n-3 Docosapentaenoic Acid Intake and Relationship with Plasma Long-Chain n-3 Fatty Acid Concentrations in the United States: NHANES 2003–2014

The long-chain n-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), play a crucial role in health, but previous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) analyses have shown that EPA and DHA intake in the United States is far below recommendations (~250–500 mg/day EPA + DHA). Less is known about docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), the metabolic intermediate of EPA and DHA; however, evidence suggests DPA may be an important contributor to long-chain n-3 fatty acid intake and impart unique benefits. We used NHANES 2003–2014 data (n = 45,347) to assess DPA intake and plasma concentrations, as well as the relationship between intake and plasma concentrations of EPA, DPA, and DHA. Mean DPA intake was 22.3 ± 0.8 mg/day from 2013 to 2014, and increased significantly over time (p < 0.001), with the lowest values from 2003 to 2004 (16.2 ± 1.2 mg/day). DPA intake was higher in adults (20–55 years) and seniors (55+ years) compared to younger individuals. In regression analyses, DPA intake was a significant predictor of plasma EPA (β = 138.5; p < 0.001) and DHA (β = 318.9; p < 0.001). Plasma DPA was predicted by EPA and DHA intake (β = 13.15; p = 0.001 and β = 7.4; p = 0.002), but not dietary DPA (p = 0.3). This indicates that DPA intake is not a good marker of plasma DPA status (or vice versa), and further research is needed to understand the factors that affect the interconversion of EPA and DPA. These findings have implications for future long-chain n-3 fatty acids dietary recommendations.     

Daily Intake of Cod or Salmon for 2?Weeks Decreases the 18:1n-9/18:0 Ratio and Serum Triacylglycerols in Healthy Subjects

Intake of fish and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids is associated with a reduced concentration of plasma triacylglycerols (TAG) but the mechanisms are not fully clarified. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) activity, governing TAG synthesis, is affected by n-3 fatty acids. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) display expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism. The aim of the present study was to estimate whether intake of lean and fatty fish would influence n-3 fatty acids composition in plasma phospholipids (PL), serum TAG, 18:1n-9/18:0 ratio in plasma PL, as well as PBMC gene expression of SCD1 and fatty acid synthase (FAS). Healthy males and females (n = 30), aged 20–40, consumed either 150 g of cod, salmon, or potato (control) daily for 15 days. During intervention docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) increased in the cod group (P < 0.05), while TAG concentration decreased (P < 0.05). In the salmon group both eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and DHA increased (P < 0.05) whereas TAG concentration and the 18:1n-9/18:0 ratio decreased (P < 0.05). Reduction of the 18:1n-9/18:0 ratio was associated with a corresponding lowering of TAG (P < 0.05) and an increase in EPA and DHA (P < 0.05). The mRNA levels of SCD1 and FAS in PBMC were not significantly altered after intake of cod or salmon when compared with the control group. In conclusion, both lean and fatty fish may lower TAG, possibly by reducing the 18:1n-9/18:0 ratio related to allosteric inhibition of SCD1 activity, rather than by influencing the synthesis of enzyme protein.     

Enzymatic fractionation and enrichment of n−9 PUFA

A single-cell oil from a Mortierella alpina mutant (TGM17 oil) contains n−9 PUFA: 14.3 wt% 6,9-octadecadienoic acid (18∶2n−9; n−9 LnA) and 17.1 wt% Mead acid (20∶3n−9; MA). Lipase screening indicated that Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipase acted strongly on n−9 LnA and weakly on MA, and Candida rugosa lipase acted weakly on the two PUFA. Hence, fractionation and enrichment of the two FA were conducted with the lipases. The first step was selective hydrolysis of IGM17 oil with P. aeruginosa lipase. The hydrolysis fractionated the oil into FFA containing 20.4 wt% n−9 LnA and 6.3 wt% MA, and acylglycerols containing 10.7 wt% n−9 LnA and 23.7 wt% MA. The FFA fraction was used for preparation of n−9 LnA-rich FFA. After removal of saturated FA, the FFA were esterified with lauryl alcohol (LauOH) using C. rugosa lipase. Two selective esterifications increased the n−9 LnA content to 54.0 wt% with 38.2% recovery of the initial content of TGM17 oil. The acylglycerol fraction obtained in the hydrolysis with P. aeruginosa lipase was used for preparation of MA-rich FFA. The acylglycerol fraction was hydrolyzed under alkaline conditions, and saturated FA were eliminated by urea adduct fractionation. Two selective esterifications of the FFA with LauOH increased the MA content to 60.2 wt% with 53.5% recovery. Thus, the two-step enzymatic process was effective for fractionation and enrichment of n−9 LnA and MA.     

