硼中子俘获治疗

硼中子俘获治疗(BNCT)的基本原理是应用热中子照射靶向聚集在肿瘤部位的^10B，^10B俘获中子后产生α粒子和^7Li，α粒子和^7Li杀灭肿瘤细胞而起到治疗作用。BNCT在临床上主要用于神经胶质瘤和黑色素瘤的治疗。文章主要对有关BNCT的基础及临床研究进行了简要综述，内容包括BNCT的基本原理、^10B在肿瘤细胞的聚集、中子源、实验研究现状以及BNCT面临的挑战与问题等。     

~(238)Pu α粒子体外照射肺巨噬细胞的生物效应及致肺成纤维细胞恶性转化的实验研究

本文综合报道了~(238)Puα粒子体外照射所致肺巨噬细胞(AM)及类巨噬细胞系 P388D_1细胞免疫功能的改变以及对肺成纤维细胞恶性转化的剂量效应关系的实验研究结果。从卡介苗(BCG)激活的大鼠肺中灌洗出的肺巨噬细胞,在体外经~(60)Co γ射线照射后,对 Hela 细胞和人肺腺癌细胞的细胞毒效应降低,降低程度与剂量(100—500Gy)呈依赖关系,同时还看到 AM细胞膜完整性的损伤。以类巨噬细胞系 P388D_1细胞作为 AM 的模拟细胞,在体外经~(238)Puα粒子照射(0.3—6.0Gy)后,观察到 EA 花环形成率、特异吞噬功能在受到0.3Gy剂量照射后受抑制,且抑制程度与剂量有依赖关系,细胞膜也受到损伤。在培养体系中加入膜保护剂——硒后,上述两类细胞的免疫功能抑制程度减轻,提示膜的完整性在巨噬细胞的免疫功能表达中起重要作用。文中还对AM 在辐射诱发肺癌中的作用进行了讨论。用~(238)Puα粒子和 X 射线分别照射成年大鼠肺成纤维细胞系(WAL-F_1),其剂量分别为0.01—1.5Gy 和0.5—5.0Gy,进行形态转化、ConA 凝集试验、染色体畸变、半固体琼脂培养集落形成以及转化细胞移植后的致癌性等方面的实验观察。结果证实 X 射线和α粒子均可诱发 WAL-F_1细胞恶性转化,以 X 射线为参比.~(238)Puα粒子的 RBE 约为6。最后还讨论了辐射诱发体     

硼中子俘获治疗中硼浓度测量方法的研究进展

硼中子俘获治疗(boron neutron capture therapy, BNCT)是基于细胞水平的二元靶向新型放射疗法，其治疗机理是利用¹⁰B(n,ɑ)⁷Li^*的核裂变反应，产生的α和⁷Li粒子在细胞尺度内释放所有能量，选择性杀伤肿瘤细胞而对周围正常组织几乎没有影响。相比传统的放疗，BNCT具有精准靶向定位、高生物效应、短疗程的优势，是国际粒子治疗的热点。目前BNCT正在推行临床试验，在瘤内动态、定量监测含¹⁰B药物的硼浓度是实现BNCT“增效、减副”的关键要素。本文简要介绍了BNCT治疗原理，总结了BNCT治疗过程中含硼药物的多种监测方法，包括物理测量法、核测量法、化学测量法以及利用新型分子影像技术(如正电子发射断层成像、磁共振成像、光学成像等)原位、动态、定量监测的新方法，分析了各种方法的优势与局限性，并提出未来BNCT治疗过程中硼浓度精准监测的新发展方向，旨在实现BNCT精准治疗。     

硼中子俘获治疗的进展及前景

硼中子俘获疗法(boron neutron capture therapy, BNCT)是一种可以选择性杀伤肿瘤细胞的放射疗法,硼(~(10)B)化合物携带剂注入人体后,会选择性富集于肿瘤细胞,与中子发生俘获反应,释放α粒子和~7Li粒子杀死肿瘤。BNCT以靶向治疗、低毒高效等优势成为了放射治疗领域的新型手段。从上世纪开始,硼中子俘获疗法已在世界各国崭露头角并逐渐发展起来,已经能够成功治疗脑胶质瘤、黑色素瘤等多种疾病。目前,BNCT面临着如何研发创新更高效的含硼药物,建立更为精确的硼剂量测量体系,以及医用中子源如何摆脱核反应堆等问题。本文对BNCT的原理、优势、进展以及所面临的问题进行简要综述与探究。     

α粒子照射诱发细胞基因突变的旁效应及机理研究

对α粒子照射诱发人类11号染色体(Hchr 11)基因突变的旁效应及其可能的机理进行研究。用包含单条Hchr 11的人一中国仓鼠卵巢细胞杂交细胞系(A1)为靶细胞,经CD59表面抗原抗体在补体存在下筛选突变细胞克隆,测定Hchr 11基因突变率;在α粒子照射源与受照射细胞间插入网格,定比例照射细胞,观察α粒子照射的细胞对周围未受照射细胞基因突变的影响,即旁效应;通过观察自由基清除剂二甲基亚砜(DMSO)和细胞间通讯阻断剂高丙体六六六(Lindane)对α粒子照射诱发Hchr 11基因突变旁效应的抑制作用探讨其可能的机理。单纯α子照射细胞诱发的基因突变率与照射剂量存在明确的剂量效应关系;用α粒子加网照射的实验模型,仅15％的细胞受到照射时,群体细胞的基因突变率明显高于受照射细胞的预期基因突变率,表明未受照射的细胞中也发生了基因突变;DMSO能显著减少α粒子照射细胞诱发的基因突变,但对其诱发的基因突变旁效应无明显抑制作用;与此相反,Lindane对单纯α粒子照射细胞诱发的基因突变无明显影响,但能显著降低α粒子照射细胞诱发的基因突变旁效应。α粒子照射细胞诱发的基因突变存在旁效应;细胞间通讯在α粒子照射诱发细胞基因突变旁效应中起重要作用。     

