改进的Hilbert-Huang变换及在电磁辐射测量中的应用研究

提出了一种基于改进的希尔伯特-黄变换的电磁信号处理的新方法,该方法适合于在非平稳非线性噪声环境中的电磁辐射的测量。将非平稳信号通过经验模态分解的方法分解为有限个内蕴模式函数,利用自回归模型消除了希尔伯特-黄变换产生的边界效应,进而得到信号的瞬时频率。应用匹配滤波器对背景噪声进行滤除,得到实际电磁辐射信号。由于经验模态分解法的基函数是由信号自适应分解得到的,所以比傅里叶变换以及小波变换得到更好的分解效果。仿真及实验结果表明该方法在非平稳非线性的电磁信号处理中有效地滤除了背景噪声,解决了电磁辐射测量中的环境干扰问题。     

基于LCD的自适应小波脊线解调及齿轮故障诊断

针对最佳小波参数的设定和齿轮裂纹故障振动信号频率成分复杂、信噪比低等问题,将遗传优化算法、小波脊线解调与局部特征尺度分解(local characteristic-scale decomposition,简称LCD)相结合,提出了基于LCD的自适应小波脊线解调方法。首先,采用LCD方法将原始信号分解为若干个内禀尺度分量(intrinsic scale component,简称ISC),并通过选择蕴含特征信息的ISC来实现信号降噪;然后,以小波能量熵为目标函数,采用遗传算法优化小波参数,得到自适应小波;最后,通过自适应小波分析提取ISC的小波脊线,从而实现对原始信号的解调分析。通过齿轮裂纹故障诊断实例验证了该方法的有效性和优越性。     

空气耦合超声信号的小波阈值滤噪试验研究

穿透式空气耦合超声检测中,由于较低声波透射率、激励接收系统噪声及声波在介质中的散射噪声导致接收信号信噪比较低,小波阈值滤噪技术在解决上述问题时面临小波基、分解层数及阈值函数的选取难题。基于小波分析的基本原理,以单因素分析方法开展小波阈值滤噪试验研究。选择不同小波族(Daubechies,Symlet和Coiflet)中的小波基、小波分解层数(4～8层)及阈值函数(软阈值及改进阈值函数)对实际含噪超声信号进行小波阈值滤噪处理,并通过对比滤噪信号的信噪比及频谱特性得出不同参数对滤噪效果的影响。结果表明,选择Coiflet小波族中的小波基能获得具有更高信噪比及透射信号幅值的滤噪信号;分解层数越高,滤噪信号的信噪比越高,但增长趋势渐趋稳定;阈值函数对滤噪性能的影响并不十分显著,一般采用软阈值函数或改进阈值函数就能获得良好滤噪效果。     

自适应改进双树复小波变换的齿轮箱故障诊断

针对双树复小波变换存在频率混叠以及参数需自定义的缺陷,提出自适应改进双树复小波变换的齿轮箱故障诊断方法。首先,利用双树复小波变换将信号进行分解和单支重构,采用粒子群算法将分解后分量峭度值作为适应度函数,选择双树复小波的最优分解层数;其次,对重构出的低频信号进行频谱分析提取故障特征,将单支重构后的各高频分量进行变分模态分解,通过峭度值获得各高频分量经变分模态分解后的主频率分量信号;最后,分析各主频率分量信号的频谱,识别齿轮箱的故障特征。结果表明,该方法与双树复小波变换和变分模态分解相比,不仅消除了频率混叠现象,提高了信噪比和频带选择的正确性,而且还提高了从强噪声环境中提取瞬态冲击特征的能力。     

基于经验模分解的陀螺信号去噪

陀螺随机漂移是影响寻北精度的重要因素,小波消噪方法对小波基和分解尺度等因素依赖性较强。提出了一种新的基于功率谱密度准则的经验模态分解(EMD)去噪方法,可有效解决传统EMD去噪自适应滤波器截止阶数难以确定的难题,该方法将经验模态分解得到的固有模态函数(IMF)分为信号分量起主导作用模态与噪声分量起主导作用模态,并对噪声分量起主导作用的模态进行类似小波软阈值去噪的方法进行滤波,然后与信号分量起主导作用的模态共同对信号重建实现去噪。将该方法应用于测试信号与陀螺信号的去噪,结果表明:新方法能有效地判断噪声与信号起主导作用的模态分界点,具有良好的去噪效果,且不受主观参数的影响,具有自适应性。     

