金属板料单点渐进成形自适应螺旋线轨迹生成研究

等高线成形轨迹是现行板料渐进成形的主要加工方式。针对等高线成形方式易产生局部凹陷或破裂等问题,提出了一种基于STereo Lithography(STL)三角面片法向矢量的自适应螺旋线轨迹的生成算法。利用顶点偏置法偏置STL三角面片模型,对偏置后的模型采用自适应分层算法求取分层面与模型的交点,得到与XY平面平行的系列轮廓线,并将各层轮廓线离散成等数点,再对相邻轮廓上点的插值得到自适应螺旋线轨迹。算法实例表明,螺旋线成形轨迹能缩短成形时间,可避免等高线成形中刀位点集中造成的质量缺陷等问题。此外,双成角成形件不同区域表面粗糙度的一致性,说明自适应螺旋线轨迹在变成形角成形件上能避免等高线成形件表面粗糙度的多样性,在统一变成形角成形件表面粗糙上具有广阔的运用前景。     

金属板材单点增量成形过程变形区厚度研究

金属板材单点增量成形变形区厚度是影响零件强度和质量的重要因素,一般认为板厚遵循余弦定理只与成形角大小有关。针对圆锥件,分别通过理论计算、有限元仿真和实验对变形区厚度进行研究。将变形区厚度分区域研究,并分析工具头直径、层间距、压板内径以及成形轨迹对各区域板厚变化的影响,结果表明大的工具头直径和小的压板内径有助于减小板厚减薄率,提高板厚的均匀化程度;大的层间距可以提高板厚达到稳定值的速度;压入点均布轨迹可以增加最小板厚和平均板厚,对板厚的均匀化程度没有影响。     

板料渐进成形件表面质量的影响因素分析

表面质量控制是板料渐进成形领域的热点研究内容。以典型锥形零件为研究对象,推导不同残余波峰区域形状时残余波峰高度和垂直进给量的转化关系式,提出渐进成形工具对板料的接触频次与残余波峰高度、成形角和工具半径之间关系的数学模型,以此评价成形工具对板料的研磨效应。通过不同的预设残余波峰高度、原始板料表面粗糙度和摩擦类型,对倒锥形零件成形开展全因子试验,分析成形零件表面轮廓曲线与粗糙度值,揭示不同因素对表面质量的影响程度和机理。试验结果表明,在不同轨迹间距条件下,影响渐进成形件表面质量的主要因素是犁沟效应和研磨效应,采用滚动摩擦的方式可以有效地降低该效应。     

基于倾斜轨迹的数控渐进成形厚度均匀化方法

为解决数控渐进成形中成形件厚度不均匀的问题,提出一种基于倾斜轨迹的成形件厚度均匀化方法。该方法采用与水平面成一定角度的倾斜轨迹,使板料姿态在数控渐进成形过程中不断得到调整,进而调整曲面各处的成形角,使曲面各处成形角差异减小,避免成形角过大的曲面因减薄过大而破裂,同时达到成形件厚度均匀化的目的。运用遗传算法,通过优化用来生成倾斜轨迹的模型切割面姿态,进而生成能够使曲面各处成形角差异最小的最佳倾斜轨迹。基于水平轨迹和倾斜轨迹的数控渐进成形数字模拟分析和成形实验结果表明,该方法能使数控渐进成形件厚度差减小且成形件厚度均匀化。     

基于UG二次开发的数控渐进成形轨迹优化

渐进成形零件的表面质量与压头轨迹紧密相关,目前的轨迹生成软件不能有效地控制表面质量,零件无法定量满足表面质量要求.提出了一种新的通过控制压头轨迹来控制渐进成形零件表面质量的方法.利用UG二次开发编程,实现对压头轨迹的优化,该方法得到的轨迹能够保持零件残余波峰不大于设定值.     

