岷江流域水库建设对水沙输移的影响

岷江作为长江上游重要支流,为川西和成都平原社会经济发展提供了重要支撑。相较于长江其他主要支流,岷江流域整体水电开发时间略晚。近年来,岷江流域水库建设工程不断增多,流域水沙情况开始变化。根据实测资料,运用水沙过程线法和径流量-输沙量双累计曲线法,初步分析岷江水库建设特点、水沙输移变化,以及二者之间的联系。结果表明:水库数量和总库容分别在1970年和2005年后有了较大的提升,水库建设的趋势是由干流深入到支流,虽然近年水库建设数量减少,但高坝大库逐渐增多;随着建坝技术水平的提高,逐渐由易建造的土坝变为筑坝难度高的其它坝型;由于水库调控能力、拦沙作用的增强,流域主汛期径流量、输沙量出现坦化现象,年径流量和年输沙量在1990年后均有减小趋势,且年输沙量减少的趋势更明显。近期高场站年输沙量变化与岷江水库建设有着一定的负相关关系,随着岷江流域水库总库容的进一步增大,这种相关关系增强,且在汛期体现得更为明显。     

Sediment flux from Lesser Zab River in Dokan Reservoir: Implications for the sustainability of long‐term water resources in Iraq

Prudent management of Iraqi water resources under climate change conditions requires plans to be based on actual figures of the storage capacity of existing reservoirs. With the absence of sediment flushing measures, the actual storage capacity of Dokan Reservoir (operated since 1959) has been affected by the amount of sediment delivered during its operational life leading to an undetermined reduction in its storage capacity. In consequence, there has not been an update on the dam's operational storage capacity curves. In this research, new operational curves were established for the reservoir based on a recent bathymetric survey undertaken in 2014. The reduction in reservoir capacity during the period between 1959 and 2014 was calculated by the mean of the difference between the designed storage capacity and the storage capacity which was concluded from the 2014 bathymetric survey. Moreover, the rate of sediment transported to the reservoir was calculated based on the overall quantities of accumulated sediment and the water discharge of the Lesser Zab River into the reservoir. The results indicate that the dam capacity is reduced by 25% due to sedimentation of an estimated volume of 367 million cubic metres at water level 480 m.a.s.l. The annual sedimentation rate was about 6.6 million cubic metres, and the sediment yield was estimated to be 701.2 t?km^?3?year.     

Sediment Yield Assessment of a Large Basin using PSIAC Approach in GIS Environment

Reservoirs are the key infrastructure for the socio-economic development of a country. The reservoirs are proven to be a remedial solution of highly erratic spatial and temporal availability of water. The growth in population and consequent developmental activities within a catchment area has shown to aggravate the problem of sedimentation which comprised of erosion, sediment transport and its deposition in these reservoirs. Among all above mentioned, reservoir sediment deposition is most important as it reduces its useful life and impairs the purposes of these vast water resource. The sediment yield has been considered as comprehensive index for assessing sustainability of such resources. The present study investigates the suitability of Pacific Southwest Inter-Agency Committee (PSIAC) model in determining the sediment yield rate for a drainage basin considering nine basin factors in geographical information system (GIS) environment. For the analysis, a large river basin at the foothill of Himalayas in India has been considered as case study. It was realized that the GIS approach made large basin characteristic sampling very easy and efficient for this hilly basin. A regression equation between specific sediment yield and effective model factors was established based on geomorphic features for this basin. It was observed that most of the basin area is falling under moderate to high sediment yielding potential zone, leading to high sediment yield.     

Coarse sediment and lower Yellow River siltation

Trap sediment by reservoirs has been effective in protecting the Lower Yellow River (LYR) but it can hard be sustainable. After reviewing the nature of sediment and siltation, the effect of coarse sediment (d > 0.08–0.1 mm) (CS) on LYR siltation is studied. It is basically proved that the CS was apt to aggregate in special reach in the upmost fluctuating backwater of reservoirs due to the effect of hydraulic sorting; persistent dredging here in a fixed dredging basin (FDB) can remove most CS and prevent it from entering the LYR. It is thus possible to ease or to cease LYR siltation. Removing CS has also proved to be able to save reservoir capacity (Zhou et al., 2010). Therefore, previously projected temporary trapping storages as the Xiaolangdi reservoir (XLDR) immediately upstream of LYR can be adjusted with new role to screen CS. The LYR can be protected without needing more dams.     

