Performance improvement method for Nylon 6 spur gears

Plastic gears made of Nylon 6 are especially susceptible to failure due to extreme heat accumulation in the single tooth mesh area, which results in damage that consequently shortens gear teeth life and causes transmission errors. In this experimental study, the teeth width of plastic spur gears made of Nylon 6 were modified and investigated. The values of load sharing, F/b, in single and double tooth meshing areas were leveled by widening the single tooth zone along the meshing area, and the performances of both modified and unmodified gears were studied experimentally under three different loadings. It was observed that modified Nylon 6 gears exhibit lower tooth temperatures, which results in a decrease in wear rate as compared to unmodified gears. Consequently, teeth width modification helps to increase Nylon 6 gear performance.     

Study on development of polyamide gears for improvement of load-carrying capacity

In polyamide based gears, thermal damage of the gear tooth surfaces occurs during gear meshing due to accumulated heat in the tooth body. In the experimental study reported in this paper, polyamide gear teeth have been modified in order to distribute the generated heat on the tooth surface by means of drilled cooling holes at different locations on the gear tooth body. The main aims of this paper were to study the effect of cooling holes on the accumulated heat on the tooth surface and on the measured wear. It was shown that the drilled cooling holes on the tooth body decreased the tooth surface temperature and led to an increase in the load carry capacity and improved wear resistance. Geometrically modified gears have showed an improved service life and a decreased surface temperature.     

A study on the forging of spur gears

In this paper, the forging of spur gears have been analysed by using the upper-bound method. The tooth profile of the gear consists of an involute curve and a circular arc shaped fillet. A kinematically admissible velocity field is newly proposed. Numerical calculations have been carried out to investigate the effects of various parameters, such as module, number of teeth, addendum modification coefficient and friction factor on the forging of spur gears. Some forging experiments were carried out with Al-2024 to show the validity of the analysis. Good agreement was found between the predicted values of the forging load and those obtained from the experimental results.     

直齿圆柱齿轮精密成形挤压型腔的参数化建模方法

齿轮精密成形是直齿圆柱齿轮成形的必然趋势,但其挤压型腔的数学模型建立困难,往往导致参数不易求解和优化。笔者提出了基于齿轮挤压型腔的参数化数学建模方法,利用Bezier曲线描述挤压型腔轴向变化规律和Pro／Engineer软件对其进行几何建模,使挤压型腔CAD／CAM一体化成为可能。     

直齿锥齿轮齿形误差分析

直齿锥齿轮的齿形误差就是在齿形展开角范围内的基圆弧长最大误差,也就是渐开线上曲率半径误差,可据此得出齿形误差修正量的定量计算公式。     

The effect of surface roughness on contact and stress states of spur gears

The contact characteristics of spur gears are analysed, taking into consideration real surface micro-geometry, and using numerical algorithms. The contact pressure distribution, contact area, and rigid body rotation of the gears have been calculated for different types of gear surface according to machining: shaping, grinding, or milling. Finally, the sub-surface stress state is evaluated for different pressure distributions, by finite element method.     

Wear simulation of spur gears

This paper deals with prediction of wear in spur gears, which has been calculated using an approach in which the wear depth on a tooth surface is integrated over time using the Euler integration method. Variations in pressure distribution over the surface have been considered, as well as changes in curvature and surface profile of the teeth as they wear. The paper focuses on the use of an appropriate wear model for simulating wear using calculated conditions between high-performance slow-running lubricated spur gears. A numerical model for prediction of surface interaction of spur gears developed earlier by the authors has been applied as the basis for the simulation of wear using different wear models. Owing to the nature of the wear models, methods of calculating the contact temperature have been investigated for the specific case of interacting gear teeth. It was found that a linear wear model, when compared with a more complex oxidation model and with a model based on adsorption of lubricant molecules, satisfactorily predicts wear. It was also found that it is the geometry of the gears that causes sliding velocity to be the dominant wear-inducing factor, and so determines the general nature of the wear behaviour.     