鱼油中n-3系脂肪酸的提纯

本文阐述了鱼油中n－3系脂肪酸在国民经济许多领域中的广泛应用,较为详细地介绍了鱼油中n－3脂肪酸及EPA（二十碳五烯酸）及DHA（二十二碳六烷酸）的提纯过程。     

Oxidative degradation kinetics of lycopene, lutein, and 9-cis and all-trans β-carotene

The thermal and oxidative degradation of carotenoids was studied in an oil model system to determine their relative stabilities and the major β-carotene isomers formed during the reaction. All-trans β-carotene, 9-cis β-carotene, lycopene, and lutein were heated in safflower seed oil at 75, 85, and 95°C for 24, 12, and 5 h, respectively. The major isomers formed during heating of β-carotene were 13-cis, 9-cis, and an unidentified cis isomer. The degradation kinetics for the carotenoids followed a first-order kinetic model. The rates of degradation were as follows: lycopene>all-trans β-carotene≈9-cis β-carotene>lutein. The values for the thermodynamic parameters indicate that a kinetic compensation effect exists between all of the carotenoids. These data suggest that lycopene was most susceptible to degradation and lutein had the greatest stability in the model system of the carotenoids tested. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the rates of degradation for 9-cis and all-trans β-carotene under the experimental conditions.     

Serum n-3 Tetracosapentaenoic Acid and Tetracosahexaenoic Acid Increase Following Higher Dietary α-Linolenic Acid but not Docosahexaenoic Acid

n‐3 Tetracosapentaenoic acid (24:5n‐3, TPAn‐3) and tetracosahexaenoic acid (24:6n‐3, THA) are believed to be important intermediates to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3) synthesis. The purpose of this study is to report for the first time serum concentrations of TPAn‐3 and THA and their response to changing dietary α‐linolenic acid (18:3n‐3, ALA) and DHA. The responses will then be used in an attempt to predict the location of these fatty acids in relation to DHA in the biosynthetic pathway. Male Long Evans rats (n = 6 per group) were fed either a low (0.1% of total fatty acids), medium (3%) or high (10%) ALA diet with no added DHA, or a low (0%), medium (0.2%) or high (2%) DHA diet with a background of 2% ALA for 8 weeks post‐weaning. Serum n‐3 and n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations (nmol/mL ± SEM) were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Serum THA increases from low (0.3 ± 0.1) to medium (5.8 ± 0.7) but not from medium to high (4.6 ± 0.9) dietary ALA, while serum TPAn‐3 increases with increasing dietary ALA from 0.09 ± 0.04 to 0.70 ± 0.09 to 1.23 ± 0.14 nmol/mL. Following DHA feeding, neither TPAn‐3 or THA change across all dietary DHA intake levels. Serum TPAn‐3 demonstrates a similar response to dietary DHA. In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate that increases in dietary ALA but not DHA increase serum TPAn‐3 and THA in rats, suggesting that both fatty acids are precursors to DHA in the biosynthetic pathway.     

Dietary n-3 HUFA Affects Mitochondrial Fatty Acid β-Oxidation Capacity and Susceptibility to Oxidative Stress in Atlantic Salmon

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (90 g) were fed four different diets for 21 weeks (final weight 344 g). The levels of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) ranged from 11% of the total fatty acids (FA) in the low n-3 diet to 21% in the intermediate n-3 diet, to 55 and 58% in the high n-3 diets. The high n-3 diets were enriched with either docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Increasing dietary levels of n-3 HUFA led to increasing percentages (from 31 to 52%) of these FA in liver lipids. The group fed the highest level of DHA had higher expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β and the FA β-oxidation genes acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)-II, compared to the low n-3 groups. The high n-3 groups had reduced activity of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase and β-oxidation capacity, together with increased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and caspase-3 activities. In the group fed the highest level of n-3 HUFA, decreased percentages of major phospholipids (PL) in the mitochondrial and microsomal membranes of the liver were also apparent. The percentage of mitochondrial cardiolipin (Ptd₂Gro) was 3.1 in the highest n-3 group compared to 6.6 in the intermediate group. These data clearly show an increased incidence of oxidative stress in the liver of fish fed the high n-3 diets.     

