磨削淬硬工件热变形数值分析

磨削淬硬技术在加工过程中因高温引发了工件热变形,导致加工后工件呈凹形,影响了磨削淬硬层的分布。本文通过ANSYS热—力耦合模块对磨削淬硬中的热变形进行了模拟分析,用时变磨削热流密度加载模拟得到结果与试验测量结果吻合性好。     

外圆磨削强化技术及其磨削力的研究

提出了外圆磨削方式的磨削强化技术,并在M1432B型磨床上进行了试验.针对参量为磨削深度0.3mm、工件速度0.2m/min的试件强化层进行金相分析与硬度测量,发现组织为马氏体且硬度最高达到754HV(约62.3HRC),验证了其切实的可行性及良好的强化效果.对于外圆磨削强化过程中的磨削力,建立了磨削力模型并提供了使用自制弹性顶尖的测量方法,实测后发现切向力与法向力数值随着磨削深度的增大而增大,在磨削深度0.4mm处分别达到了146N和656N,且法向力的数值与增长速度比切向力高.     

氮化硅陶瓷套圈磨削力有限元仿真分析与实验

分析磨削氮化硅陶瓷材料时产生的磨削力,对磨削力的变化规律进行探索,对磨削过程中磨削力的大小进行预测,提高磨削效率和加工表面质量。通过超景深电子显微镜对砂轮表面磨粒分布状况进行扫描,计算得到砂轮表面的磨粒密度,建立多颗磨粒随机分布的三维虚拟砂轮模型,将砂轮模型导入到Abaqus有限元仿真软件中进行氮化硅陶瓷的磨削仿真,得到不同参数组合下的磨削力仿真数据。在MK2710的数控磨床上进行氮化硅陶瓷的磨削实验,获取相应的磨削力实验数据,比较实验数值与预测数值,并分析影响磨削力因素的主次顺序。实验数值与预测数值具有一致性,磨削深度对磨削力的影响最大,其次为砂轮转速和径向进给速度。     

基于瑞利分布的平面磨削温度场的仿真研究

考虑磨粒在砂轮表面随机分布对接触区热流密度分布的影响,基于未变形磨屑厚度的瑞利分布理论,假定流入工件的热流密度呈瑞利分布,建立了瑞利分布热源模型。采用基于有限元法的瑞利分布热源模型对典型磨削工况进行仿真计算,将计算结果与矩形分布及三角形分布仿真结果进行对比,系统地分析了热源模型、磨削液对温度场的影响规律。结合磨削实验测量值,发现基于瑞利分布的热源模型仿真结果与实验测量值吻合较好。     

40Cr钢磨削强化的试验与数值仿真

利用磨削过程中产生大量的磨削热使40Cr钢表层的温度升高,超过奥氏体化的温度,然后快速冷却,使40Cr钢表层发生马氏体相变,达到强化40Cr钢表层的目的。在磨床上对40Cr钢进行磨削试验,观测并分析工件横断面相变层的组织变化、厚度值和硬度变化,以及加工后工件表面的粗糙度。借助有限元分析方法,对工件的温度场进行仿真,得出工件各处的温度变化历程,由马氏体相变条件来获得表层马氏体相变层的厚度值。试验结果表明,40Cr钢的表层发生了马氏体相变,表层的硬度值得到极大提高,表面粗糙度也满足常规磨削的要求。由有限元仿真得出的相变层厚度值和试验结果相吻合。因此利用磨削强化技术替代40Cr钢高频淬火强化工艺是可行的,并且这项技术可以对其他合金钢进行强化。借助有限元方法对工件表层的温度场进行仿真,可以预测相变是否发生和相变层的厚度,优化磨削参数,减少试验研究的次数和成本。     

高速精密磨削9CrWMn冷作模具钢的磨削力和比磨削能

分析了高速精密磨削9CrWMn冷作模具钢的机理,采用DEFORM软件对高速磨削模具钢9CrWMn过程进行了磨削力仿真。使用高精密高速平面磨床对模具钢9CrWMn进行了高速精密磨削试验,并在线测量了多种工况下的磨削力。结果表明:在其他两组工艺参数不变时,随着工件进给速度增加,磨削力特别是法向磨削力会增大近45%;法向磨削力和切向磨削力随着砂轮的线速度上升而下降,法向磨削力下降近33%;磨削深度对磨削力影响较大,大的磨削深度对法向磨削力的影响尤其显著,可使法向磨削力增大近100%。分析了磨削工艺参数对比磨削能的影响规律,结果显示:随着磨削深度和工件进给速度的增大,比磨削能呈比较明显的下降趋势,符合磨削加工中的尺寸效应;随着砂轮线速度的增大,比磨削能呈上升趋势。最后,对高速磨削前后工件表面的微观形貌进行了对比分析,磨削力试验结果和仿真理论分析相一致。     

