Cu-Al合金内氧化的热力学分析——Ⅰ热力学函数

对Cu-Al合金内氧化的热力学条件进行了分析，绘制了内氧化的热力学条件区位图。结果表明：区位图中择优氧化区位很大，范围由上、下限氧分压确定，其中：lgPO2(max)=(-1761l／T) 12．91,lgPO2(min)=(-55830／T)-(4／3)Ig[％Al] 19．95，但实际的内氧化区位是靠近上限PO2，的1个很小区域；溶度积Ksp和残余Al浓度都是极小量，内氧化可进行得很彻底；内氧化控制中温度和氧分压的调节必须同步；理想的内氧化工艺条件应是：采用1223K左右的高温，介质中的氧分压力求接近或等于上限PO2；为了避免氧化，降温过程宜采用通H2急冷的方法。     

Cu-Al预合金粉末中Al内氧化工艺的分析

对高能球磨制备的Cu-Al预合金粉末中Al内氧化的工艺进行了研究．结果表明，温度是决定临界氧分压Po2的关键因素，随着温度的升高，临界氧分压增加．适当提高温度可以减小环境氧分压的控制难度．高能球磨制粉对Al内氧化的热力学条件影响不显著，但对动力学条件影响显著．当Al的质量分数大于0．5％时，对于不同的Al含量的Cu-Al预合金粉末应有不同的加热工艺．当工艺参数适宜时，采用Cu-Al预合金粉末可以制备出组织均匀的Al2O3／Cu复合材料，其中Al2O3颗粒粒径2—5μm，颗粒间距5—10μm．     

内氧化法制备Al2O3／Cu复合材料的研究进展

高强高导铜基复合材料是目前铜基复合材料研究的热点.Al2O3弥散强化铜基复合材料是一类具有优良综合物理性能和力学性能的新型功能材料,在现代电子技术和电工等领域具有广阔的应用前景.综述内氧化法制备Al2O3/Cu复合材料的研究进展,分析Cu-Al合金内氧化介质,阐述内氧化动力学和热力学,总结内氧化法制备Al2O3/Cu复合材料的工艺流程和性能特点,最后提出了内氧化法制备Al2O3/Cu复合材料发展方向.     

内氧化法制备Al2O3／Cu复合材料的再结晶行为

以Cu2O为氧化剂，采用Cu-Al合金粉末内氧化及后续的粉末冶金法制备了Al2O3／Cu复合材料。并将不同Al2O3含量的试样进行不同变形量的冷拔处理，在氮气保护下进行高温退火处理(700℃～1050℃，1h)。研究了硬度随退火温度的变化规律，观察了显微组织。结果表明：在铜基体中弥散分布着纳米级的Al2O3颗粒：经900℃，1h退火后Al2O3／Cu复合材料的硬度可保持室温的87％以上；其再结晶温度高达1000℃；变形量和Al2O3含量增加均使硬度提高，但对软化和再结晶温度影响不大。     

内氧化法制备Al2O3弥散强化铜基复合材料的研究

综述了内氧化法制备Al_2O_3弥散强化铜基复合材料的研究进展,总结了Cu-Al合金内氧化介质及热力学和动力学条件,对内氧化法制备Al_2O_3弥散强化铜基复合材料进行了详细的阐述。     

层错能对面心立方金属形变机制与力学性能的影响

层错能在面心立方(fcc)金属塑性变形和损伤过程中具有重要作用，本文主要总结了以下研究结果：(1)随层错能降低，fcc金属滑移方式逐渐从易于交滑移的波状滑移方式转变为平面滑移方式，直至发生变形孪生；(2)为了理解不同位错密度fcc金属中层错能的变化趋势，采用有效层错能的概念，随位错密度增加，有效层错能也随之升高；(3)层错能降低不是决定fcc金属形变孪生发生的唯一因素，通过第一原理计算模拟滑移和孪生之间的竞争关系，建立了fcc金属形变孪生临界判据；(4)通过对高层错能、中等层错能以及低层错能fcc金属疲劳位错组态的实验观察和分析，总结了fcc金属中形成规则驻留滑移带的判定条件；(5)随Al含量增加，Cu-Al合金层错能降低导致平面滑移程度增加，其拉伸强度和均匀延伸率呈现同步提高趋势；(6)采用指数应变硬化模型可精确描述Cu-Al合金拉伸加工硬化过程，进而预测了不同合金成分和微观组织状态Cu-Al合金屈服强度-抗拉强度-均匀延伸率之间的定量关系；(7)随Al含量增加，Cu-Al合金疲劳强度升高；在相同应变幅下，随Al含量增加，其低周疲劳寿命也升高。表明合金成分明显影响fcc金属形变损伤机...     