Cavity design method for injection-molded spur gears

Mold cavities of gears should be made larger than the product specification since plastics shrink when changing from a molten to a solid state. For injection molded spur gears, two design methods for the compensation of shrinkage are widely used. One is the module correction method and the other is the pressure angle correction method. Both methods are based on the assumption that shrinkage occurs toward the center of a molded gear. This paper deals with the shrinkage rate and proposes a method of designing gear cavity derived from the measured shrinkage rates which govern the outside diameter, the tooth depth and the tooth thickness of a molded gear. The proposed method imposes no restriction on the shrinkage direction and provides a cavity with all of the fundamental gear design parameters.     

利用数字图像处理技术测量直齿圆柱齿轮几何尺寸

研究了采用数字图像处理技术实现对直齿圆柱齿轮几何尺寸的非接触式测量.首先对CCD摄像机拍摄的图像进行畸变校正与滤波去噪,然后对图像进行阈值分割,采用基于数学形态法的四邻域腐蚀来获得单像素宽的图像边缘.针对齿轮的边缘轮廓形状特征,运用重心法、最小二乘拟合、Bresenham画圆法和Hough变换等原理,建立了测量齿轮齿数、模数、中心孔半径、齿顶圆半径、齿根圆半径和变位系数等齿轮几何尺寸参数的测量算法.使用1280×1024的CCD摄像机及黑白采集卡对分度圆直径为50mm的直齿圆柱齿轮进行测量实验,与人工测量值对比,绝对误差小于一个像素,在各测量参数中,最大尺寸的齿顶圆半径绝对误差值为13μm.研究结果表明:因为CCD摄像设备的分辨率越高、被测物体的尺寸越小,则测量精度越高,且为线性关系,所以,使用高分辨率CCD摄像设备并配备光学放大系统,可实现对高精度和微小直齿圆柱齿轮几何尺寸参数的测量.如使用1280×1024像素以上的CCD摄像设备测量分度圆直径5mm以下的直齿圆柱齿轮时,测量精度可在2μm以下.     

高速重载下三种固体润滑膜耐磨性的实验研究

用销盘摩擦实验机研究三种固体润滑涂层;喷涂NF-1、粘结PEF及粘结Teflon-S涂层在高速（5.6m/s）、重载（初始接触应力400MPa)干摩擦条件下的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明：这三种涂都具有接近30min的使用寿命,具有较低的摩擦系数和磨损率,提高了抗咬合能力,基点NF-1和Teflon的摩擦系数从0.08分别增加到0.14和0.15。PEF涂层摩擦系数从0.1降低到0.08。     

直齿轮精锻成形新工艺及试验研究

与精锻成形工艺相比,传统的切削加工方法加工直齿轮具有诸多弊端。而当前提出的闭式镦挤成形工艺载 荷过大,严重制约着精密成形直齿轮工艺的实用化。提出采用预锻分流区一分流终锻新工艺精密成形直齿圆柱齿 轮,设计了能够进行多种组合的精锻成形试验模具,并对空心管坯和实心圆柱坯进行了传统的闭式镦挤和新的分 流成形工艺试验,试验结果表明:与传统的闭式镦挤和现有的圆柱直齿轮成形工艺对比,提出的成形工艺工序简 单,终锻后齿形充填饱满,端面平整,而且成形载荷降低了37％以上,具有生产实用化的前景。     

基于AutoCAD的直齿轮齿廓的参数化设计

分析了齿轮啮合的基本原理和共轭齿形的形成及其求法,详细探讨了圆柱直齿轮齿廓模型特点,以渐开线齿条滚刀加工圆柱直齿轮为例说明齿廓的形成过程,建立了相应的数学模型.并对该模型进行了仿真,简要介绍了仿真平台的特点和功能结构,并通过该软件精确仿真出了齿轮的齿廓的曲线,符合设计要求.     