发展空间巨大n-3脂肪酸市场亟待规范

在北京第29届奥运会的运动员食谱中,各式各样的鱼成为不可或缺的菜式。原因在于,鱼肉中含有丰富的n-3脂肪酸,其可以令肌肉消除疲劳。因而,运动员在剧烈运动之后吃鱼可以帮助他们尽快恢复体能。而据专家介绍,另一新产品——海豹油比鱼油更富含n-3脂肪酸,而且吸收利用率更高。     

烷基苯、高级醇及n-链烯技术动向

我国石油工业从50年代后期起步,至今已有一定规模。全国年加工能力已达九千多万吨,“用好一亿吨石油,从一亿吨石油中取得更高的经济效益,其中提高原油的深度加工和油品质量是主要措施之一”(人民日报1983年7月13日社论)。在石油化学领域中,关系密切且占多数的是石油化学衍生物,     

Repletion of n-3 Fatty Acid Deficient Dams with α-Linolenic Acid: Effects on Fetal Brain and Liver Fatty Acid Composition

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supply to the fetal brain depends upon the dam’s dietary intake of n-3 fats. In this study, we measured the incorporation of DHA into the fetal brain and liver in n-3 fatty acid deficient (0.1% alpha-linolenate) mice upon switching to an n-3 fatty acid adequate (2.1% alpha-linolenate) diet. Second generation mice raised and maintained on an n-3 deficient diet during mating were switched to an n-3 adequate diet on embryonic day 1 (ED 1) or ED 13. Fatty acid analysis was performed on fetal brains and livers and on maternal serum on ED 13, 15, 17, and 19. Although fetal brain and liver DHA began at a very low level (both exhibited an 85% decline), recovery was nearly complete by ED 15 in the group switched near conception but thereafter diverged. The maternal serum and fetal liver were very similar in their DHA and docosapentaenoic acid time courses. However, when repletion began on ED 13, brain DHA recovery was only about 44%. These results suggest that a nutritional intervention with alpha-linolenic acid can nearly but incompletely rescue the mouse fetal DHA deficiency if began at the time of conception but that the third trimester is too late, thus leaving a large DHA gap.     

Dietary cholesterol modulates Δ6 and Δ9 desaturase mRNAs and enzymatic activity in rats fed a low-EFA diet

The effects of a 1% addition of cholesterol to a diet low in EFA on FA desaturases were examined. The administration of cholesterol markedly increased the esterified cholesterol content in microsomes and total liver lipids from the first day, whereas the proportion of free cholesterol remained unaltered throughout the treatment. An excellent homeostasis in the free cholesterol content was apparently evoked by the acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase. The cholesterol esters were mainly oleate, palmitate, and stearate, and the addition of cholesterol increased the relative proportions of cholesterol palmitoleate and oleate. The addition of cholesterol to a low-EFA diet induced, as in animals fed a high-FFA diet, a marked increase in liver stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 mRNA and enzyme activity. This increased activity apparently evoked a similar enhancement of palmitoleic and oleic acids in total and microsomal liver lipids. The cholesterol-rich diet depressed the liver Δ6 and Δ5 desaturase activity. However, the abundance of Δ6 desaturase mRNA was not modified throughout the treatment. This indicates that the depressive effect is evoked at a step beyond that controlled by the mRNA level. The depression of both enzymatic activities was consistent with the decrease in the percentages of arachidonic acid and DHA in total and microsomal liver lipids. Taken together, these results indicate that through its modulating effect on the desaturases, dietary cholesterol may lead an animal or humaan fed low-EFA diet to a true deficiency by the decreased synthesis of the highly polyunsaturated acids derived from linoleic and α-linolenic acids.     