葛洲坝-三峡水库不同蓄水阶段对中下游水沙影响

以葛洲坝-三峡梯级水库为研究对象,根据水库的不同运行阶段划分研究时段,基于寸滩、宜昌、汉口、大通站1954~2008年的日流量和日含沙量资料,计算分析了梯级水库运行对长江中下游输沙量及水沙关系的影响。结果表明:4个水文站的年输沙量、含沙量总体呈下降趋势,梯级水库运行对中下游输沙量及水沙关系的影响与水库库容和距离水库远近有关;水库拦截造成的泥沙减少与年径流量变化无关,与径流量的季节分配变化有关,径流量季节分配的变化和梯级水库的蓄水拦沙都使大通站月输沙量的年内分配更加均匀。     

NUMERICAL MODELING OF DONGZHUANG RESERVOIR ON JING RIVER

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黄河流域近百年产沙情势变化

基于实测降雨、水文、坝库拦沙、灌溉引沙和河道冲淤等数据,分析了1919-2016年黄河潼关以上流域实际产沙量、产沙强度和不同时期下垫面在多年平均降雨情况下的产沙能力变化。结果表明,20世纪30年代以后,流域产沙能力逐渐增大,至50~70年代达到顶峰;80~90年代以后,流域产沙逐渐减少,其中2010-2016年流域产沙强度只有1919-1939年的23%。1919-2016年流域年均产沙量为13.7亿t。在多年平均降雨和1919-1953年下垫面情况下,潼关年均来沙量应约为14.6亿t;至1956-1975年,该值达到16.6亿t。     

用小波神经网络耦合模型预测流域年均产沙量

引入小波神经网络耦合模型对流域年均产沙量进行了定量研究。由于流域的地质、地貌、土壤在一定时间尺度内具有相对稳定的特性,选出年降雨量、年均气温、年径流量、大雨降雨量、暴雨降雨量、蒸发量、日照时数和汛期降雨量等8个要素作为模型的气候水文输入因子,而以耕地面积、林地面积、水库库容、修建公路、水土保持面积、裸地面积、年采矿量及年末总人口等8个要素作为模型的人类活动输入因子,对流域年均产沙量进行了定量建模预测。结果表明:小波神经网络耦合模型不仅拟合精度高,而且预测效果好,为流域产沙的定量研究提供了新的途径。     

The assessment of suspended sediment inputs to Volta Lake

Information on a river basin's sediment yield is an important requirement for water resources development and management. In the Volta River basin of Ghana, data on suspended sediment yield are limited due to the lack of logistic support for systematic sediment sampling activities. This paper presents the results of a study using the available measurements of suspended sediment transport for eight monitoring stations in order to develop a simple predictive tool for estimating the suspended sediment yields for catchments for which no sediment measurements had been undertaken. Regression analysis was used to establish a relationship between specific suspended sediment yield and both the mean annual run‐off and the drainage basin area. The prediction model was used to estimate the sediment loads of the Volta River and its main tributaries (Black Volta, White Volta and Oti Rivers) in order to estimate the total suspended sediment input to the reservoir and the equivalent specific suspended sediment yield from the catchment surface. Although these sediment yield values are relatively low by world standards, the results obtained provide a basis for assessing future sedimentation problems in Lake Volta and for underpinning the development of sediment control and management strategies for the reservoir.     

Management of Water Reservoirs (Embungs) in West Timor,Indonesia

Communal water storage reservoirs (embungs) that serve many villages in West Timor, Indonesia, during the prolonged annual dry season are plagued with sedimentation problems. Sedimentation progressively reduces water storage capacity, and consequently the benefits that community can derive from embungs. This paper investigates four alternative strategies for managing the sedimentation of a typical village embung: (1) current management (a “no management” situation), (2) soil conservation in the embung catchment, (3) periodic sediment removal and (4) a combination of soil conservation and sediment removal. Without periodic sediment removal, an embung has a finite life dependent on the rate of sedimentation. The results indicate that periodic cleaning is worthwhile. Strategy (4) gives the highest net present value followed by strategy (3). The study shows that the current “no management” strategy is the worst strategy. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to investigate how robust the ranking is to alternative discount rates and to assumed effectiveness of soil conservation measures in reducing sedimentation.     