硼中子俘获治疗的进展及前景

硼中子俘获疗法(boron neutron capture therapy,BNCT)是一种可以选择性杀伤肿瘤细胞的放射疗法,硼(10 B)化合物携带剂注入人体后,会选择性富集于肿瘤细胞,与中子发生俘获反应,释放α粒子和7Li粒子杀死肿瘤。BNCT以靶向治疗、低毒高效等优势成为了放射治疗领域的新型手段。从上世纪开始,硼中子俘获疗法已在世界各国崭露头角并逐渐发展起来,已经能够成功治疗脑胶质瘤、黑色素瘤等多种疾病。目前,BNCT面临着如何研发创新更高效的含硼药物,建立更为精确的硼剂量测量体系,以及医用中子源如何摆脱核反应堆等问题。本文对BNCT的原理、优势、进展以及所面临的问题进行简要综述与探究。     

一种用于细胞实验的新型α粒子照射装置的建造和验证

整个装置由α粒子源、源支架和盖玻片盘等构成。根据理论推导可计算出样品中每个细胞接受到的α粒子数。利用Geant4程序包作为构建模型和模拟粒子输运的工具,还计算了盖玻片上细胞的剂量率分布,得出了盖玻片上离圆心不同距离处的剂量率分布图。最后,本研究还利用正常人皮肤成纤维细胞WS1,检测了用本照射仪照射细胞后30 min时的DNA双链断裂标记物-53BP1 foci的形成和照射后细胞的克隆生存曲线。结果显示,在盖玻片上不同位置处的细胞受照剂量存在差异,α粒子的剂量率与细胞与盖玻片圆心处的距离成反相关。与X-射线相比,α粒子造成的细胞死亡更严重,在SF为0.5时,其相对生物学效应RBE等于1.71。综合以上结果,本研究设计并建造的α粒子照射仪是一个制作成本较低、使用方便、剂量精确的照射装置,满足放射生物学中在细胞及分子水平上研究α粒子的生物学效应的需要。     

^238Puα粒子照射对类巨噬细胞（P388D1）免疫功能的影响

吸入有害因子，特别是难溶性粒子后，肺巨噬细胞是最先受到损害的一类免疫活性细胞。研究α粒子对巨噬细胞免疫功能的效应，在阐明吸入难溶性α粒子对机体免疫功能损伤中具有重要的意义。本文以类巨噬细胞（Ｐ３８８８Ｄ１）作为巨噬细胞的模拟细胞，用＾２３８Ｐｕ电镀源作为α辐射源，观察了α辐射对巨噬细胞免疫吞噬功能和Ｆｃ受体表达功能的影响，及这两项免疫指标对α辐照敏感性的差异。接受较大剂量或照射后较长时间，细胞吞噬     

低能质子注入金属靶实验中的核现象研究

在低能（60－360keV）质子注入氚化钛（Ti^2Hx）、钛（Ti)、钼底衬 箔及钼（Mo）和不锈钢（SS）等金属样品的实验中,观测了能量分别约为3．9、5．6和8．4MeV的带电粒子物。用符合望远镜和吸收片法进行了粒子鉴别的结果表明：这些带电粒子均具有α粒子特性。3种α粒子来自质子与不同靶核发生的垒下核反应。其中,能量为3．9MeV的）α粒子具有很高的产额,其对应核反应的准激发函数曲线在150－330keV能区内,随入射质子能量增大呈指数增长趋势。上述反应产物可能源于^11N(p,α)^12C,^11B(p,α)^8Be和^7Li(p,α)^4He等核反应。但相关靶核的来源仍有待解释。利用扫描电子显微镜观测到有微球状的奇异形貌。     

硼中子俘获治疗靶向硼携带剂4-硼-L-苯丙氨酸患者体内生物分布

硼中子俘获治疗(boron neutron capture therapy, BNCT)是二元靶向放射治疗方法，中子并不直接提供肿瘤治疗剂量，而是利用肿瘤靶向¹⁰B携带剂将¹⁰B(n, α)⁷Li俘获反应产生的剂量沉积于肿瘤细胞。因此了解血液、肿瘤组织和正常组织中¹⁰B携带剂的生物分布对于BNCT临床治疗是必不可少的。目前国际上BNCT临床主要使用4-硼-L-苯丙氨酸(4-borono-L-phenylalanine, BPA)为硼携带剂。本文简要总结了BPA的结构、理化特性、细胞摄取机制以及人体生物分布等数据，目的是支持和促进基于BPA的BNCT临床试验准备。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.