推行GAP管理是中国烟叶生产的必由之路

为使各级烟叶组织、管理和生产部门迅速认识世界发达国家采用的优质农业生产管理模式———GAP,推行GAP,全面快速提升中国烟叶生产技术和质量管理水平,使中国优质烟叶生产形成规模,走向世界,详细介绍了GAP的概念、在我国烟叶生产推行GAP的意义和实施措施,以及云南省陆良县烟草公司2003年推行GAP、建立烟叶质量追踪系统的实践经验。认为:①陆良县烟草公司推行GAP是成功的,其实施措施得当,工作细致,成效显著,从根本上改变了我国多年来陈旧的烟叶生产、管理、收购与质量监督模式,为提高我国烟叶生产质量及大规模进入国际市场开创了一条新的途径;②GAP是可行的、适合中国国情的、行之有效的优质烟叶生产与管理方法,是中国烟叶提高质量走向世界的必由之路!     

全球作物保护剂使用系统（CPA-MS）

菲利普-莫利斯烟草公司（PMI）声称在他们的产品中应用了最高质量的烟叶，目前PMI继续在GAP（优质农业实践）的应用中保持领先地位，并鼓励在全球任何种植烟草的地方获得这种目的农业纲领。作物保护剂（CPAs）的适当应用是GAP管理的重要环节，同时也是GMPs（优质制造实践）的重要环节。因此，PMI进一步声称支持与鼓励在烟叶生产、收获、贮藏中确保唯一权威的CPAs应用的努力。CPAs应用的是按照指定的使用剂量使用农药。     

中国烟叶良好农业规范（GAP）发展现状与问题

对良好农业规范生产（GAP）在中国烤烟生产中的产生背景、发展现状、优势进行了初步探讨,首次提出了烤烟GAP在国内发展的标志性事件,并将发展历程划分为3个主要阶段：探索阶段,初步发展阶段和认证阶段。在分析国内发展烤烟GAP生产的优势及其存在问题的同时,提出了相应的对策和建议,为今后进一步推进烤烟GAP的发展提供参考。     

美国大学研究农民执行农业GAP过程中的影响因素

据sciencedirect数据库消息,2013年3月《食品控制杂志》(Food Control)刊登一项研究农民执行良好农业生产规范(GAP)影响因素的文章。宾夕法尼亚大学研究人员表示,农业GAP的实施有助农民保持产品的市场生存能力,减少新鲜农产品导致的食源性疾病。通过评估GAP推广过程中的相关信息,可为农民更好地执行GAP提供帮助。     

良好农业规范和HACCP构筑速冻莲子质量安全防线

依据莲子生长、采收特性以及速冻莲子生产工艺、包装形式, 将良好农业规范(good agricultural practices, GAP)与HACCP有机结合应用于速冻莲子生产, 确保其质量与安全。通过莲子种植过程与加工生产过程质量安全风险评估与危害分析, GAP应用于种植过程, 对可能存在的潜在危害进行分析排查; 对生产过程潜在的风险因素, 从物理危害、化学危害、生物危害逐一进行分析, 确定生产工艺中的关键控制点(critical control point, CCP), 通过CCP来控制或者避免显著危害的发生; 采取监控措施保证CCP有效实施, 并在其发生偏离时采取相应的纠偏措施。将GAP与HACCP有机结合应用于速冻莲子的生产过程, 将全面构筑速冻莲子质量安全防线。     

GAP在中草药种植中的应用

良好农业规范（GAP）是在人们对食品安全与缝康关注程度日益加深的背景下产生和发展起来的，在安全健康的食物和农产品生产以及保障国际贸易中食品质量安全与相互认可方面，日益受到国际社会的认可。本文介绍了闰内外GAP的产生与发展，探讨了GAP在中草药种植中的应用。     

邵阳烤烟生产GAP体系构建及烟叶质量评价

为构建邵阳市烤烟生产GAP体系和烟叶质量评价体系,通过对邵阳市烤烟生产区水质、空气及土壤等环境因子进行调查与取样分析,评价了实施GAP管理后的大气、水体及土壤等环境因子和烟叶质量。结果表明,邵阳市植烟区大气质量符合GB3095—2012一级标准,水体质量达到GB3838—2002三级以上标准,绝大多数植烟土壤质量符合GB15618—1995二级以上标准,水体、大气和土壤符合优质烤烟GAP生产要求。2013年实施烟草生产GAP体系后X2F、C3F和B2F烟叶主要化学成分协调性、烟叶外观质量及评吸质量比实施前均有较大提高。在选择适宜品种基础上,建立有效的环境监控体系,合理规划种植基地,按照烟草GAP管理要求构建配套的烟叶生产技术体系,是确保本区烟叶质量的重要途径。     

农业农村部:确保2020年粮食产量稳定在1.3万亿斤以上

农业农村部近期印发关于落实党中央、国务院2020年农业农村重点工作部署的实施意见,要求毫不放松抓好粮食生产,确保2020年粮食产量稳定在1.3万亿斤以上。千方百计稳定粮食生猪生产,保障重要农产品有效供给。毫不放松抓好粮食生产,确保2020年粮食产量稳定在1.3万亿斤以上。     

