉期水位、流量监测资料,结合潮水位的特性,对大辽河在灌溉期间的潮水位及流量进行了研究,初步计算出大辽河在灌溉期间的灌溉保证流量,以利于灌溉期的提水,确保农田灌溉.     

Identification of River Sections for Domestic Water Supply along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province, China

This paper presents major findings from a recent study aiming to systematically determine suitable river sections for local domestic water supply along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province, China. On the basis of analysis on the current riverbank utilization and bank stability, accessible and stable river sections in the region were selected. The water quality in these river sections was then studied using a two-dimensional unsteady flow and pollutant transport/transformation model, RBFVM-2D. The model was calibrated and verified against the hydrodynamic data, water quality data and remote sensing data collected from the river. The investigation on the pollution sources along the river identified 56 main pollution point sources. The pollution zones downstream of these point sources are the main threat for the water quality in the river. The model was used to compute the pollution zones. In particular, simulations were conducted to establish the relationship between the extent of the pollution zone and the wastewater discharge rate of the associated point source. These water quality simulation results were combined with the riverbank stability analysis to determine suitable river sections for local domestic water supply.     

Spatio-Temporal Multi-Criteria Optimization of Reservoir Water Quality Monitoring Network Using Value of Information and Transinformation Entropy

Identifying optimal Water Quality Monitoring Stations (WQMS) with high values of information on the entire reservoir status, instead of all potential WQMS would significantly reduce the monitoring network expenditure while providing adequate spatial coverage. This study presented a new methodology for spatio-temporal multi-criteria optimization of reservoir WQMS based on Value of Information (VOI), Transinformation Entropy (TE), Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II), Preference Ranking Organization METHod for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE), and IRanian Water Quality Index (IRWQI). Although, all mentioned methods and concepts are well-known and have been used in water resources management, but their integration into a specific application for spatio-temporal multi-criteria optimization of reservoir WQMS is definitely an innovation and a contribution to improvement of WQMS design. More specifically, maximizing VOI as a decision-makers’ design criteria for optimization of WQMS, and considering spatial and temporal variations of water quality at different reservoir depths are new innovations in this research. The multi-objective optimization model was based on three objectives: 1) minimizing costs; 2) maximizing VOI; and 3) minimizing TE (redundant information). Considering these objectives, the NSGA-II multi-objective optimization method was used to find Pareto-optimal solutions. The most preferable solution was then determined using PROMETHEE multi-criteria decision making method. The proposed methodology was applied to Karkheh Reservoir with more than 5 billion cubic meter capacity and 60 km length that is one of the largest reservoirs in Southwestern Iran, however, the proposed approach has the ability to be generalized for any generic reservoir. Considering equal weights for criteria, PROMETHEE method resulted in 6 optimized WQMS out of 60 potential ones and a period of 25 days for optimal sampling interval. The optimized monitoring stations were mainly located at deep parts where most water quality variations are expected to occur. To show sensitivity of the model to different weights, 4 scenarios with various relative weights were evaluated in the PROMETHEE method. Results indicated that by increasing the weight of the second criterion (maximizing VOI), the number of optimized WQMS increased and the sampling interval decreased.