石墨/TinO2n-1复合材料的制备及性能

在常压下,以钛白粉为原料,石墨为还原剂,采用碳热还原法制备了石墨/Ti_nO_2n-1复合材料。采用XRD系统分析了碳热还原过程中钛的价态变化规律;采用XPS、SEM、TEM分析了特定样品的形貌、结构和元素组成。XRD分析结果表明,控制不同的还原条件,可以得到不同n值的石墨/Ti_nO_2n-1复合材料,且还原过程的物相转变顺序为：TiO₂（锐钛型）、TiO₂（金红石型）、Ti₉O₁₇、Ti₈O₁₅、Ti₆O₁₁、Ti₅O₉和Ti₄O₇。在还原温度为1250℃,还原时间为20min,碳钛比为5∶10的条件下所制备的石墨/Ti_nO_2n-1复合材料的电阻率最低,其值为0.1465Ω·cm。吸附/光降解实验表明,石墨/Ti_nO_2n-1复合材料对亚甲基蓝的吸附能力比纯石墨显著增强,吸附去除率为纯石墨的1.40~3.20倍;石墨/Ti_nO_2n-1复合材料对亚甲基蓝具有光催化降解活性,但是其光降解能力低于锐钛型TiO₂;复合材料的催化降解速率常数最大值为0.0047min^-1。     

Lymphatic Transport of α-Linolenic Acid and Its Conversion to Long Chain n-3 Fatty Acids in Rats Fed Microemulsions of Linseed Oil

In the present study we evaluated the uptake of ALA and its conversion to EPA + DHA in rats given linseed oil (LSO) in native form or as a microemulsion in whey protein or in lipoid. In a single oral dose study in which rats maintained on rodent pellets deficient in ω-3 fatty acids were intubated with 0.35 g LSO in lipoid, the amount of ALA present in lymph was increased reaching a maximum concentration of 16.23 mg/ml at 2.5 h. The amount of ALA present in lymph was increased to a maximum level of 10.95 mg/ml at 4 h in rats given LSO as a microemulsion in whey protein. When LSO was given without emulsification, the amount of ALA present in lymph was found to reach a maximum level of 7.08 mg/ml at 6 h. A similar result was observed when weaning rats were intubated with 0.15 g of LSO per day for a period of 60 days. Higher levels of ALA by 41 and 103 % were observed in lymph lipids of rats given microemulsions of LSO in whey protein and in lipoid respectively as compared to rats given LSO without pre-emulsification. Very little conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA was observed in lymph lipids but higher amounts of EPA + DHA was observed in liver and serum of rats given LSO in microemulsion form. This study indicated that ALA concentration in lymph lipids was increased when LSO was given in microemulsion form in lipoid and further conversion to EPA and DHA was facilitated in liver and serum.     

Total Long-Chain n-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Food Sources in the United States Compared to Recommended Intakes: NHANES 2003–2008

The American Heart Association recommends consuming fish (particularly oily fish) at least two times per week, which would provide ≈ 0.5 g/day of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for cardiovascular disease risk reduction. Previous analyses indicate that this recommendation is not being met; however, few studies have assessed different ethnicities, subpopulations requiring additional n-3 fatty acid intake (i.e., children and pregnant and/or lactating women), or deciles of intake. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2008 was used to assess n-3 fatty acid intake from foods and supplements in the US population, according to age, sex, and ethnicity. A unique “EPA equivalents” factor, which accounts for potential conversion of shorter-chain n-3 fatty acids, was used to calculate total long-chain n-3 fatty acid intake. Data are reported for 24,621 individuals. More than 90% consumed less than the recommended 0.5 g/day from food sources (median = 0.11 g/day; mean = 0.17 g/day). Among the top 15% of n-3 fatty acid consumers, fish was the largest dietary contributor (71.2%). Intake was highest in men aged 20 years or more, and lowest in children and women who are or may become pregnant and/or are lactating. Among ethnicities, intake was lowest in Mexican-Americans. Only 6.2% of the total population reported n-3 fatty acid supplement use, and this did not alter median daily intake. Additional strategies are needed to increase awareness of health benefits (particularly among Mexican-Americans and women of childbearing age) and promote consumption of oily fish or alternative dietary sources to meet current recommendations.     

