A dual-mode multiuser detector for DS-CDMA systems

We introduce a dual-mode multiuser detector that dynamically switches its detection mode between matched-filter and decorrelator operations based on the channel characteristics. This detector significantly reduces the overall computational requirement while maintaining similar performance as that of the decorrelator. The switching mechanism of our dual-mode detector is designed by exploiting the performance-complexity tradeoff between the decorrelator and the matched-filter. Extensions of this idea to other types of multiuser detectors are also proposed     

Preselection-based iterative multiuser detector for DS-CDMA systems

A low-complexity iterative multiuser detector is presented that uses adaptive preselection to minimise complexity while maintaining system performance very similar to that achieved when using the optimal maximum likelihood receiver.     

异步DS-CDMA系统中的最优时空线性多用户检测器

该文给出了一种适用于异步DS-CDMA系统的通用线性时空二维多用户检测方法,它将所有线性多用户检测器归结到一个统一的数学模型之下。基于此模型,该文将时空线性多用户检测问题转化为一个权矢量的优化问题,并在线性约束最小方差(LCMV)准则下给出了权矢量的优化解。对现有的几种典型线性多用户检测器的分析表明,这些方法都可以看作是该文提出的通用时空线性多用户检测方法的特例,且只能在某种限定条件下得到局部最优解,因此其抑制多址干扰和噪声的能力都低于文中的最优时空线性多用户检测器。最后,给出了数值仿真结果。     

A novel blind space-time multiuser detector for DS-CDMA system

In this letter, a novel blind space-time multiuser detector, called space-time constrained minimum output energy (ST-CMOE) detector, is proposed. It can achieve the same performance as the training based space-time minimum mean square error (ST-MMSE) detector. An adaptive version of the proposed ST-CMOE detector is also presented. Simulation shows that, the adaptive ST-CMOE detector can work well in a dynamic multiple-access channel.     

Multistage multiuser detector for DS-CDMA multipath fading channel

The proposed multistage multiuser detector for DS-CDMA communication over a multipath fading channel consists of a bank of matched filters and a linear equaliser whose outputs are diversity combined to produce initial data estimates. Using this data, multiuser interference is removed from the matched filter bank output. Diversity combining is then applied again, which produces the final decision statistics. Simulation results indicate that this detector is near-far resistant     

A maximum-likelihood bound approaching minimum bit error rate linear multiuser detector for frequency-selective DS-CDMA systems

In this letter, a minimum bit error rate (MBER) linear multiuser detector (MUD) is considered for direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) communication systems, distorted by time-varying and frequency-selective multipath fading channels. Based on the approach for finding filter coefficients of the proposed MBER MUD, an efficient Newton method with a barrier parameter is developed. The BER performance of the MBER MUD is compared to other conventional detectors. The study finds that the proposed MBER MUD has more than 2 dB gain over the linear minimum mean-squared error (LMMSE) detector. Furthermore, in the high SNR region, the BER performance of the proposed MBER MUD approaches the performance of the maximum-likelihood (ML) detector.     

Multiuser detection for DS-CDMA systems using evolutionary programming

This article introduces a new multiuser detection scheme which uses evolutionary programming (EP) to detect the user bits based on the maximum-likelihood decision rule. The major advantage of the proposed detector is that it has a lower computational complexity compared to other popular evolutionary-algorithm-based detectors. The simulation results show that the EP has always converged to the optimum solution with a small number of generations. The simulated average computational time performance demonstrates that this approach achieves practical ML performance with polynomial complexity in the number of users.     

Performance bounds for optimum multiuser DS-CDMA systems

In this letter we estimate the bit error probability (BEP) of optimum multiuser detection for synchronous and asynchronous code division multiple access (CDMA) systems on Gaussian and fading channels. We first compute an upper bound and a lower bound on the bit error probability for a given spreading code, then average the bounds over a few thousand sets of spreading codes. These bounds are obtained from a partial distance spectrum. On Gaussian channels, the upper bound converges to the lower bound at moderate to large signal-to-noise ratios. However, on fading channels the upper bound does not converge, hence we present our results for the lower bound only. The numerical results show that: 1) the BEP of a 31-user CDMA system with binary random spreading codes of length 31 is only two to four times higher than the BEP of the single user system; 2) the number of users that can be accommodated in an asynchronous CDMA system is larger than the processing gain; and 3) optimum multiuser detection outperforms linear detection (e.g., the decorrelating detector) by about 2.8 to 5.7 dB     

An equicorrelation-based multiuser communication scheme for DS-CDMA systems

An equicorrelation-based multiuser communication (ECBMC) scheme for direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems is presented. The ECBMC receiver has low computational complexity that is comparable to that of the conventional detector. By using the equality of cross correlations, the ECBMC scheme can completely eliminate multiple-access interference (MAI) in a synchronous single-path DS-CDMA network. The system performance is independent of the number of active users. The scheme is extended to include the effects of multipath fading. It is able to suppress a major portion of the MAI. This proposed ECBMC scheme is quite attractive for an MAI-dominant environment.     

