车轮扁疤所引起的车辆系统振动特性分析

车轮扁疤所诱发的轮对弹性变形会导致车辆系统部件振动加速度增大,但目前相关研究主要采取刚体动力学模型。为更准确研究车轮扁疤对高速车辆振动特性的影响,在目前成熟且广泛已知的车辆-轨道耦合模型和车辆系统刚柔耦合模型的基础上,综合考虑车辆主要部件的弹性振动和轨道弹性振动的影响,建立改进的车辆-轨道动力学模型。结果表明,在扁疤作用下,轮对弹性变形对轮轨垂向力影响甚微,但对轴箱端盖垂向振动响应影响很大;扁疤所产生的冲击载荷经过转向架或者钢轨的传递作用,会导致同轴另一侧以及转向架同侧处的轮轨力产生小幅值波动;扁疤所在轮对的左右两个轴箱端盖振动加速度要远大于同一转向架的其他两处;在低速时,车轮扁疤对构架端部垂向振动加速度也有着不可忽视的影响。提出的研究成果揭示了车轮扁疤作用下车辆-轨道系统弹性变形的重要性,对车轮状态监控也具有重要意义。     

车轮扁疤状态下的铁路货车动力学表征研究

为研究货车车轮扁疤状态下的动力学表征,为车轮扁疤的间接识别提供理论支撑,建立了配置有转K6转向架的C80铁路货车动力学模型,并推导了扁疤对钢轨的垂向冲击力公式及振动加速度公式,研究了车轮扁疤故障状态下的车轮轮轨力响应、承载鞍振动响应情况,并分析了故障状态下车轮扁疤长度与轮轨垂向力对应关系,为扁疤的故障检测和识别提供基础支撑.结果表明:扁疤故障状态下,轮轨垂向力与扁疤长度呈正比例关系,且轮轨力最大值随车辆运行速度增大而呈现先增大后缓慢减小的趋势,承载鞍振动加速度变化趋势与轮轨垂向力基本保持一致.     

车轮踏面三维扁疤轮轨系统冲击振动研究

车轮扁疤是铁道机车车辆轮对踏面常见的一种擦伤,对轮轨系统振动和结构损伤等有十分重要的影响。既有工作主要是在考虑车轮扁疤附加冲击速度或者扁疤形状引起的轮径变化的基础上,研究车轮扁疤引起的轮轨冲击振动特性。在建立包含扁疤长度和宽度及深度的车轮踏面三维扁疤模型和车辆-轨道耦合系统动力学模型的基础上,考虑轮对旋转走行和轮轨接触几何关系,研究高速车辆-轨道系统三维车轮扁疤轮轨冲击振动特征。结果表明,扁疤长度一定时,扁疤宽度越宽轮轨冲击振动越激烈,宽度越小轮轨冲击越弱。车轮扁疤宽度与长度之比越接近1,轮轨冲击力峰值对扁疤冲击临界速度越敏感。在一定扁疤长度范围内,长度小但宽度大的扁疤引起的轮轨冲击振动,比长度大但宽度小的扁疤引起的轮轨冲击振动大。研究结果对全面揭示车轮扁疤轮轨冲击振动特征和扁疤轮轨接触走行关系等具有良好的理论意义。     

车轮多边形磨耗参数对地铁车辆动力学性能影响分析

针对车轮多边形磨耗不同状态下对车辆动力学影响展开研究,建立轮轨柔性某地铁B型车辆刚柔耦合动力学模型,计算车轮多边形阶数和谐波幅值变化对轮轨垂向力、轮轨振动、运行平稳性等车辆动力学性能的影响。结果表明：阶数和谐波幅值在速度增大时轮轨垂向力逐渐增大;阶数14阶、18阶是轮对和轴箱振动加速度随谐波幅值变化产生振动的主要诱因;动力学指标中轮重减载率在18阶、0.04 mm时对其影响最大;车轮多边形使钢轨垂向动位移和振动加速度增大,谐波幅值对钢轨振动特性更有影响。建议考虑制造轮轨柔性,18阶、0.04 mm时对轮轨璇修打磨,以提高动力学性能和行车安全性。     

