氯氧镁水泥对焚烧飞灰固化作用及影响因素

利用氯氧镁水泥对飞灰进行固化处理,研究了氯氧镁水泥对飞灰重金属离子的固化效果及影响因素。结果表明,氯氧镁水泥对飞灰固化存在一个最佳摩尔比,在最佳摩尔比条件下Pb浸出浓度最低,固化率达94%;随着活性氧化镁含量上升(由28.9%提高到60.56%),Pb浸出浓度显著降低,固化率提高23.9%,当活性氧化镁含量进一步增加时,Pb浸出浓度降低幅度减小;按摩尔比为10∶1,水灰比为0.3配制氯氧镁水泥,在掺量为20%的条件下,固化效果优于掺量为40%的P·O42.5水泥,且满足生活垃圾填埋标准的限值,具有很好的应用前景。     

新型垃圾焚烧飞灰固化剂的研究

MC是一种自行开发的新型固化剂,是以轻烧镁粉、水泥、生石灰等材料经复配磨制而成,其对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属离子具有良好的固化效果。对比研究表明:新型固化剂MC对飞灰的综合固化效益显著优于水泥固化剂与水泥螯合剂复合固化剂。在掺量仅为15%时,Pb,Cd的固化率均在98.5%以上,浸出浓度分别为0.24 mg/L,0.015 mg/L,满足生活垃圾填埋场的污染控制标准。且采用新型固化剂MC对焚烧飞灰进行固化处理,所需的固化时间较短,养护龄期达3 d以上,Pb,Cd的浸出浓度保持稳定,约为0.14 mg/L,0.07 mg/L。     

不同环境条件下磷酸镁水泥对硝酸铅的固化

在不同pH值、碳化、氯离子侵蚀条件下,利用磷酸镁水泥对不同掺量的硝酸铅进行固化。研究不同条件下重金属铅的浸出率规律,并对不同掺量的硝酸铅对磷酸镁水泥水化产物种类、水化产物形貌进行了探讨。研究表明,在pH值为2时,铅的浸出率最大,随着pH值增加浸出率降低,但在pH值为12,浸出率又有所升高;在碳化条件下铅的浸出率随养护时间的延长先增加后趋于稳定;在氯离子侵蚀条件下,铅的浸出率随侵蚀时间的延长变化不明显。     

生态水泥中SiO2掺量对焚烧飞灰中重金属固溶特性的影响

按不同SiO2掺量(质量分数)进行垃圾焚烧飞灰的水泥固化试验,研究了SiO2掺量对熟料试样的重金属分布、浸出毒性的影响。结果表明,SiO2掺量低于16%时,提高掺量有利于增加熟料中Cr、Ni、Cu、As固溶率;但SiO2掺量超过16%后,重金属固溶率与其成反比。Cd、Pb、Zn的挥发率随SiO2掺量增加而减少,掺加SiO2能明显抑制Zn的挥发,但基本不影响Hg的挥发。SiO2掺量增加后熟料结构进一步致密化,重金属浸出量减少。     

不同配比改性硫氧镁水泥胶凝试样的强度影响

改性硫氧镁水泥混凝土作为一种新型耐腐蚀材料,其具有很高的推广应用价值,对不同配比、不同外加剂含量下的改性硫氧镁水泥胶凝试样进行强度测试,结果表明:采用50%活性含量的轻烧氧化镁,柠檬酸对配比6-20和9-20的改性硫氧镁水泥试样流动度改性效果明显;配比6-20改性硫氧镁水泥试样28 d抗折、抗压强度都随着外加剂掺量增加而增加;小于2%的柠檬酸掺量对配比9-20改性硫氧镁水泥试样抗压强度改性作用巨大;掺4%的柠檬酸时,9-20配比的改性硫氧镁水泥试样具有最高的28 d抗折强度和较高的折压比;根据28 d强度分析,针对9-20配比,活性含量50%、60%的轻烧氧化镁,最佳柠檬酸掺量分别为3%～4%与1.2%。     

解毒飞灰对水泥稳定碎石抗压强度的影响机制研究

为了探究解毒飞灰对水泥稳定碎石抗压强度形成与发展的影响机制，研究了水泥-解毒飞灰浆体中Ca(OH)₂与Friedel盐变化、水化产物微观形态以及水化产物元素的变化规律，揭示了水泥-解毒飞灰水化产物变化与水泥稳定碎石试件的抗压强度演变间的关系，基于解毒飞灰的合理掺配区间，提出不同氯盐含量下解毒飞灰在水泥稳定碎石中的掺量限制范围。结果表明，水泥稳定碎石抗压强度随解毒飞灰掺量的增加先升高后降低，后期强度呈现回升趋势；解毒飞灰中可溶氯盐的含量是影响水泥水化产物生成量与强度发展的关键因素，低解毒飞灰掺量引入了合理含量的可溶氯盐，水化产物中Ca(OH)₂含量增加，且生成新的水化产物Friedel盐，促使浆体结构更加密实和优化，抗压强度得以增长；随解毒飞灰掺量的增加，Ca(OH)₂生成量先增后降，而Friedel盐持续增长；当解毒飞灰掺量超过一定掺量后，体系中出现游离的氯盐，在水泥熟料颗粒表面形成包裹层阻碍其进一步水化，从而抑制抗压强度的发展。为保证水泥稳定碎石早期与后期强度稳定发展，建议该解毒飞灰掺量控制在4%以内，各地区解毒飞灰掺...     