中国温室建设标准近期颁布——九个农业工程建设标准的重要性

改革开放以来，农业发展经历了历史性的转变。粮食生产在解决数量问题后向讲求品质质量方向转变：农业生产由单一粮食生产实现了向种植业、养殖业、加工业多业经营转变；农业由粗放式经营向专业化、规模化、集约化方向发展。“优质、高产、高效、生态、安全”是现阶段现代农业建设的基本要求。     

嘉祥县无公害农产品生产基地管理的技术措施

“无公害食品行动计划”是一项旨在提高我国农产品质量安全水平和保证人民消费安全的“民心工程”。为此,我县为实施该项计划,率先建立标准化生产基地5万亩,无公害大蒜生产基地3万亩,无公害葫萝卜、细毛长山药生产基地2万亩。为确保我县无公害农产品基地快速健康的发展,确保农产品品质,特制订以下几项技术措施。一、农业技术措施(一)选择优良品种基地应结合农业结构调整,重视优质抗病良种的引进工作。选用抗逆性强,抗病虫害,高产优质的优良品种,是无公害生产的关键措施。(二)科学应用栽培技术1.轮作换茬。在无公害生产中,实行轮作换茬,以减…     

Arsenic(III) oxidation by iron(VI) (ferrate) and subsequent removal of arsenic(V) by iron(III) coagulation

We investigated the stoichiometry, kinetics, and mechanism of arsenite [As(III)] oxidation by ferrate [Fe(VI)] and performed arsenic removal tests using Fe(VI) as both an oxidant and a coagulant. As(III) was oxidized to As(V) (arsenate) by Fe(VI), with a stoichiometry of 3:2 [As(III):Fe(VI)]. Kinetic studies showed that the reaction of As(III) with Fe(VI) was first-order with respect to both reactants, and its observed second-order rate constant at 25 degrees C decreased nonlinearly from (3.54 +/- 0.24) x 10(5) to (1.23 +/- 0.01) x 10(3) M(-1) s(-1) with an increase of pH from 8.4 to 12.9. A reaction mechanism by oxygen transfer has been proposed for the oxidation of As(III) by Fe(VI). Arsenic removal tests with river water showed that, with minimum 2.0 mg L(-1) Fe(VI), the arsenic concentration can be lowered from an initial 517 to below 50 microg L(-1), which is the regulation level for As in Bangladesh. From this result, Fe(VI) was demonstrated to be very effective in the removal of arsenic species from water at a relatively low dose level (2.0 mg L(-1)). In addition, the combined use of a small amount of Fe(VI) (below 0.5 mg L(-1)) and Fe(III) as a major coagulant was found to be a practical and effective method for arsenic removal.     

Iron(VI) and iron(V) oxidation of copper(I) cyanide

Copper(Il) cyanide (Cu(CN)4(3-)) in the gold mine industry presentsthe biggest concern in cyanide management because it is much more stable than free cyanide. Cu(CN)4(3-) is highlytoxic to aquatic life; therefore, environmentally friendly techniques are required for the removal of Cu(CN)4(3-) from gold mine effluent. The oxidation of Cu(CN)4(3-) by iron-(VI) (FeVIO4(2-), Fe(VI)) and iron(V) (FeVO4(3-), Fe(V)) was studied using stopped-flow and premix pulse radiolysis techniques. The stoichiometry with Fe(VI) was determined to be 5HFeO(4-) + Cu(CN)4(3-) + 8H2O - > 5Fe(OH)3 + Cu2+ + 4CNO- +3/202 + 6OH-. The rate law for the oxidation of Cu(CN)4(3-) by Fe(VI) was found to be first-order with each reactant. The rates decreased with increasing pH and were mostly related to a decrease in concentration of reactive protonated Fe(VI) species, HFeO4-. A mechanism is proposed that agrees with the observed reaction stoichiometry and rate law. The rate constant for the oxidation of Cu(CN)4(3-) by Fe(V) was determined at pH 12.0 as 1.35 +/- 0.02 x 10(7) M(-1) s(-1), which is approximately 3 orders of magnitude larger than Fe(VI). Results indicate that Fe(VI) is highly efficient for removal of cyanides in gold mill effluent.     

Mind the (yield) gap(s)

This paper explores the origin of the notion of ??yield gap?? and its use as a framing device for agricultural policy in sub-Saharan Africa. The argument is that while the yield gap of policy discourse provides a simple and powerful framing device, it is most often used without the discipline or caveats associated with the best examples of its use in crop production ecology and microeconomics. This argument is developed by examining how yield gap is used in a selection of recent and influential agricultural policy documents. The message for policy makers and others is clear: ??mind the (yield) gap(s)??, for they are seldom what they appear.     

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of 4(5)-methylimidazole (4-MeI) and 2-acetyl-4(5)-(1,2,3,4)-tetrahydroxybutyl-imidazole (THI) from ground-coffee with high-performance liquid chromatographic-electrospray mass spectrometric quantification (HPLC/ESI-MS).