内氧化法制备Al2O3/Cu复合材料的载流摩擦磨损特性

采用内氧化法制备了Al2O3／Cu复合材料，研究了复合材料在载流条件下的摩擦磨损特性，并进行了微观组织结构分析。结果表明：采用内氧化法制备的Al2O3／Cu复合材料，在铜基体中弥散分布着纳米级的Al2O3颗粒；载流条件下，该复合材料的抗摩擦磨损性能显著优于铬青铜合金；电流较小时具有磨粒磨损和粘着磨损的共同特征，电流较大时以粘着磨损为主。在试验范围内，电流比载荷对磨损率的影响显著。     

Cu-Al2O3弥散强化铜合金接触线的组织和性能

采用内氧化法制备的Cu-Al2O3弥散强化铜合金接触线,并对其组织和性能进行了研究。结果表明:Cu-Al2O3合金接触线抗拉强度达到568 MPa,导电率达到84%IACS,载流量达到764 A,技术性能优于TB/T 2809-2017标准中Cu-Cr-Zr合金接触线的技术要求;其强化机制主要为细晶强化及Al2O3粒子引起的弥散强化和应变强化;由于合金基体内Al2O3粒子不均匀,导致合金内部组织的不均匀,从而引起显微组织的尺寸不均和拉伸断口混合断裂的断裂方式。     

低铝含量Cu-Al合金的表面弥散强化及其性能

以Cu2O为氧化剂,在氩气保护下用内氧化技术对不同低Al含量的Cu-Al合金表面进行了弥散强化处理(内氧化温度为1123～1273K,保温时间10～96h),研究了硬化层的组织形貌及性能。用Wagner高温氧化理论分析了铝含量、工艺参数与内氧化层深及内氧化速度之间的定量关系。结果表明：试样表面通过内氧化后,固溶在Cu基体内部的Al以Al2O3形态从基体析出,基体纯化,导电率提高。同时铜基体中弥散分布的纳米级的Al2O3颗粒强化了铜基体,使硬度及磨损抗力提高。Al含量的多少直接影响内氧化层的厚度、组织形貌及硬度和导电率,Cu-Al合金的内氧化动力学曲线呈抛物线变化规律。     

AgSnO_2电接触材料内氧化热力学与恒温氧化行为（英文）

研究了Ag-Sn合金内氧化热力学与恒温氧化行为。热力学计算结果表明,Ag-Sn合金内氧化在热力学上是可行的,并绘制了合金氧化热力学区位图。经氧化实验获得Ag-Sn合金恒温氧化行为曲线。Ag-Sn合金快速氧化的温度区间为550℃至800℃。随内氧化温度的升高,合金的氧化更为彻底并逐步趋于平稳。实验所得AgSnO2材料中,SnO2颗粒弥散分布于Ag基体中。在内氧化过程中,氧的扩散使合金内部发生氧化,并生成呈网状排布的氧化物。     

基于热力学计算的水工况对耐热钢高温氧化行为影响

基于热力学计算方法,对6种不同的水工况条件下的高温氧分压进行了计算和对比.计算结果显示,TP347H和T91两种材料在570℃时高温氧化产物类型转变的临界氧分压约为1.0×10-15,而常规的加氧工况OT(1)、纯水工况、还原性全挥发处理工况AVT(R1)在此条件下的氧分压均高于1.0×10-10,因此认为常规的加氧工...     