粉煤灰对氯氧镁水泥早期性能的影响

为了研究粉煤灰对氯氧镁水泥的改性作用以及拓展氯氧镁水泥在青海等地的应用,将粉煤灰掺入氯氧镁水泥中,分析了粉煤灰对氯氧镁水泥的凝结时间、强度、耐水性和耐硫酸盐的影响.结果表明:掺入粉煤灰会延长氯氧铁水泥的凝结时间,粉煤灰的掺量与初终凝时间呈线性相关;掺入20％粉煤灰能提高氯氧镁水泥的28天强度和耐水性;硫酸盐环境能够改善氯氧镁水泥的耐水性,虽然大掺量(40％)的氯氧铁水泥浸泡硫酸盐后强度降低幅度较大,但浸硫酸盐后氯氧镁水泥的剩余抗压强度依然是对照组普通硅酸盐水泥强度的1.5倍,适宜将其应用于干旱、少雨、硫酸盐侵蚀比较严重的西藏、青海等西部环境中.     

铅离子对复合磷酸盐磷酸镁水泥水化硬化特性的影响

研究了铅离子对复合磷酸盐磷酸镁水泥水化硬化特性的影响及其在复合磷酸盐磷酸镁水泥中的稳定性。实验结果表明,复合磷酸盐磷酸镁水泥抗压强度随着铅离子掺量的增加而降低,其中硝酸铅掺量达到10%时,复合磷酸盐磷酸镁水泥的各个龄期的抗压强度发生明显下降。铅离子对复合磷酸盐磷酸镁水泥凝结时间没有明显影响。在复合磷酸盐磷酸镁水泥水化过程中,铅离子对水泥体系的pH值影响不大,但能够造成水泥水化放热峰出现的时间延迟,水化放热的总量减少并影响主要水化产物的结晶程度。在复合磷酸盐磷酸镁水泥水化反应后期,当硝酸铅掺量达到10%以上时,在水化产物中出现了较为明显的Pb2P2O7的衍射峰。复合磷酸盐磷酸镁水泥固化铅离子的浸出毒性试验结果(43μg/L)远低于国家标准要求(5mg/L)。     

危险废物焚烧飞灰等离子体熔融试验

在额定处理投料量80 kg/h的等离子体熔融炉实验平台上对危险废物焚烧飞灰进行熔融玻璃化试验，研究飞灰熔融前后、 2次飞灰的微观形貌、玻璃体渣中重金属的固化特性和浸出特性。结果表明：经等离子体熔融后得到的玻璃体渣质地结实，光泽鲜亮，呈典型的玻璃质结构，主要成分为Si—Al—Ca化合物。玻璃体含量为98.2%,酸溶蚀率为0.2%,热酌减率为0.5%,重金属酸浸出和水浸出远低于国标规定的毒性浸出含量。所采用的等离子体熔融工艺对焚烧飞灰中重金属有很好的固化效果，2次飞灰产率为8.15%,主要成分为KCl和NaCl;冲渣水水质成分和重金属含量满足污水综合排放标准1级。证明等离子体熔融是1种危险废物焚烧飞灰处置的有效方法。     

石灰石粉对氯氧镁水泥性能的影响

为合理利用生产石灰石集料的副产品——石灰石粉,发展绿色建筑材料,研究了不同掺量石灰石粉对氯氧镁水泥初凝时间、终凝时间、强度、耐水性及耐硫酸盐腐蚀性能的影响,并观察了掺入石灰石粉后氯氧镁水泥微观形态的变化。试验结果表明:随着石灰石粉掺量的增加,镁水泥的初、终凝时间延长,强度逐渐降低,耐水性也逐渐降低,但硫酸盐侵蚀性能较好。在微观形态上表现为:石灰石粉的加入使胶凝相更为分散,生长出大量细长的晶体;清水浸泡时生成了大量大孔隙,硫酸盐腐蚀时生成片状晶体;但掺量即使达到40%,镁水泥的强度一样可以接近普通硅酸盐水泥的2倍。将石灰石粉大量取代轻烧粉加入氯氧镁水泥中作为建筑材料使用,是大量利用石灰石粉可供选择的良好途径。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from