Two polar analytes, 4(5)-methylimidazole (4-MeI) and 2-acetyl-4(5)-(1,2,3,4)-tetrahydroxybutyl-imidazole (THI), were extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) modified with aqueous methanol. The method was applied to a roasted coffee powder with good recovery rates. Method efficiency was compared with that of solid-phase extraction using SCX Disc cartridges and validated for spiked solid matrix. The analytes were determined using isocratic liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) on an Atlantis HILIC Silica column (150 x 2.1 mm, 3 microm) with 80% methanol and 20% 0.01 mol l-1 ammonium formate as the mobile phase. The limit of quantification was around 1.5 pg for 4-MeI and 2.0 pg for THI. The linearity of the calibration curves was satisfactory as indicated by correlation coefficients of >0.999. The coefficient of variation for the intra-day and inter-day precisions was <4% (n = 6). Accuracy was in the range 98-101%; recovery rates were > or = 98 and > or = 99% for THI and 4-MeI, respectively. Several samples of Arabica coffee from various locations and commercially available 'off-the-shelf' coffee products (Arabica/Robusta mixtures) were analysed to test the method.     

Reduction of Tc(VII) by Fe(II) sorbed on Al (hydr)oxides

Under oxic conditions, Tc exists as the soluble, weakly sorbing pertechnetate [TcO4-] anion. The reduced form of technetium, Tc(IV), is stable in anoxic environments and is sparingly soluble as TcO2 x nH2O(s). Here we investigate the heterogeneous reduction of Tc(VII) by Fe(II) adsorbed on Al (hydr)oxides [diaspore (alpha-AlOOH) and corundum (alpha-Al2O3)]. Experiments were performed to study the kinetics of Tc(VII) reduction, examine changes in Fe surface speciation during Tc(VII) reduction (M?ssbauer spectroscopy), and identify the nature of Tc(IV)-containing reaction products (X-ray absorption spectroscopy). We found that Tc(VII) was completely reduced by adsorbed Fe(II) within 11 (diaspore suspension) and 4 days (corundum suspension). M?ssbauer measurements revealed thatthe Fe(II) signal became less intense with Tc(VII) reduction and was accompanied by an increase in the intensity of the Fe(III) doublet and magnetically ordered Fe(III) sextet signals. Tc-EXAFS spectroscopy revealed that the final heterogeneous redox product on corundum was similar to Tc(IV) oxyhydroxide, TcO2 x nH2O.     

优质农业生产管理指导手册(二)

4病虫害综合防治 病虫害综合防治(IPM)是烟叶生产的一项系统体系,利用病虫害预测预报系统,提供最好的病虫害综合防治决策,重点是协调应用一切可行的办法.病虫害综合防治并不意味着完全排除使用农药,而是在使用其它办法不能使病虫害的种群数保持在可接受的范围时适当使用农药.施用农药的地方应确保安全,并遵守一切法律法规.     

优质农业生产管理指导手册(三)

7 烘烤（调制）和烤房管理 烟叶的正确烘烤和烤房管理对优化烟叶的产量、质量和产值来说是非常关键的因素。烟叶烘烤是保持烟叶产量、质量的最后一道环节。烟叶质量会因烘烤不当而降低，而正确进行烘烤能确保烟叶质量的稳定。然而，若将劣质的鲜烟叶或烟株放入烤房，则不可能提高最终的烟叶质量。     

Reactivity of Pb(II) at the Mn(III,IV) (oxyhydr)oxide--water interface

In this study, the reactivity of lead (Pb(II)) on naturally occurring Mn(III,IV) (oxyhydr)oxide minerals was evaluated using kinetic, thermodynamic, and spectroscopic investigations. Aqueous Pb(II) was more strongly adsorbed to birnessite (delta-MnO1.7) than to manganite (gamma-MnOOH) under all experimental conditions. The isoteric heat of Pb adsorption (delta HT) or birnessite was 94 kJ mol-1 at a surface loading of 1.1 mmol g-1, and decreased with increasing adsorption density. This indicated that adsorption was an endothermic process and that birnessite possessed heterogeneous sites of reactivity for Pb. X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectra revealed that Pb was adsorbed as inner-sphere complexes on both birnessite and manganite with no evidence to suggest oxidation as an operative sorption mechanism. Lead appeared to coordinate to vacancy sites in the birnessite layer structure with concurrent release of Mn to solution, which resulted in a greater number of second shell Mn scatterers in Pb-birnessite when compared to Pb-manganite samples. The difference in Pb coordination apparently explained the contrasting desorption behavior between the two Mn minerals. These results have significant implications for Pb partitioning in soil environments containing solid-phase Mn(III,IV) (oxyhydr)oxides.     

旅人的视野2007巴黎时尚流行

领导世界时装,分析解读目前和明日流行而闻名的展会PR(e)T à PORTeR PaRIS,今年九月初在依然暑气逼人的巴黎开幕.