Internal oxidation thermodynamics and microstructures of Ag-Y alloy

The thermodynamic data of pure Ag and Y were calculated. The phase constitution, composition of micro-region and microstructures of Ag-Y alloy after internal oxidation were investigated by X-ray diffractometry(XRD), energy dispersion spectrometry(EDS) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The results show that the internal oxidation behavior of Ag-Y alloy is feasible from the view of thermodynamics. The upper limit of oxygen partial pressure of Ag-Y alloy oxidation is a function of temperature. Two phases (Ag and Y2O3) appear in Ag-Y alloy after the internal oxidation. The surface of Ag-Y alloy is convex because of the volume expansion of oxide in the alloy and the composition of the convex part is Ag. In Ag-Y2O3 sintered bulk Y2O3 particles are distributed inhomogeneously and conglomerated seriously, but they are dispersed uniformly in the Ag matrix after severe plastic deformation.     

Zum Mechanismus der Hochtemperatur-Oxidation von Kupfer-Aluminiumlegierungen

Mechanism of high temperature oxidation of copper aluminium alloys The oxidation (950 °C, oxygen pressure 10^?2 to 760 Torr ) follows a linear kinetic law after the first 3 to 5 min. Low oxygen concentrations produce preferential internal oxidation with Al₂O₃ being precipitated in statistical distribution in the copper matrix or — with higher a/Al contents — forming a barrier layer near the surface. This layer would slow down diffusion of copper ions; this effect would be even more pronounced at high oxygen pressures, where couprous oxide is present. The rate constant of the oxidation is drastically reduced by higher Al contents (> ～ 1%).     

Influence of the Oxygen Partial Pressure on the Oxidation of Inconel 617 Alloy at High Temperature

Ni-based superalloy Inconel 617 (IN617) is one of the main candidate structural materials for high temperature components (heat exchanger) of the gas-cooled fast reactor (GFR), a possible candidate for generation IV nuclear reactor. The material in operating conditions will be exposed to impure He at a temperature of around 850 °C. The impurities are expected to be oxidizing (such as O₂, H₂O) but since no feedback experience is available for this type of reactor, the level of impurities is completely unknown. Hence, an attempt has been made to understand the influence of oxygen partial pressure on oxide composition and on the oxidation mechanisms of IN617 at 850 °C. To achieve this, oxidation tests were performed at 3 different range of partial pressure: 10^?5, 0.2 and 200 mbar. Tests were performed from 1 h to 28 days and the obtained oxide layers were characterized using MEB, EDX, XPS, XRD and GD-OES. The oxide layers were mainly composed of chromia containing TiO₂ and thickening with time. Aluminium oxide formed internally. Other oxides were detected in the scale, such as NiO, CoO, MoO₃ and MnO₂, except for the lowest oxygen partial pressure experiments, where a selective oxidation took place. The scale-growth mechanism was cationic for low and medium oxygen partial pressure conditions. A growth following a transient oxidation mechanism was observed for high oxygen partial pressure.     

The Sulfidation/Oxidation Resistance of Two Ni-Cr-Al-Y Alloys at 700℃

The high temperature corrosion resistance of Ni-25.9Cr-13.5Al-1.2Y-0.6Si and Ni-10.2Co-12.4Cr-16.0Al-0.5Y-0.2Hf alloys was assessed in sulfidation/oxidation environments.In the environment with a sulfur partial pressure of 1Pa. and an oxygen partial pressure of 10^-19Pα,both these alloys exhibited three distinct stages in the weight gain-time curve when tested at 700℃.In the initial stage, selective sulfidation of Cr suppressed the formation of the other metal sulfides,resulting in lower weight gains.In the transient stage, breakdown and cracking of Cr sulfides and insufficient concentration of Cr at the outer zone led to the rapid formation of Ni sulfides and a rapid increase in weight.In the steady-state stage, corrosion was controlled by the diffusion of anions and/or cations, which led to a parabolic rate law.     