二系空簧横向刚度对高速列车动力学性能的影响

基于动力学软件SIMPACK仿真分析了我国某高速列车二系空簧横向刚度对车辆动力学性能影响,并对二系空簧横向刚度进行了优化分析。仿真结果表明:车辆临界速度随二系空簧横向刚度增加有所增加;车辆横向稳定性、乘坐舒适性随二系空簧横向刚度增加有所恶化,垂向平稳性受其影响不大;轮轴横向力、脱轨系数、磨耗指数随二系空簧横向刚度增加变化不大,轮轨垂向力、轮重减载率随二系空簧横向刚度增加略有下降。该高速列车二系空簧横向刚度可以在0.1~0.2 MN/mm范围内进行选取,此时,车辆动力学性能在最优范围内。     

基于SIMPACK的扁疤车轮轮轨冲击力学特性分析

为研究高速列车车轮多处扁疤引起的动力学问题,建立了CRH2型动车组的车辆-轨道动力学模型及车轮扁疤模型。采用变轮径扁疤模拟法,分析单处和两处扁疤的车轮引起的轮轨冲击响应,确定车轮两处扁疤时的扁疤长度、车速及扁疤间夹角变化对轮轨冲击的影响,进而确定CRH2型动车组安全运行时车轮扁疤限值,为高速动车组列车的行车安全提供了依据。     

高速列车传动系统动态特性分析

以国内现有高速车型为研究对象,综合考虑驱动系统齿轮传动刚度时变特性,实际列车牵引特性和基本阻力特性,通过建立高速列车三维动车动力学模型开展高速列车传动系统与车辆动力学相互作用的研究。齿轮啮合刚度时变特性使得齿轮传动内部产生激励,在刚度激励和啮入冲击激励作用下轮对垂向振动响应较大,但不影响轮对其它运动形态;由于轮轨接触的负斜率特性,仿真分析了轮对出现失稳振动后传动系统的响应,发现相对轮对旋转振动而言轮对纵向振动对列车驱动系统的影响更大,但这两种振动形态往往通过轮轨切向力耦合在一起。     

轮轴弯曲刚度对轮轨垂向动态载荷影响分析

以国内某型地铁车辆为例,研究轮轴弯曲刚度对轮轨垂向动态载荷和轮对垂向振动的影响。在常规多刚体动力学模型的基础上,结合BM3000轮对和北京地铁轮对两种不同的弹性轮对模型,对比分别采用刚性轮对模型和弹性轮对模型时的轮对垂向振动加速度和轮轨垂向力。结果表明,对BM3000弹性轮对模型来说,由于其弯曲刚度相对较小,随着运行速度的增大,轮对垂向振动加速度和轮轨力与刚性轮对的差距不断加大,而对于轮轴弯曲刚度较大的北京地铁轮对来说,其弹性轮对模型和刚性轮对模型的结果比较接近,在计算的速度下轮对的振动峰值及频率均有明显的降低。因而,通过加大轮轴弯曲刚度可明显改善轮对的垂向振动和轮轨垂向力,实现改善轮轨动态接触状态的目的。     

高阶车轮多边形对车辆动力学性能的影响

为研究高速列车高阶车轮多边形对车辆系统动力学性能的影响,对轮对进行模态缩减,建立完整的车辆系统刚柔耦合动力学模型,模型中仅把轮对考虑为弹性体,其余部件视为刚体。通过修改轮对的外形来模拟车轮多边形,进行仿真计算研究车轮多边形波深、谐波数以及列车运行速度对车辆动力学性能的影响。结果表明:将轮对考虑为弹性体将会更加准确地模拟出车轮多边形化对轮轨力的影响,车轮多边形对车辆临界速度和轮轨垂向力有较大的影响,而且当多边形阶数达到一定值时车辆会出现跳轨现象;车轮多边形对车辆平稳性指标影响很小。     

