低周疲劳精密下料新工艺及试验研究

传统的金属棒料下料工艺存在着材料利用率低、能耗高、生产效率低以及下料断面质量差等问题。采用一种新的下料工艺-周向加载低周疲劳精密下料技术,利用V形槽的应力集中效应,促使棒料V形槽底尖端处疲劳裂纹的萌生及疲劳裂纹的快速扩展。描述周向加载低周疲劳精密下料机的工作原理。给出在低周疲劳下棒料V形槽根部裂纹是否起裂的判据。采用两种控制曲线对5种材料(20钢、H59、45钢、20Cr和LY12)的棒料进行试验研究,实现加速棒料裂纹的产生、扩展并获得良好的棒料断面质量。试验结果表明,V形槽的应力集中效应可以有效地减小棒料下料过程中的平均应力,在不断增加打击位移的同时减小冲击频率可以保证棒料裂纹的稳定扩展和断裂。     

304不锈钢棒气动式可控旋弯下料工艺及试验

针对金属棒料传统下料工艺存在断面质量差、材料利用率低、能耗高等问题,提出一种综合利用预制环状V型槽缺口效应、起裂微裂纹及扩展宏观裂纹裂尖应力集中效应的新型气动式棒料可控旋弯下料工艺,详细介绍了该下料工艺的工作原理。基于该工作原理研制了金属棒料气动式旋弯下料试验装置,利用材料力学强度理论与线弹性断裂力学理论,建立了弯矩载荷作用下金属棒料下料过程的力学模型,获得了环状“V”型槽根部微裂纹萌生载荷、扩展裂纹起裂载荷及瞬断载荷的理论计算公式。采用三种不同恒应力强度因子幅水平载荷控制曲线对φ30 mm直径的304不锈钢棒料进行下料试验研究,结合所提出的坯料断面评价方法及其评价指标,对下料所得坯料质量进行了量化评价。结果表明,保持裂尖处于恒应力强度因子幅水平,可以实现金属棒料的可控精密下料,断面质量和下料时间随幅值水平提高而降低,当裂尖处△K=0.7K_c时,坯料最终瞬断区最小。该下料工艺利用断裂力学理论建立旋弯下料机理,可以指导实际下料试验,为后续下料工艺数据库的建立提供理论支撑。     

无缝钢管疲劳断裂分离新工艺及实验研究

针对传统的金属管材分离技术存在生产效率低、能耗高以及浪费原材料等问题,采用了一种新的管材分离方法,利用偏心加载工艺和应力集中效应促使管材表面环状V形槽底尖端处快速萌生疲劳裂纹并控制疲劳裂纹的稳定扩展。描述了管材的偏心循环加载疲劳断裂分离装置的工作原理,推导出了疲劳加载下管材V形槽根部裂纹是否起裂的判断公式。设计了线性递减、多层阶梯递减、1/4凸弧递减和1/4凹弧递减四种实验控制曲线,针对304不锈钢管材进行实验研究,实现了管材的精密分离。实验结果表明,利用V形槽的应力集中效应,在偏心加载力的持续作用下,加载频率采用多层阶梯递减控制曲线由高到低地逐渐降低加载频率,能够保证管材V形槽根部裂纹的快速萌生和稳定扩展,并可实现管材快速断裂,获得良好的断面质量。     

新型低应力弯曲下料外力加载模式的研究

针对新型低应力弯曲下料中棒料V型槽尖端形状的特殊性,提出对V型槽尖端起裂和裂纹扩展分别处理,采用应力集中系数计算V型槽尖端起裂所需的初始外力,采用裂纹扩展门槛值计算V型槽尖端裂纹扩展所需的外力。利用曲线拟合方法,耦合出外力与裂纹起裂扩展长度间呈近似1/4凹圆弧递减关系。基于低应力下料特点,设计4种形式的外力控制曲线。下料实验结果表明,所提出的凹圆弧递减外力控制曲线能使下料时间最短、断面质量最好。     