Suboptimum multiuser receivers for convolutionally codedasynchronous DS-CDMA systems

Motivated by the high complexity of the optimal sequence estimator for convolutionally coded asynchronous code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems, developed by Giallorenzi and Wilson (see ibid., vol.44, no.8, p.997, 1996), and the potentially poor performance of the conventional receiver due to multiuser interference and the near-far problem, we examine relatively simple multiuser receivers which perform nearly as well as the optimal receiver. The multiuser receivers discussed are of two types. The first set of approaches are partitioned approaches that treat the multiuser interference equalization problem and the decoding problem separately. The second set of approaches are integrated approaches that perform both the equalization and decoding operations together. We study linear, decision feedback, and trellis/tree-based approaches in each category. The asymptotic efficiency of this receiver relative to an uncoded coherent binary phase shift keying (BPSK) receiver (termed asymptotic multiuser coding gain, or AMCG) is used as a performance criterion throughout. Also, computer simulations are used whenever the computation of the AMCG is not feasible. It is shown that a number of the approaches which are introduced achieve a high performance level with a moderate complexity     

Blind adaptive decorrelating detector for DS-CDMA systems:auxiliary-vector detector

A blind adaptive decorrelating detector is proposed which consists of two vectors: one is the pre-assigned spreading code of the desired user and the other is orthogonal to it. The orthogonal vector is adjusted adaptively to minimise the multiple access interference (MAI). This blind adaptive detector requires no more knowledge than does the conventional single-user receiver. Simulation results show that the obtained performance is close to that of the decorrelator     

Semiblind linear parallel interference cancellation multiuser detectors for DS-CDMA systems

Semiblind multiuser detection for the reverse link of a multicell code-division multiple-access (CDMA) system is considered. In such a system, although active users are present in the home cell and neighboring cells, the base station receiver only knows the signature information of the users in its own cell. Three new semiblind linear multiuser detectors are proposed based on parallel interference cancellation approach. Compared with some known semiblind detectors, the proposed detectors share a rather simple implementation structure and involve reduced latency for processing, which are of particular importance in a time-varying CDMA system. Numerical results are presented to compare the detection performance of the proposed detectors with that of some existing semiblind multiuser detectors.     

Single-user sparse channel acquisition in multiuser DS-CDMA systems

Single-user channel estimation in multiuser DS-CDMA systems for the case of sparse channels with large delay spreads is addressed. In addition, practical pulse shapes are considered. In sparse channels, the efficient way to estimate the parameters is to estimate the continuous delays of each path, instead of using the typical discrete tapped delay-line model. Due to the facts that the desired delays are not drawn from a simple finite set and that band-limited pulse shapes are employed, the resulting methods require numerical optimization techniques. To facilitate estimation, it is proposed to optimize the spreading code employed during the training, or estimation, phase. The optimal single-path spreading code is derived and extended for estimation in the multipath scenario. Both single-path and multipath channel estimation are considered. The proposed algorithms are evaluated through simulation and via the determination of the Cramer-Rao lower bound on the estimation variance. Analytical approximations of key performance measures are also derived and are seen to be tight for a variety of scenarios.     

Performance of multiuser detection in multirate DS-CDMA systems

The performance of multirate direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems is considered. We compare two multirate schemes: variable spreading length (VSL-CDMA) and multicode (MC-CDMA). The performance in terms of asymptotic multiuser efficiency (AME) and near-far resistance (NFR) for various detectors are evaluated. Analytical and numerical results demonstrate that in multirate systems, MC-CDMA has a similar performance to that of VSL-CDMA employing low-rate detection in terms of multirate AME (MAME) and multirate NFR (MNFR). A lower bound for the optimal MNFR is also obtained and is shown to be that of the linear decorrelator in multirate systems. Thus, this implies that the decorrelator is no longer optimal in the sense of MNFR.     