三峡-葛洲坝梯级水库不同蓄水阶段对其下游泥沙特性的影响分析

为了分析三峡-葛洲坝梯级水库对长江泥沙特性的影响,选取位于三峡-葛洲坝梯级水库上游和下游的寸滩和宜昌水文站为研究站点,以葛洲坝及三峡水库建设和运行的不同阶段划分研究时段,利用寸滩、宜昌1954—2012年的长系列日流量和日含沙量资料,从年、月、日3个时间尺度定量分析三峡-葛洲坝梯级水库上游对下游泥沙特性的影响。结果表明:三峡-葛洲坝梯级水库对其下游年、月、日尺度的泥沙特性影响随水库库容、运行阶段的变化而变化;库容越大,蓄水位越高,影响越显著。研究成果旨在为分析评价大坝的运行对长江生态系统健康与稳定性的影响提供参考。     

Sediment‐bound nutrient export from five small reservoir catchments and its implications for the Sudan savanna zone of Ghana

A study was carried out in the Sudan savanna zone in the Upper East Region of Ghana to assess the rate of sediment‐bound nutrient export (NE) into five small reservoirs (Dua, Doba, Zebilla, Kumpalgogo and Bugri) and to analyse the implications of this export. The catchment soils and reservoir sediments from the various study sites were sampled and analysed for their bulk density, particle size distribution and nutrient content. Assessment of the nutrient concentrations indicated that the reservoir sediments were richer not only in nutrients and organic carbon, but also in clay and silt, than the catchment soils, having enrichment ratios >1. Nutrient export rates (NE; kg ha^?1 year^?1) from the reservoir catchments ranged from 0.755 (±0.264) for OC, 0.104 (±0.0245) for N, 0.0020 (±0.0003) for P, 0.016 (±0.0038) for K, 0.009 (±0.0024) for Na, 0.113 (±0.017) for Ca and 0.027 (±0.0093) for Mg. These rates were lower than those of other studies, likely due to the low nutrient content in the catchment soils. The relationships established between NE and specific sediment yield (SSY) indicated the NE was positively correlated with SSY (R² = 0.66–0.98). The derived empirical equations can be satisfactorily used to predict the quantity of sediment‐bound plant nutrients lost from similar catchments and subsequently stored in the reservoir sediments. The study results also suggest the need for sustainable land management practices to forestall erosion in the catchment areas and to reduce reservoir sedimentation, for enhancement of the livelihoods of the communities in the study area.     

Estimating sediment yield risk of reservoirs in northern Ethiopia using expert knowledge and semi‐quantitative approaches

Reservoir siltation is a serious problem that threatens the productivity and sustainability of water‐harvesting schemes. Quantification of sediment deposition in reservoirs and understanding of its major drivers are needed to apply targeted management interventions. Most of the techniques used to estimate sediment deposition in reservoirs require extensive measurements on a frequent time basis, as well as being costly and time‐consuming. Thus, a rapid and relatively economical means of assessing the erosion susceptibility of catchments and predicting their sediment yield potential is necessary. In this study, expert‐based rankings and semi‐quantitative factorial scoring approaches were applied to assess the siltation severity of 25 reservoirs in the Tigray region of northern Ethiopia. The results were then correlated with quantitative sediment yield estimates acquired for representative sites, and a sediment yield predication model was developed for the region. The calibrated model has an efficiency and relative root mean square error (RRMSE) of 79 and 36%, respectively, which is considered adequate to assess erosion susceptibility and siltation risk of reservoirs in similar environments. The study demonstrates that expert knowledge and rapid characterization of catchments, in terms of susceptibility to erosion, are viable options for assessing siltation risks and for analysing controlling factors at a larger number of sites, with minimum costs and acceptable accuracy.     

大浪淀水库沙量平衡分析初探

大浪淀水库为河北省第一座平原水库.分析了水库的基本情况以及入库泥沙量、淤积情况介绍以及淤积分布情况等,通过分析得出了水库淤积模型,为大浪淀水库的深入研究提供了科学依据.     

基于一维水沙模型的水库冲沙方式优化研究

在天然河流上修建水库,破坏了河流水沙原本相对平衡的状态。泥沙进入库区后发生落淤,从而导致水库淤积。在水库的实际运用中,冲沙措施被广泛用于减缓水库的淤积速率。然而,冲沙需要耗费水库较多的水量,影响了水库的综合效益,为此必须协调水库淤积与水库兴利效益之间的关系。在选定合理冲沙水位和冲沙流量范围的基础上,应用一维非均匀流不平衡输沙模型,结合某多沙水库现行调度规程,对多种拟定冲沙方案下该水库的冲沙过程进行长期模拟,计算各方案下水库多年平均淤积量和多年平均发电量等指标,据此选取合适的冲沙方案。结果表明,持续时间较长的低水位冲沙方式的冲沙效果相对较好,能够在一定程度上减缓水库的淤积速率,同时发电量的损失也相对较小。     