金属板料单点增量成形厚度减薄率的预测与控制

金属板料单点增量成形过程中成形区域厚度减薄率过大是影响成形极限的一项重要因素,预测成形区域壁厚是控制减薄率的重要方法。选取1060铝板,对单点增量成形过程中的壁厚变形过程进行分析,利用Abaqus有限元分析软件,建立单点增量成形有限元模型,利用仿真结果拟合出精度较高的壁厚预测公式,分析工具头直径、层间距、进给速度、板料厚度、成形角度等工艺参数对减薄率的影响规律,并通过试验验证有限元模拟的正确性,并提出通过改变成形轨迹控制减薄率的方法。结果表明:拟合出的壁厚预测公式所求得壁厚值比正弦定理所求得的壁厚值更接近实验值;壁厚减薄率值随着工具头直径、成形角度和板料厚度的增大而增加,随层间距的增加而减小,进给速度对减薄率影响不显著,成形角度是影响减薄率的最重要因素;采用压入点均布的成形轨迹可有效减小减薄率。     

三轴与五轴数控渐进复合成形轨迹规划

综合考虑挤压工具对待成形件曲面的可接近性和数控渐进成形效率,提出了三轴与五轴数控渐进复合成形策略及其成形轨迹规划方法。通过识别待成形件STL模型的三角面片各边的凸凹性,以三轴数控渐进成形挤压工具对模型各曲面的可接近性,将模型曲面划分出三轴数控渐进成形与五轴数控渐进成形加工的区域,进而对成形轨迹进行分区规划并在相应的曲面分区内分别生成出三轴数控渐进成形和五轴数控渐进成形加工轨迹。算法应用实例表明,该方法能够实现三轴与五轴数控渐进复合成形所需曲面分区及其成形轨迹规划与生成。     

基于脉冲微束等离子弧焊的快速成形中的搭接参数

对基于脉冲微束等离子弧焊接(PMPAW)的直接金属快速成形中成形轨迹间的搭接进行了研究。建立了成形轨迹间的搭接模型,分析了成形轨迹断面宽度与高度之比(宽高比)、轨迹间的中心距、搭接率等参数之间的相互关系及其对成形件性能的影响。用HOOCr21Ni10不锈钢进行了不同搭接参数的成形试验,并对成形件进行了表面平整度、抗拉强度和断后伸长率的测试。试验结果显示,采用宽高比大的成形轨迹制作的零件其三项测试结果均高于用宽高比小的成形轨迹所制作的零件。成形件纵向抗拉强度和断后伸长率优于横向,采取了层间多方向交替扫描的成形方式来获得整体上各向同性的零件。     

响应面法在单点增量成形质量控制多目标优化中的应用

成形质量差是制约单点增量成形技术发展和商业化的主要因素之一,成形质量包括成形件的表面质量和几何误差。以典型圆锥形制件为研究对象,采用Box-Behnken Design实验方法,设计四因素三水平实验方案,利用响应面法研究工具头直径、层间距、板厚和成形角对表面粗糙度和几何误差的影响,并分别建立表面粗糙度和几何误差的二阶响应模型,最后利用响应模型分别对表面粗糙度和几何误差进行独立和同步优化。结果表明,层间距和板厚分别是影响表面粗糙度和几何误差最显著的因素。使表面粗糙度和几何误差同步最优的工艺参数组合为工具头直径16.0 mm、层间距0.5 mm、板厚0.57 mm、成形角65°,此时表面粗糙度和几何误差分别为0.97μm和1.939 mm。     

工业纯铝1060板料单点增量成形极限实验研究

对工业纯铝1060板料进行单点增量成形极限实验研究,比较了圆锥形件各部位厚度的分布情况。实验发现,当成形角增大时,成形件上部会出现厚度严重变薄的减薄带,并且破裂容易出现在减薄带上,影响板料成形极限。用最大成形角表征单点增量成形过程中的成形极限,分析了不同参数对板料最大成形角的-影响,发现层间距会影响板料的最大成形角,而工具头周向进给速度对最大成形角的影响不大,不同形状的成形件其最大成形角也不相同。最后通过实验获得了1 mm厚度铝板的成形极限曲线(FLC)。     