THE SULFIDATION/OXIDATION RESISTANCE OF TWO Ni-Cr-Al-Y ALLOYS AT 700℃

The high temperature corrosion resistance of Ni-25.gCr-13.5Al-1.2Y-0.6Si and Ni-10.2Co-12.4 Cr-16.0A l-0.5 Y-0.2Hf alloys was assessed in sulfidation/oxidation environments.In the environment with a sulfur partial pressure of 1Pa.and an oxygen partial pressure of 10-19Pa,both these alloys exhibited three distinct stages in the weight gain-time curve when tested at 700℃.In the initial stage,selective sulfidation of Cr suppressed the formation of the other metal sulfides,resulting in lower weight gains.In the transient stage,breakdown and cracking of Cr sulfides and insufficient concentration of Cr at the outer zone led to the rapid formation of Ni sulfides and a rapid increase in weight.In the steady-state stage,corrosion was controlled by the diffusion of anions and/or cations,which led to a parabolic rate law.     

Internal Oxidation of Fe–Mn–Cr Steels,Simulations and Experiments

A multi-element and multi-phase internal oxidation model that couples thermodynamics with kinetics is developed to predict the internal oxidation behaviour of Fe–Mn–Cr steels as a function of annealing time and oxygen partial pressure. To validate the simulation results, selected Fe–Mn–Cr steels were annealed at 950 °C for 1–16 h in a gas mixture of Ar with 5 vol% H₂ and dew points of ? 30, ? 10 and 10 °C. The measured kinetics of internal oxidation as well as the concentration depth profiles of internal oxides in the annealed Fe–Mn–Cr steels are in agreement with the predictions. Internal MnO and MnCr₂O₄ are formed during annealing, and both two oxides have a relatively low solubility product. Local thermodynamic equilibrium is established in the internal oxidation zone of Fe–Mn–Cr steels during annealing and the internal oxidation kinetics are solely controlled by diffusion of oxygen. The internal oxidation of Fe–Mn–Cr steels follows the parabolic rate law. The parabolic rate constant increases with annealing dew point, but decreases with the concentration of the alloying elements.     

Development of preferential intergranular oxides in nickel-aluminum alloys at high temperatures

The development of intergranular oxides in dilute Ni-Al alloys containing 0.55–4.10% Al in Ni-NiO packs and in 1 atm oxygen at 800–1100°C has been examined. In the Ni-NiO packs, preferential intergranular oxide penetration as well as internal oxidation occurs in every case, except in the higher aluminum-containing alloys at 1100°C. Several different types of intergranular oxide morphology were observed, depending on alloy aluminum concentration and on temperature. The oxides in the more dilute alloys are thin and relatively continuous and are accompanied by preferential penetration of internal oxide particles in the adjacent grains. Thicker intergranular oxides are precipitated in the more concentrated alloys while, in some situations, numerous fine oxide particles are formed well ahead of the main intergranular oxide. The intergranular oxidation is facilitated by high stress development in the specimens due to increases in volume as internal and intergranular oxides are formed. These stresses create microvoids in the grain boundaries immediately ahead of the advancing internal and intergranular oxides, resulting in preferential nucleation and growth of further intergranular oxides. This is the case particularly at the lower temperatures where other stress-relief processes cannot operate. The resulting relatively continuous, incoherent intergranular oxide-metal interface allows a high flux of oxygen to the advancing intergranular oxide front. Preferential intergranular oxidation is much less extensive in the presence of a thickening external NiO scale, due to accommodation of the volume increases on internal oxide formation by vacancies injected into the alloy from the growing cationdeficient scale.British Nuclear Fuels, Windscale Works, Seascale, Cumbria, U.K.     

High-temperature oxidation of a nickel base superalloy at different oxygen partial pressures

A series of oxidation tests were conducted for a nickel base superalloy, as these materials are used at high temperature in aggressive conditions, thus the influence of oxygen on their degradation mechanisms must be known. The material was treated for up to 150?h at 900 and 1000°C in a furnace able to control and maintain atmospheres with different partial oxygen pressures. The oxidation rate of the material was determined by gravimetric means. In all cases, the rate of oxidation followed parabolic regimes that depended on the value of oxygen partial pressure. The oxide scale formed was characterised by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy; these analyses revealed that the oxide scale consisted of an outer TiO₂ layer and inner Cr₂O₃ layer under all experimental conditions. Cross-section analyses indicated the development of internal oxidation and the presence of gamma-prime free zones.