Evolution of interfacial structures and mechanical performance of sapphire and Sn–9Zn–2Al joints by ultrasound

A method of ultrasonic-assisted soldering was applied to join sapphire with Sn–9Zn–2Al at 250°C in air. The sapphire samples were hot-dipped in the liquid filler metal under the ultrasonic action before ultrasonic-assisted soldering. The experimental results have shown that the joints dipped for different durations had similar morphologies, while the shear strength was dependent on the dipping duration. The shear strength of the joints increased rapidly from 13 to 22 MPa within the hot-dipping duration of 50 seconds, and increased slowly to 46 MPa at 2000 seconds. The evolution of the interface structure and the fracture mode was analyzed. The interfacial strength was dominated by the deposited Al₂O₃ at the interface in the early stage. After the entire surface of sapphire was covered by deposited Al₂O₃, Zn-rich phases at the interface and the thickening of deposited Al₂O₃ layer enhanced the interfacial strength at the later stage. Our study revealed the evolution of the interface structure and the strengthening mechanism in the joint of sapphire with Sn–Zn–Al alloys.     

尼龙9

尼龙9是聚酰胺品种之一。它是由9—氨基壬酸于250℃缩聚而成的高聚物。其反应分为三个阶段:     

TNF-α-Induced VEGF and MMP-9 Expression Promotes Hemorrhagic Transformation in Pituitary Adenomas

Pituitary apoplexy is a clinical syndrome with unknown pathogenesis. Therefore, identifying the underlying mechanisms is of high clinical relevance. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a critical cytokine mediating various hemorrhagic events, but little is known about its involvement in pituitary apoplexy. Here we show that TNF-α may be an important regulator of hemorrhagic transformation in pituitary adenomas. In this study, sixty surgical specimens of hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic human pituitary adenomas were examined. Hemorrhagic pituitary adenomas displayed higher protein and mRNA levels of TNF-α, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) compared with those of non-hemorrhagic tumors. Exposure of MMQ pituitary adenoma cells to TNF-α induced VEGF and MMP-9 expression in vitro. Additionally, TNF-α administration caused hemorrhagic transformation and enhanced VEGF and MMP-9 expression in MMQ pituitary adenoma cell xenografts in mice. Blockers of VEGF or MMP-9, either alone or in combination, attenuated but not abrogated TNF-α mediated hemorrhagic transformation in xenografts. This study suggests that TNF-α may play a role in the development of intratumoral hemorrhage in pituitary adenomas via up-regulation of VEGF and MMP-9.     

用贵金属络合物催化剂合成n-辛酸和各种二元醇的新方法

本文介绍了1,4-丁二醇、n-辛醇和各种二元醇(1,9-壬二醇,3-甲基-1,5-戊二醇)的新合成法及新产品的开发应用。     

LX-9A、LX-9B防冻液

防冻液广泛用于坦克、各种型号的汽车、推土机、拖拉机、吊车等液冷式内燃机水箱的防冻,代替电冰箱及气制冷机的盐水做循环液,可大大降低工作温度,减少腐蚀,延长使用寿命。国外几乎都采用防冻液冷却代替水冷却,但我国目前使用还不普遍,使用者也多采用进口防冻液。由于国产防冻液本身还存在一些缺点,如腐蚀问题。加之国产防冻液牌号品种少,致使国产防冻液销量受到影响。目前我们急需要解决防冻液的腐蚀问题。国内外常用的防冻液有半挥发性和不挥发性两种。半挥发性如酒精-水型,不挥发性如甘油-水型、乙二醇-水型。     

Synthesis of 9H-fluoren-9-yl benzodithioates and their application as reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer agents in living radical polymerization of styrene

The reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization is one of living radical polymerizations. In this study, four different 9H-fluoren-9-yl benzodithiolates (FBDTs) were synthesized, and used along with azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN), a radical initiator, in polymerization of styrene (ST) at the molar ratio of 3:1. This new transfer agent exhibited the typical characteristic living free radical polymerization behaviors such as good control of molecule weight and narrow molecule weight distribution. It was concluded that the FBDTs can be used as the RAFT agents in free radical polymerization of vinyl monomers.