Experimental investigation on various tool path strategies influencing surface quality and form accuracy of CNC milled complex freeform surface

Four tool path strategies such as equal-interval tool paths, parallel tool paths, parallel–tangency tool paths, and freeform tool paths are proposed in computer numerical control milling of a complex freeform surface. The objective is to understand how 3D tool paths influence their machining efficiency, surface quality, and form accuracy. In this study, their scallop heights were less than or equal to 15 μm. First, their scallop heights distributions and 3D tool path distances were theoretically analyzed; then, four tool path strategies were investigated with reference to machining efficiency, surface texture height, surface roughness, and form errors. It is shown that scallop heights distribution can be used to display the surface texture state and predict tool path distance. Experimental results indicate that the surface texture height, the surface roughness, and the form errors were nearly identical on the machined flat location and surface for various tool path strategies, whereas their surface quality and form accuracy are easily destroyed on the abrupt ones except for the parallel tool paths. Although the freeform tool paths produce the shortest tool path distance through 3-axes driving mode, the parallel tool paths offer the best surface quality and form accuracy through 2-axes driving mode. This is because the 3-axes driving and its vector changes on abrupt location easily lead to large machine vibration and movement errors. It is confirmed that the parallel tool path strategy with 2-axes driving mode can improve the surface quality and form accuracy in actual milling of a complex freeform surface.     

A CL surface deformation approach for constant scallop height tool path generation from triangular mesh

In this paper, we present a cutter location (CL) surface deformation approach for constant scallop height tool path generation from triangular mesh. The triangular mesh model of the stereo lithography (STL) format is offset to the CL surface and then deformed in accordance with the deformation vectors, which are computed by the slope and the curvature of the CL surface. In addition, the tool path, which is computed by slicing the deformed CL surface, is inversely deformed by those same deformation vectors to a tool path with a constant scallop height. The proposed method is implemented, and a tool path is generated and tested by simulation and by numerical control (NC) machining. The scallop height was found to be constant over the entire machined surface, demonstrating much better quality than that of mesh slicing, under the same constraints for machining time.     

复杂曲面五坐标数控加工刀具轨迹的规划算法

提出了复杂曲面五坐标数控加工刀具轨迹的规划算法。该算法在保证刀具不与被加工曲面发生干涉的基础上 ,使得刀具扫描面与被加工曲面在刀触点处切平面上每个方向的曲率相匹配 ,由此规划的等残留高度刀具轨迹能改善曲面加工精度和加工效率     

基于定向距离理论的五轴加工刀具轨迹规划算法

针对环形刀五轴加工自由曲面的残留误差问题,在传统等残留高度算法的基础上,提出了一种基于定向距离理论的等最大残留高度刀具轨迹规划算法。首先根据微分几何理论计算已知刀触点的初始侧向行距,并在侧向行距方向进行偏置得到相邻刀触点;然后以基于定向距离理论的残高误差计算模型对相邻刀触点间的实际残高值进行计算;最后通过迭代计算规划出等最大残留高度的相邻刀具轨迹。如此循环,从而获得整个曲面的刀具轨迹。实验结果表明,相对于商用软件MasterCAM9.0,该算法在充分保证曲面加工质量的同时最大限度地减小了刀具轨迹的总长度,从而提高了加工效率。     

Optimal five-axis tool path generation algorithm based on double scalar fields for freeform surfaces

In order to generate efficient tool path with given precision requirements, scallop height should be kept under a given limit, while the tool path should be as short as possible to reduce machining time. Traditional methods generate CC curves one by one, which makes the final tool path far from being globally optimal. This paper presents an optimal tool path generation model for a ball-end tool which strives to globally optimize a tool path with various objectives and constraints. Two scalar functions are constructed over the part surface to represent the path intervals and the feedrate (with directions). Using the finite element method (FEM), the tool path length minimization model and the machining time minimization model are solved numerically. The proposed method is also suitable for tool path generation on mesh surfaces. Simulation results show that the generated tool path can be direction parallel or contour parallel with different boundary conditions. Compared to most of the conventional tool path generation methods, the proposed method is able to generate more effective tool paths due to the global optimization strategy.     