接触刚度对高速列车轮轨接触动力学时变特性的影响及其机制

以CRH3型高速列车头车与标准CHN60型轨道为研究对象,利用动力学软件RecurDyn建立车辆-轨道耦合动力学模型;采用弹簧阻尼模型定义轮轨接触关系,跟踪检测服役列车不同运行里程下的车轮粗糙度,根据相关文献的轮轨接触刚度计算结果,对高速轮轨滚动接触动力学性能进行研究,并取该头车的后转向架二位轮对处结果进行数据分析。计算结果表明:随着高速列车运行里程的增加,车轮表面粗糙度减小,使得轮轨接触刚度增大;轮轨横向力随着运行里程的增加先减小后增大,其频率主要分布在10 Hz以下的低频段;轮轨垂向力随着运行里程的增加而增加,并在5、10、28 Hz附近有比较明显的主频率段;轮轨纵向力主要由切向蠕滑力的纵向分量构成,与轮轨垂向力在时域分布和频域分布上均非常相似。     

地铁车辆车轮多边形化形成原因分析

针对地铁车辆车轮多边形化问题,探讨分析车轮多边形化形成原因。提出车轮多边形化是由车轮滚动多周的振动所形成的这一创新观点,并分析车轮多边形化的顶点相位角、主振频率与运行速度之间的关系。以某直线电动机地铁车辆为例,基于建立的多体动力学模型,研究各速度下轮轨垂向力的主导频率,分析易产生车轮9边形化的速度及主导频率特性,指出在72～80 km/h的速度范围内,该直线电动机地铁车辆有形成车轮9边形化的可能。以72 km/h和80 km/h为例,给出此速度下的轮轨垂向力及其主导频率、前转向架直线电动机垂向振动加速度及其主振频率,结果表明两种速度下主导频率分别为39.08 Hz和43.48 Hz的振动有形成车轮9边形化的趋势。指出各速度下的相位角变化,并给出车轮9边形化的示意图。     

变轨距高速列车的动力学

高速列车通过改变轮对的内侧距实现在不同轨距线路上联运,而轮轴装配间隙及轨距、轨底坡、钢轨廓形等参数变化将引起轮轨接触关系改变,进而引起车辆动力学性能变化。分析我国两种高速踏面在准轨和宽轨线路上的轮轨接触关系发现,轨底坡由1/40变为1/20时,LMA踏面等效锥度降低约30%,LMB 10踏面可兼容两种轨底坡,磨耗后的踏面对轨底坡变化更敏感。理论公式推导表明准轨和宽轨线路上自由轮对、刚性和柔性定位转向架的蛇行频率相同,但含轮轴间隙的变轨距高速列车动力学模型仿真表明,间隙导致宽轨线路上的车辆稳定性略差,间隙达到0.6 mm时发生低速小幅蛇行;间隙对车辆运行安全性和平稳性影响仅9%。因宽轨线路的欠超高量大和车辆稳定性差,其运行安全性和横向平稳性比准轨差15%和38%。间隙横向力与轮轨横向力幅值相同但反向,造成轮对内侧距动态变化;左右侧旋转间隙扭矩的幅值相同但反向,在纵向蠕滑力作用下间隙压死-分离状态反复。研究成果有助于掌握变轨距转向架的轮对内侧距动态变化、间隙载荷和车辆动力学性能。     

Abnormal Vertical Dynamic Performance of Subway Vehicles

A serious wheel out-of-round phenomenon exists in a certain subway vehicle in China. More seriously, the vertical vibration of car body of this subway vehicle will go beyond the restriction of the standard criterion when the wheel out-of-round exceeds 0.2 mm in radial direction. And the wheel out-of-round problem could not be solved by polishing the rail or re-profiling wheels. Aimed at this problem, a further analysis is conducted on the structure and the suspension systems of the subway vehicle. It is thought that the additional stiffness function of the traction bar, caused by the short length and the bigger connection stiffness of the traction bar, leads to the problem that the subway vehicle is sensitive to the vertical impact. By taking into account the stiffness of the traction bar, dynamic simulation models of the subway vehicle are set up to study the influence of the additional stiffness function of the traction bar on the vertical dynamic performance of the subway vehicle through the simulation method. The response of the subway vehicle to vertical impact of a triangle pitch is also simulated. Simulation results indicate that the connection between the car body and the bogie will become rigid and the damping function of the secondary suspension will be decreased due to the additional stiffness of the traction bar in braking condition or running on curve track. Then the vertical response of the car body to vertical impact will be strengthened and the vertical ride index decreased. The vertical dynamic performance of the subway vehicle will be improved through the method of decreasing the connection stiffness of the traction bar, which has been validated by the simulation results. This method of improvement can effectively solve the problem of abnormal dynamic performance of this subway vehicle, and provide a foundation for a new theory about the traction bar system design.     