周期稀疏导向超小波在风力发电设备发电机轴承故障诊断中的应用

机械故障特征提取的内积变换原理要求匹配基函数与目标特征之间的相似性。在缺乏故障特征的精确信息这一不利条件下,根据故障呈现出的确定性以及统计特性能够有效指导基函数的选择和构造针对发电机轴承发生故障时常伴随周期性特征的先验知识,提出冲击故障特征周期性稀疏为导向的超小波构造方法。所提出的超小波变换利用可调品质因数小波变换作为匹配字典库,从而改进经典的基于单一固定基函数的小波分析思想。在技术路线上:首先采用超小波字典库对信号进行分解,计算各小波尺度上的周期性稀疏故障特征能量权重指标;以该权重指标优化为目标函数作为评价超小波字典与微弱故障特征匹配相适度的依据选择的可调品质因数小波最优刻画参数(即最优超小波);利用最优的超小波基函数对信号进行最终分解,获取其中的关键故障特征。所提出方法成功地应用于某风力发电机组上发电机轴承故障诊断,从中提取振动信号中隐藏的微弱冲击性故障特征。     

基于优选小波包和PSO-SVM的失火故障诊断

小波包变换在柴油机故障特征提取中应用广泛,其中,小波包基函数的选取对特征提取性能的影响至关重要。基于此提出了1种优选小波包和粒子群优化支持向量机(PSO-SVM)的失火诊断方法。首先,选择5种不同类型的离散小波包基函数分别对缸盖振动信号进行小波包多层分解;然后,计算缸盖振动信号的小波包能量与信息熵的比值,从中选择比值最大的小波包基函数作为最优的小波包基函数;进一步,采用最优小波包基函数分解缸盖振动信号并提取小波包频带能量概率密度作为特征向量,以及构造故障诊断特征集;最终,将故障诊断特征集输送到粒子群优化支持向量机中进行柴油机失火诊断识别。实验结果表明,利用最优小波包基函数提取特征具有良好的效果,同时PSO-SVM的识别准确率达到97.5%,说明了优选小波包和PSO-SVM的诊断方法是可行且有效的。     

小波变换的流体压力信号自适应滤波方法研究

为了有效地消除流体压力信号中的噪声,提出了一种基于小波变换的自适应滤波算法,该算法针对信号和噪声经小波变换后在不同尺度上的特征不同,先对信号进行小波多尺度分解,然后对各尺度分解的信号分别选用不同的滤波参数,进行自适应滤波处理,并用该方法对液压系统运行中采集的压力信号进行降噪处理.试验结果表明,该方法比普通的自适应滤波方法能更有效地消除流体压力信号中的噪声.     

滚动轴承故障诊断的自适应包络谱谱峰因子算法

表征滚动轴承故障特征的周期性冲击,特别是在故障早期阶段,常常被噪声和其它结构振动所淹没,从而难以辨别。共振解调被广泛用于滚动轴承故障冲击特征提取,但其滤波频带的参数选择常需要一定的先验知识。针对现有的频带优化方法的不足,本文提出一种基于包络谱谱峰因子和复平移Morlet小波滤波的自适应共振解调方法-自适应包络谱谱峰因子算法。包络谱谱峰因子(Crest factor of envelope spectrum,CE)定义为包络谱在一定范围内的最大值和有效值之比,能有效度量信号中周期性冲击强弱,结合粒子群优化算法的寻优特性,对Morlet小波滤波器中心频率和带宽参数进行优化。将包络谱谱峰因子作为适应度函数来比较不同参数组合下的滤波效果,根据适应度函数值最大原则选取Morlet小波滤波器参数。仿真信号、实验信号以及工程实际信号分析验证了该方法在共振解调最优频带选取中的有效性和优越性。     

基于共振稀疏分解的滚动轴承早期微弱故障诊断

传统方法很难对滚动轴承的早期微弱故障进行有效诊断.共振稀疏分解是一种基于多字典库的稀疏分解方法,可以同时分解出滚动轴承故障信号中的瞬态冲击成分及其持续震荡成分(工频及其谐频成分).该方法在对滚动轴承早期微弱故障信号进行自适应滤波降噪(采用Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition,EEMD方法)基础上,对处理后的信号进行共振稀疏分解分析,分别构建高、低品质因子小波基函数字典库,并利用形态学分析方法建立信号稀疏表示的目标函数,进而实现对滚动轴承发生故障时具有低品质因子的瞬态故障成分及其他持续振荡高品质因子噪声成分的成功分离.对分离得到的低品质因子信号成分进行包络解调分析,进而得到较好的故障提取特征结果.通过实验验证了所述方法的有效性.     

An improved decomposition algorithm of surface topography of machining

Abstract

In order to accurately decompose the surface morphology of machined surface and trace the potential errors of the machine, a comprehensive improved algorithm is proposed, which combines wavelet packet decomposition (WPD) and improved complete ensemble empirical modal decomposition of adaptive noise (Improve CEEMDAN). Firstly, the cost function is used to find the optimal wavelet packet base and the optimal decomposition tree is obtained. Secondly, under semi-hard threshold denoising, the wavelet coefficients obtained by the optimal decomposition tree can generate the denoised signal. Finally, the white noise is preprocessed to obtain the upper limit frequency and the band white noise, and the improvement of CEEMDAN is completed. The improved CEEMDAN is used to decompose the denoised signal to obtain a series of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). The merit of this comprehensive improved algorithm is that it can improve the calculation efficiency and decomposition accuracy by adaptively finding the optimal wavelet packet base and adding band-limited white noise. Simulations and experiments results show the feasibility, effectiveness and higher accuracy of the comprehensive algorithm in decomposing surface topography.     