Research on the method of precision evaluation and controlling for the cutter location path in five-axis machining

Current five-axis machining path planning is based on cutter location points, and only the scallop height of the points are calculated roughly to evaluate the planning precision, but the height of the scallop formed in the whole movement of the cutter can’t be calculated effectively, therefore, the machining precision can’t be controlled reasonably. This paper presents a new method to calculate the scallop height of the whole movement of the cutter and control the machining precision, which derives a five-axis machining cutter movement envelope equation, calculates the intersection of the cutter enveloping surfaces of adjacent paths to acquire the scallop curve and calculates the distance from the curve to the design surface to acquire the maximal height. Based on the method, the precision evaluation can be realized accurately and the machining precision can be controlled effectively by adjusting the cutter pose and optimizing the machining path interval.     

Constant scallop-height tool path generation for three-axis discrete data points machining

This paper presents a new approach for the determination of constant scallop-height tool paths in the machining of discrete data points using three-axis ball-end milling. Compared with the existing approaches for surfaces, this approach avoids offsetting data points, which is complex and time consuming. This paper firstly creates the local coordinate system centered at each CL point of the current path to calculate the corresponding scallop point and then the similar local coordinate system is created at each scallop point to calculate the wanted CL point of the next tool path. The tool paths generated by the approach keep the scallop-height constant and meet the step error requirement. The experiment result indicates that the approach is feasible and efficient and the overall tool path length can be reduced significantly compared with the iso-planar method.     

A Surface Based Approach for Constant Scallop HeightTool-Path Generation

The machining of sculptured surfaces such as moulds and dies in 3-axis milling relies on the chordal deviation, the scallop height parameter and the planning strategy. The choice of these parameters must ensure that manufacturing surfaces respect the geometrical specifications. The current strategies for machining, consist primarily in driving the tool in parallel planes which generates a tightening of the tool paths. A constant scallop height planning strategy has been developed to avoid this tightening. In this paper, we present a new method of constant scallop height tool-path generation based on the concept of the machining surface. The concept of the machining surface is developed and its use to generate constant scallop height tool paths is described. The approach is compared with existing methods in terms of precision and in particular its aptitude to treat curvature discontinuities.     

Iso-scallop tool path generation in 5-axis milling

This paper presents a new method of computing constant scallop height tool paths in 5-axis milling on sculptured surfaces. Usually, iso-scallop tool path computation methods are based on approximations. The attempted scallop height is modelled in a given plane to ensure a fast computation of the tool path. We propose a different approach, based on the concept of the machining surface, which ensures a more accurate computation. The machining surface defines the tool path as a surface, which applies in 3- or 5-axis milling with the cutting tools usually used. The machining surface defines a bi-parametric modelling of the locus of a particular point of the tool, and the iso-scallop surface allows to easily find iso-scallop tool centre locations. An implementation of the algorithms is done on a free-form surface with a filleted end mill in 5-axis milling.     

A new STL model-based approach for tool path generation in CNC incremental forming

A new tool path generation method for sheet metal computer numerically controlled incremental forming was proposed based on the stereolithography model, considering the factors of sheet thickness variation, surface smoothness, and extruding direction. The new cutter contact surface modeling algorithm based on the non-equidistant offset was presented, which can be adapted to the sheet thickness variation so as to guarantee a reasonable gap between the forming tool and support. Moreover, a spiral tool path generation algorithm was introduced by considering the scallop height in both z-axis direction and circumferential rotation direction, so that a smoother surface can be obtained. In addition, the algorithm for keeping the tool direction perpendicular to the wall surface was also presented. Finally, the case study shows that the proposed method can automatically generate smooth and continuous spiral tool path with constant scallop height. The developed software system runs steadily and reliably.