组合轮径差对地铁车辆动力学性能的影响

为了研究各种轮径差组合形式对地铁车辆动力学性能的影响,基于车辆系统动力学和赫兹非线性接触理论,建立地铁动车非线性动力学模型,分析各种轮径差组合工况下地铁车辆的临界速度、平稳性、安全性和磨耗功率及其变化规律。结果表明:在多种轮径差组合工况下,轮径差增大会使地铁车辆的临界速度有较大幅度降低,会使地铁车辆的横向平稳性和磨耗功率明显增大;轮径差对地铁车辆的垂向平稳性、轮轴横向力、轮轨垂向力、脱轨系数和轮重减载率影响较小;通过左、右曲线时,轮径差对磨耗功率增幅的影响存在差异,但变化规律一致。     

Effect of a scratch on curved rail on initiation and evolution of rail corrugation

The effect of a scratch formed on the running surface of a curved rail, due to the slide of a locomotive wheel, on the formation and evolution of rail corrugation is investigated in detail with numerical methods when a wheelset is steadily and repeatedly curving. In the calculation we consider a combination of Kalker’s rolling contact theory with non-Hertzian to be modified, a linear frictional work model and a vertical dynamics model of railway vehicle coupled with a curved track. Also the influence of different speeds of wheelset curving through the scratch on the development of the corrugation is taken into account. The numerical results indicate that a scratch causes strong contact vibration between the wheel and rail, and initiation and development of rail corrugation under the condition of steady creepage occurring between the wheel and curved rail. The wave-length of the corrugation depends on the speed of wheelset curving and the natural frequencies of the track.     

单轨车辆耦合动力学模型与振动响应特性

为了研究单轨车辆在设计车速范围内的振动响应特性,进而评价单轨车辆运行平稳性与舒适性能,分析了单轨车辆走行轮、导向轮、稳定轮和转向架中央牵引装置及车体间的拓扑关系,利用Hamilton方程构建了包含走行轮与轨道梁顶部,导向轮、稳定轮与轨道梁侧部等三向轮轨接触对的单轨车辆空间耦合系统动力学模型,并对单轨的PC轨道梁走行面及轨道梁左、右两侧部轨面的不平度进行了数值模拟。基于空间耦合动力学模型,以轨道不平度为激励源,设定车辆以某一恒定速度在直线轨道上运行,获取了单轨车辆的振动响应特性,并与实车测试结果对比分析,验证了单轨空间耦合动力学模型的正确性。在此基础之上,获取了单轨车辆不同设计车速下的振动响应特性,对单轨车辆的运行平稳性和舒适性进行了评价。结果表明,单轨车辆的舒适性能优良,运行平稳性能处于优秀等级。     

An investigation into the effect of train curving on wear and contact stresses of wheel and rail

Some important papers concerning the studies on rail wear and wheel/rail contact stresses are briefly reviewed. The present paper utilizes a numerical method to analyze the effect of railway vehicle curving on the wear and contact stresses of wheel/rail. The numerical method considers a combination of Kalker's non-Hertzian rolling contact theory, a material wear model and a vertical and lateral coupling dynamics model of the vehicle/track. In the analysis, the important factors influencing on the wear and the contact stresses are, respectively, the curving speed, the curved track super-elevation and the rail cant. Compared to the present model, some concerned models and results in the published papers are in detail discussed. Through the detailed numerical analysis, it is found that the difference between the normal loads of the left and right of the wheelset increases linearly with increasing the vehicle curving speed. The material wear volume per length along the rail running surface has a tendency to grow. However, the variation of the maximum normal contact stress has a large fluctuation as the curving speed increases. The increase of the maximum contact stress depends greatly on not only the normal load but also the profiles of the wheel/rail. Increasing the track super elevation efficiently lowers the normal load difference of the left and right of the front wheelset, and the contact stresses and the wear. The rail cant has a great influence on the low rail wear of the curve track. An increase in rail cant results in a great increase in the low rail wear of the curved track, and a decrease in the outside rail wear. These conclusions are very useful in the maintenance of the track.