磨削强化技术对中碳钢磨削淬硬效果的研究

磨削强化技术是利用磨削加工过程中产生的大量磨削热对工件材料进行表面热处理的新工艺技术。它利用磨削热使退火或回火钢零件材料表层产生马氏体相变,达到表面强化的目的,实现了表面淬火工艺与机械加工过程的集成。本文选取45钢和60钢为研究对象,进行磨削强化试验研究。研究结果表明:在磨削温度场作用下缓进给磨削表面硬化层在深度和宽度方向上具有不同的组织变化趋势和显微硬度分布特征;表面硬化层始终存在由过渡区与未淬硬区或高温回火区组成的软化带。     

外圆磨削强化中的磨削力研究

提出了外圆磨削方式的磨削强化技术,并在M1432B型磨床上进行了试验。针对参量为磨削深度0．3mm、工件速度0．2m／min的试件强化层进行金相分析与硬度测量,发现组织为马氏体且硬度最高达到754HV（约62．3HRC）,验证了其切实的可行性及良好的强化效果。对于外圆磨削强化过程中的磨削力,提供了使用自制弹性顶尖的测量方法。实测后发现切向力与法向力数值随着磨削深度的增大而增大。在磨削深度0．4mm处分别达到了146N和656N,且法向力的数值与增长速度比切向力的高。     

切点跟踪磨削法磨削力计算模型分析

在切点跟踪磨削过程中,结合磨削切点在工件和砂轮表面的运动方程,通过对砂轮与工件之间弹性变形的分析得到其接触弧长,同时通过对单颗磨粒的受力分析得到了砂轮与工件之间的磨削力的计算模型,并通过磨削实验对磨削力计算模型的可靠性进行了验证。MATLAB计算结果表明,切点跟踪磨削中磨削力角的变化呈现出周期性,随磨削深度的变化呈现出非线性。不同磨削深度下的磨削实验验证了切点跟踪磨削法磨削力计算模型的可靠性和正确性。     

超声振动辅助磨削加工智能控制技术研究

根据超声振动辅助磨削加工的特点,结合检测难易程度和实际需要,选择磨削力比作为输入。利用磨削力检测系统获得磨削力比实时数据,对采样结果进行分析处理。采用分级控制,分别控制超声功率和工件进给速度。将磨削力比的变化和变化率作为模糊控制器的输入,工件进给速度作为控制器的输出。根据模糊控制规则,利用Matlab提供的Simulink仿真模块,对超声振动辅助磨削加工模糊控制系统进行了动态仿真,仿真结果符合模糊策略,进给速度能够随着磨削力比的变化实现调整,从而避免产生磨削烧伤和颤振。     

Experiment research on grind-hardening of AISI5140 steel based on thermal compensation

The grind-hardening process utilizes the heat generated to induce martensitic phase transformation. However, the maximum achievable harden layer depth is limited due to high grinding forces, and the tensile residual stress appears on the ground surface in the grind-hardening process. This paper proposes a new grind-hardening technology using thermal compensation. The workpiece of AISI5140 steel is preheated by electric resistance heating, and ground under the condition of the workpiece temperature 25°C, 120°C, 180°C and 240°C. The grinding force, harden layer depth and surface quality including residual stress on ground surface, surface roughness and micro-hardness are investigated. The experimental results show that a deep harden layer with a fine grain martensite can be obtained with the thermal compensation. The ground workpiece surface produces a certain compressive residual stress, and the residual compressive stress value increases with preheating temperature. As the preheating temperature increases, grinding force slightly decreases, while there is slightly increment of surface roughness. Compared with the conventional grind-hardening process, both the harden layer depth and residual stress distribution are significantly improved.

     

磨削淬火技术中温度场的理论研究

磨削淬火是利用磨削热对工件表面进行热处理,使工件表层发生马氏体相变,达到与表面强化处理一样的性能。本文采用倾斜移动热源模型对工件温度场进行了理论计算并与Jeager移动热源模型进行了比较;分析了各加工参数对工件表面最高温度的影响;利用实验研究验证了理论分析结果。研究结果表明,在磨削淬火技术中,采用倾斜移动热源模型,可提高磨削淬火技术温度场的预测精度。     