直齿圆柱齿轮的三维建模及有限元分析

以Pro/E为开发平台,Pro/Program为开发工具,对标准直齿圆柱齿轮的参数化建模进行了详细的介绍.只要按提示输入标准直齿圆柱齿轮的5个基本参数,就可以得到精确的直齿齿轮的三维实体.同时利用ANSYS有限元分析软件的特点,可以在不脱离Pro/E和ANSYS这两个软件的情况下对直齿圆柱齿轮进行有限元分析.     

直齿锥齿轮齿廓修形

根据啮合刚度和噪声之间的关系,以修形减振降噪为目的,用旋转渐开线曲线对直齿锥齿轮进行齿廓修形.以减小齿轮传动误差和啮合刚度的波动大小为衡量标准,同时确保载荷变化呈平稳过渡.静态计算结果表明,直齿锥齿轮齿廓长修形具有较好的减振效果.直齿锥齿轮采用冷精锻进行齿廓修形,显著地降低了成本,这为齿轮传动系统的修形、减振、降噪和设计提供了一种新的研究方法.     

Computer simulation to predict stresses, working pressures and deformation modes in incremental forging of spur gear forms

Incremental upset-forging of spur gear forms around the surfaces of short length axisymmetric billets of different length to diameter ratios is simulated using a free body equilibrium approach based on the slab method of analysis. The mechanics of the process are analysed employing both the mixed cylindrical and Cartesian coordinate systems as well as an entirely cylindrical coordinate system. The theoretical results of die loads estimated from the above approaches are compared with those observed experimentally and calculated previously by the authors using the upper-bound elemental technique.     

Sliding velocity in profile‐corrected gears

The effects of sliding velocity in a spur gear for a tooth sum of 100 (altered by ±4%) with constant centre distance have been studied. The product of contact stress and sliding velocity (σ V _s) factor is calculated for varied profile shift. The effect of Hertzian compression, bending and shear deflection on sliding velocity at points along length of the path of contact has been computed. The scanning electron micrographs at pitch point C show that negative alteration in tooth‐sum gears is better compared with standard and positive alterations in tooth sum. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

直齿圆柱齿轮的虚拟设计与分析

利用Pro/E程序本身的参数化功能实现了渐开线直齿圆柱齿轮的三维造型,同时应用其内在的Mechanica模块对建立的参数化模型进行仿真和有限元分析,从而生成应力、应变条纹图,运行结果验证了应用Pro/E软件进行虚拟设计的可行性和分析研究的正确性,并提高了设计研究的效率。     

Wear investigation of spur gear teeth

An FZG back‐to‐back gear test machine has been used to investigate the initial wear of spur gears. By making plastic replicas of the tooth surfaces, and measurements of the same using a 3D stylus instrument, the wear pattern has been analysed. The wear tests were run on the machine according to a predefined schedule. During planned stops, negative surface replicas were made. The replicas were measured, and the amount and distribution of wear analysed. SEM pictures were also taken of the tooth surfaces, and several different types of damage were identified. The results were compared with simulated results using identical loading and geometry. It was found that the wear was quite severe at the root of the wheels and also significant at the tip. The wear was also found to form an overloaded wave pattern on the original involute form of the tooth.     

Stress calculation for plastic helical gears under a real transverse contact ratio

Calculation methods of plastic helical gears with a real transverse contact ratio have never been studied in depth. The methods used in some references assume a uniform load distribution along the line of contact or don’t take into consideration the effect of premature mesh between one or more pair of teeth during engagement, which is not in good agreement with numerical results. This paper is focused on analysis of plastic helical gears. The nonuniform load distribution obtained from the proposed mathematical model is based on the calculation of the real contact ratio representing the real number of pairs of teeth in contact. This model also leads to the distribution of the tooth bending stress and the contact stress along the area of contact.     

塑料模具的磨损机制与失效机理的研究

通过对塑料模使用过程中表面磨损机制和失效机理的研究,得出造成塑料模具尺寸精度和表面粗糙度下降的原因,提出提高塑料模具抗磨损的措施.实践证明,这些措施能很好消除塑料模具磨损现象,从而提高了塑料模具寿命和生产产品的质量.