异步CDMA系统中的CM多用户检测器

本文将恒模（CM）算法应用于异步CDMA系统的多用户信号检测。该CM检测器只要求了解目标用户的信息，运算较简单，且由于采用了自适应方法，检测器无需估计信号的幅度。分析及仿真结果均表明，CM检测器的误码性能和抗-近效应能力均优于传统检测器，且对于用户数目的变化有很好的适应性。     

Semidefinite programming relaxation approach for multiuser detection of QAM signals

A semidefinite programming (SDP) relaxation approach is proposed to solve multiuser detection problems in systems with M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM). In the proposed approach, the optimal M-ary maximum likelihood (ML) detection is carried out by converting the associated M-ary integer programming problem into a binary integer programming problem. Then a relaxation approach is adopted to convert the binary integer programming problem into an SDP problem. This relaxation process leads to a detector of much reduced complexity. A multistage approach is then proposed to improve the performance of the SDP relaxation based detectors. Computer simulations demonstrate that the symbol-error rate (SER) performance offered by the proposed multistage SDP relaxation based detectors outperforms that of several existing suboptimal detectors.     

Blind space-time multiuser channel estimation in time-varying DS-CDMA systems

A multistep linear prediction (MSLP) approach is presented for blind channel estimation for short-code direct sequence code division multiple access signals in time-varying multipath channels using a receiver antenna array. The time-varying channel is assumed to be described by a complex exponential basis expansion model. First, a recently proposed MSLP approach to blind channel estimation for time-varying single-input multiple-output (SIMO) systems is extended to time-varying multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems to define a "signal" subspace. Second, the knowledge of the spreading code of a desired user is exploited in conjunction with the signal subspace to estimate the time-varying channel of the desired user up to an unknown time-invariant scale factor. Equalization/detection for the desired user can be then carried out if the information sequence is differentially encoded/decoded. Sufficient conditions for channel identifiability are investigated. Three illustrative simulation examples are provided.     

Subspace multiuser detection for multicarrier DS-CDMA

A subspace-based linear minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) multiuser detection scheme is proposed for a multicarrier direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (MC-DS-CDMA) system. Typically, a MC-DS-CDMA system employs a band-limited chip waveform. The band-limited nature of the chip waveform causes problem in applying standard subspace techniques because no non noise subspace can be formed. It is shown that channel and timing information needed for the construction of the linear MMSE detector can be identified by a multiple-signal-classification-like algorithm based on a finite-length truncation approximation of the chip waveform. In practice, since perturbed versions of the subspaces assumed in the finite-length truncation approximation are actually observed, and because of the band-limited property of the chip waveform, the accuracy of the channel estimation and, hence, the performance of the MMSE detector are degraded. This effect is investigated in this paper.     

Iterative multiuser turbo-code receiver for DS-CDMA

A number of different iterative decoding methods are proposed for multiuser interference cancellation in a code-division multiple-access system where turbo-codes are utilized for forward error correction (FEC). The individual users are decoded separately with the operation of iterative interference cancellation being mixed with iterative decoding of the turbo-code. This results in a modest increase in the overall complexity as compared to a conventional single-user receiver utilizing turbo-code for FEC. Numerical results are presented showing that the proposed iterative decoders show an improvement in the bit error rate performance and/or a reduction in the computational complexity as compared to similar previously known methods reported by M.C. Reed et al. (see 8th IEEE Int. Symp. Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Commun. - PIMRC'97, vol.2, p.740-4, 1997; IEEE Trans. Commun., vol.46, p.1693-9, 1998).     

ADAPTIVE STEP－SIZE CONSTANT MODULUS ALGORITHM FOR BLIND MULTIUSER DETECTION IN DS－CDMA SYSTEMS

Blind Adaptive Step-size Constant Modulus Algorithm (AS-CMA) for multiuser detection in DS-CDMA systems is presented.It combines the CMA and the concept of variable step-size,uses a second LMS algorithm for the step size.It adjusts the step-size according to the minimum output-energy principle within a specified range,thus overcomes the problems of bad effect of fixed step-size LMS algorithm.Compared with Adaptive Step-size LMS (AS-LMS) algorithm,through simulations,this algorithm can adapt the changes of the environment,suppress multiple access interference in the dynamic environment and the stability of Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR) is superior to that of AS-LMS.