黄河梯级水库群多过程协同调度模型与方法

黄河水少沙多,河道内外用水矛盾突出,梯级水库群调度下供水、输沙、发电、生态等用水过程之间存在复杂的竞争与协作关系,协同调度是提升综合效益的重要途径。本文采用多尺度嵌套和多过程耦合方法,建立了融合供水、输沙、发电、生态等过程的黄河梯级水库群协同调度模型,研究以综合满意度为引导的优化求解方法,选取代表径流系列,提出多过程协同调度方案。结果表明,通过优化黄河梯级水库群蓄泄秩序和下泄过程,协调多用水过程的关系,能显著提高水库调度的综合效益：通过优化河段取水过程,实现了供水时空均衡,流域缺水率控制在11.6%～18.8%;优化水库拦沙-河道输沙过程,减少水库淤积0.65亿t,增加河道输沙1.16亿t,下游河道年均冲刷0.26亿t;优化梯级水库群发电下泄过程,增加发电量64.25亿kW·h;优化断面流量过程,增加非汛期生态水量4.88亿m³。本研究可为梯级水库多目标调度与流域综合管理提供方向性参考。     

乌江流域水资源、水质变化与水库建设关系分析

对乌江流域2001—2005年水资源与水环境质量的多项指标进行统计分析,并结合乌江流域梯级水电站建设,采用聚类分析的方法探究水库建设与水资源及水质变化的内在联系。结果表明:乌江流域降雨量、地表水资源量、年平均含沙量等指标年际变化很大;流域水质有逐渐恶化的趋势,主要污染区域在乌江上、中游地区的支流河段;各级水库的年末蓄水量与降雨量有关,与工农业用水量呈显著负相关;水库建设对流域的影响具有累积效应和滞后效应。     

泥沙淤积对公路黄土坝式路堤的影响研究

为了研究泥沙淤积对公路黄土坝式路堤的影响,根据坝式路堤实际情况,考虑泥沙危害和来源,综合考虑水域面积内及分水岭内降雨径流的入库量,得出径流深及最终年入库量,由此得出坡面产沙量。工程实例计算结果表明:由于没有径流,泥沙主要来源是降雨引起的侵蚀跟随地上径流而流进库区;分析了三种泥沙淤积对坝式路堤影响的情况,根据入库量计算出产沙量,得到每年入库的泥沙体积,并计算出泥沙淤积总量及有效库容;经过若干年的泥沙淤积,库区的有效库容仅剩设计库容的20%左右。     

陕北地区坝库参数与年均减沙效益关系研究

根据最新资料,对黄河中游陕北地区8条支流坝库控制面积占比、坝库单位面积库容等坝库参数与水利水土保持措施年均减沙效益的关系进行了研究,同时研究了陕北地区各支流水土流失治理度与水利水土保持措施年均减沙效益的关系.研究结果表明：①陕北地区年均减沙效益主要由坝库工程产生.年均减沙效益提高10%,坝库单位面积库容需要提高5万m3/km^2.要使流域水土保持综合治理年均减沙效益达到20%以上,坝库单位面积库容应在6万m^3/km^2以上.②在黄河中游多沙粗沙区,要实现40%左右的年均减沙效益,坝库单位面积库容应达到16万m3/km2以上.③陕北地区水土流失治理度与年均减沙效益呈正相关关系.二者关系可以明显分为两个区,其单位治理度的年均减沙效益基本相等.当第二区的治理度小于16%时,基本没有年均减沙效益.“川两河”要想取得10%以上的年均减沙效益,治理度至少应在30%以上.     

多沙河流水库“蓄清调浑”运用方式及其设计技术

系统总结了1950年代以来我国多沙河流水库运用方式发展历程，阐释了不同时期水库运用方式及其设计技术的发展变化，详细剖析了“蓄清调浑”运用方式及其设计技术。“蓄清调浑”运用将以往低壅水“拦粗排细”传统拦沙模式发展为“小水拦沙，大水排沙，适时造峰，淤滩塑槽”滩槽同步塑造运用和拦沙库容多元化利用，改变了只淤不冲的传统拦沙模式，正常运用期采用水沙分级分类调度辅以非常规排沙调度，实现协调水沙关系和拦沙库容再生利用，能在长期保持水库有效库容的基础上，进一步兼顾水库调水调沙需要，有效避免了泥沙淤积占用水库有效库容，减少了水库强迫排沙对下游水沙关系的不利影响，是对“蓄清排浑”运用的继承和对“调水调沙”的全面发展。在设计技术上，为了更好地满足调沙需要，要求科学合理设计调沙库容和排沙水位相应泄流规模，考虑调沙过程中的不同淤积状态，按照“深槽调沙、中槽兴利、高槽调洪”的库容分布规则进行水库库容配置；超高含沙量河流要在正常泄流排沙孔以下增设非常排沙底孔，形成“正常+非常”双泥沙侵蚀基准面；特高含沙量河流水库有效库容保持和供水调节之间难以协调，要采用水沙分置开发方式。研究成果将为当前和今后一段时期内多沙河流水库...