TC4钛合金纵扭超声磨削力热耦合模型及其试验研究

为探究TC4钛合金纵扭超声磨削过程中的力热耦合机理,基于TC4钛合金纵扭超声磨削的磨削力模型、工件表面平均温度模型、质量热容计算表达式建立了其力热耦合模型,并对力热耦合作用下TC4钛合金纵扭超声单颗磨粒去除过程进行有限元仿真,分析磨削力、磨削温度的相互影响特性。理论与仿真研究发现,磨削区剧烈的温升会降低钛合金抵抗塑性变形的能力,抑制磨削力的增长速率。最后通过TC4钛合金纵扭超声磨削试验进行验证,结果表明,纵扭超声的引入能明显降低磨削力和磨削温度,磨削力和磨削温度的降低幅度分别达到19.39%和12.41%;磨削温度随着磨削深度、砂轮转速和工件进给速度的增大而升高,且随着磨削温度的升高磨削力增长趋势变缓;磨削力和磨削热的减小使工件表面塑性变形和犁沟两侧的塑性隆起高度减小;与普通CBN磨削相比,纵扭超声的引入对表面粗糙度的降低幅度可达到31.21%,在一定范围内增大超声振幅能显著提高加工表面的质量。     

磨削淬硬技术研究现状及其展望

磨削淬硬技术是一种绿色表面淬火技术,该技术视磨削热为积极因素,主动利用磨削热对工件表面进行热处理,使工件表层发生马氏体相变,达到与表面强化处理一样的性能.对磨削淬硬技术的研究现状进行总结,指出存在的问题.提出磨削淬硬技术的发展方向和展望.     

磨削温度场的有限元模拟及仿真

金刚石砂轮磨削结构陶瓷过程中,所产生的磨削热是影响工件表面质量的关键因素之一,而磨削参数对工件表层温度分布有重要影响。本文采用有限元法,通过两种陶瓷材料对比分析,运用ANSYS软件对磨削温度场进行了仿真研究,利用仿真模型对影响因素作了分析。     

Experimental study and theoretical analysis of the form grinding of gears using new type micro-crystal corundum grinding wheels

The purpose of the research is to study the form grinding processes and properties of self-developed, new micro-crystal corundum grinding wheels. Aiming at this, this study conducted experimental research and theoretical analysis to form grinding 20CrMnTi steel tooth surfaces by using micro-crystal grinding wheels. The theoretical models and formulae for grinding forces of the form grinding of involute gears were constructed which were able to demonstrate actual experimental situations and show a better theoretical basis and applicability. This research also deduced the relationships between the grinding parameters and the roughness of tooth surfaces, grinding temperature, and grind-hardening burns, which provided constraints for optimally selecting grinding parameters in subsequent work. Furthermore, this study also established the relationship between the tangential grinding forces and the grinding temperature and grind-hardening burns, offering an important reference for the prediction of grinding temperature and avoiding tooth burning through on-line detection of the tangential grinding forces. In addition, this study also described the relationships between the grinding forces and the temperature and roughness of the tooth surfaces with grinding speed, and the radial feed and axial feed rates.     

磨削淬硬层厚度的预测预报

本研究采用多元线性回归分析法,在磨削淬硬实验的基础上建立了40CrNiMoA钢的切向磨削力试验公式,并结合Rowe和Pettit的热量分配系数公式,运用有限元法对不同磨削用量下的淬硬层厚度进行了预测,得到了磨削深度、工件进给速度和磨削速度对淬硬层厚度的影响规律,从而为制订、实施和优化磨削淬硬工艺提供了基础。     

Quadratic curve heat flux distribution model in the grinding zone

In order to estimate temperature distribution and the influence of grinding parameters on grinding temperature in the grinding zone, a theoretical model used for calculating and simulating the grinding process must be established. Many simplified heat source models developed previously have some errors compared with the actual heat flux to the workpiece. Therefore, based on the triangular heat flux distribution model and temperature distributions measured, an inverse method for the heat transfer mechanism in the grinding zone was investigated and a quadratic curve heat flux distribution model was developed to determine the heat flux distribution and predict the surface temperature of the workpiece. From the theoretical expression of heat flux to the workpiece, it has been found that the quadratic curve heat flux is the superposition of square law heat flux, triangular heat flux, and uniform heat flux in the grinding zone. By comparison of theoretical analysis with the experimental results, it has been demonstrated that the solution using a quadratic curve heat flux can improve the grinding model by decreasing the error, although the uniform and triangular heat fluxes can explain the condition of the heat flux to the workpiece along the grinding zone.     

Grinding wheel effect in the grind-hardening process

The grind-hardening process is based on the utilization of the generated heat in the grinding zone for inducing a metallurgical transformation on the surface of the ground workpiece. The workpiece surface is locally heated above the austenitization temperature and subsequently is quenched to increase surface hardness. A theoretical model was developed for the prediction of the heat-generation rate as a function of the process parameters and the grinding wheel characteristics. The model combined with a database of relationships among the heat entering the workpiece, the process parameters, and the hardness penetration depth (HPD), which was presented by the authors in an earlier publication, allows the assessment of the grinding wheel’s effect characteristics on the hardening output of the process. The experimental results have verified the predictions of the theoretical model and served for its calibration.