Adaptive wavelet transform for vibration signal modelling and application in fault diagnosis of water hydraulic motor

There has been an increasing application of water hydraulics in industries due to growing concern on the environmental, health and safety issues. The fault diagnosis of water hydraulic motor is important for improving water hydraulic system reliability and performance. In this paper, fault diagnosis of water hydraulic motor in water hydraulic system is investigated based on adaptive wavelet analysis. A novel method for modelling the vibration signal based on the adaptive wavelet transform (AWT) is proposed. The linear combination of wavelets is introduced as wavelet itself and adapted for the particular vibration signal, which goes beyond adapting parameters of a fixed-shape wavelet. The AWT procedure based on the parametric optimisation by genetic algorithm (GA) is developed. The model-based method by AWT is applied to extract the features in the fault diagnosis of the water hydraulic motor. This technique for de-noising the corrupted simulation signal shows that it can improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the vibration signal. The results of the experimental signal demonstrate the characteristic vibration signal details in fine resolution. The magnitude plots of the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) show the characteristic signal's energy in time and frequency domain which can be used as feature values for fault diagnosis of water hydraulic motor.     

基于自适应小波神经网络的故障分类

结合小波变换和社会网络理论,提出了一种自适应小波神经网络,网络在学习过程中对小波的尺度参数和平移参数进行自适应调整,最大限度地对信号进行特征提取,并研究基于自应小波神经网络的机械故障分类方法,对轴承的分类实例结果表明该网络分类准确、可靠性高。     

静电放电能量耦合建模数据的小波去噪

为提高静电放电能量耦合模型的精度,使用小波阈值去噪法对采集到的信号进行处理。选用db系列小波作为小波基函数,根据信号的频谱宽度确定小波阶次,使用启发式阈值原则和软阈值处理方式,通过不同分解层数下去噪效果的对比,最终确定分解层数。结果表明小波去噪法能够有效地去除静电放电信号的噪声,且信号失真小、保留了信号的高频细节。     

HHT-based nonlinear signal processing method for parametric and non-parametric identification of dynamical systems

This paper presents a time–frequency signal processing method based on Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) and a sliding-window fitting (SWF) technique for parametric and non-parametric identification of nonlinear dynamical systems. The SWF method is developed to reveal the limitations of conventional signal processing methods and to perform further decomposition of signals. Similar to the short-time Fourier transform and wavelet transform, the SWF uses windowed regular harmonics and function orthogonality to extract time-localized regular and/or distorted harmonics. On the other hand, HHT uses the apparent time scales revealed by the signal's local maxima and minima to sequentially sift components of different time scales, starting from high- to low-frequency ones. Because HHT does not use pre-determined basis functions and function orthogonality for component extraction, it provides more accurate time-varying amplitudes and frequencies of extracted components for accurate estimation of system characteristics and nonlinearities. Methods are developed to reduce the end effect caused by Gibbs’ phenomenon and other mathematical and numerical problems of HHT analysis. For parametric identification of a nonlinear one-degree-of-freedom system, the method processes one free damped transient response and one steady-state response and uses amplitude-dependent dynamic characteristics derived from perturbation analysis to determine the type and order of nonlinearity and system parameters. For non-parametric identification, the method uses the maximum displacement states to determine the displacement–stiffness curve and the maximum velocity states to determine the velocity-damping curve. Moreover, the SWF method and a synchronous detection method are used for further decomposition of components extracted by HHT to improve the accuracy of parametric and non-parametric estimations. Numerical simulations of several nonlinear systems show that the proposed method can provide accurate parametric and non-parametric identifications of different nonlinear dynamical systems.     

基于小波变换的汽车节气门位置信号去噪

传统的汽车节气门位置信号(throttle position sensor,TPS)处理方法不易消除发动机舱内电磁信号及周边环境的干扰。根据TPS的特征,在MATLAB中选用Daubechies五阶正交小波(dB5)对TPS噪声信号进行4层小波分解,再对分解后得到的各层系数用软阈值法量化处理,最后利用小波重构,实现对信号去噪。最后将获得的去噪信号用于发动机控制,并将控制结果与采用未去噪信号的发动机进行实车对比试验。试验表明:发动机采用去噪的TPS信号运行更平稳,小波变换后的去噪TPS信号对发动机控制具有良好的效果。     

轴承保持架冲击的小波分析

用Daubech ies小波对轴承实体保持架的相互垂直径向振动位移进行多尺度分解,利用小波的奇异特性从中提取滚动体与保持架的冲击碰撞信息,比较了4种工况下滚动体与保持架的碰撞、质心轨迹图和小波分解结果。试验结果表明,小波方法能有效地检测轴承保持架冲击。