双频复合疲劳的裂纹萌生及扩展

针对典型承受高、低周双频复合载荷的水轮机叶片、电机转子用钢进行了低周疲劳、高低周双频复合疲劳的裂纹萌生及扩展规律的探讨。在频率比确定的条件下,载荷比是影响双频疲劳裂纹萌生及扩展的一个重要因素。随着载荷比的升高,疲劳裂纹萌生寿命大大缩短,裂纹扩展速率加快,疲劳断口呈现明显的周期特征。高、低周双频复合疲劳载荷各自的独特作用以及高、低周载荷在裂纹尖端引起的塑性区的交互作用是造成疲劳断口独特形貌的主要原因。     

一种新型高低频复合振动装置的研究

针对金属材料疲劳断裂研究的现状以及实际应用中应力比r的变化情况,分析了应力比r对金属疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展的影响.运用Pro/E设计了一种新型高低频复合振动装置,对其空载运动状态下的动力学特性做了理论分析.建立了振动装置加栽金属材料时的动力学模型,以加载7A09高强度铝合金为算例,运用ANSYS对模型进行谐波分析,得到了此种情况下的幅频特性曲线图,并由此获得了在该状态下最易发生疲劳断裂的变频区间.     

预腐蚀7A09铝合金腐蚀坑处萌生疲劳裂纹扩展深度的估算

含初始缺陷铝合金结构的寿命评估方法大多需要用到裂纹扩展深度这一难以直接测得的参数,为了找到其与表面裂纹长度之间的关系,对预腐蚀7A09铝合金进行疲劳试验,并利用扫描电镜结合能谱仪进行疲劳断口分析,发现了腐蚀坑处萌生裂纹沿着深度方向的扩展规律。结果表明:7A09铝合金的疲劳断口多呈脆性断裂特征,富集的增强相反而会成为脆性相,降低材料的塑性变形能力;对于单一裂纹源主导的疲劳断裂,其内部扩展深度与表面裂纹长度之间存在线性关系,通过检测构件中裂纹的表面长度可以获得其扩展深度,对于结构剩余寿命的估算具有参考价值;对于多源疲劳,裂纹扩展长度与深度间无确定的关系。。     

热应力预制裂纹技术在低应力精密下料中的实验研究

针对棒料的精密下料问题,给出了一种热应力预制裂纹的新的下料方法,简述了热应力变频振动下料系统的组成。建立了新的激振频率控制曲线和专门针对这种下料所获断面质量的评价方法。20号钢棒料的下料实验结果表明,通过采用热应力预制棒料V型槽尖端区域微小裂纹的方法,下料时间减少了20%左右,且仍可获得高质量的断面平整度。     

反旋转弯曲载荷下V型切口棒料的疲劳寿命估算方法

针对应力下料的实际要求,介绍反旋转拉弯复合应力加载模型。提出带缺口棒料的疲劳寿命由始裂寿命和裂纹扩展寿命两部分组成的思想。在考虑V型切口棒料几何参数及材料拉伸性能影响基础上,给出裂纹起始寿命估算公式。通过分析裂纹扩展过程中应力比的变化规律,提出当量应力比概念,结合Walker公式得到反旋转弯曲载荷下带缺口棒料疲劳寿命估算公式。结合具体案例计算棒料疲劳寿命,与已有的反旋转应力下料方式实验结果对比,表明该估算公式预测结果精度高,具有较好的应用价值。     

7XXX铝合金平滑焊接接头疲劳性能研究

对7XXX铝合金平滑焊接接头疲劳性能进行研究。基于统计学方法,分析数据的可靠性及模型合理性。当循环基数为1×107时,得到7XXX铝合金平滑焊接接头条件疲劳极限值为119 MPa。观察典型疲劳失效试样纵截面,断裂发生于焊缝区。主导裂纹萌生于试样表面,随着循环加载的进行,裂纹垂直加载轴扩展,随后近似平行于熔合线地长大,其最终取向又垂直于加载方向,局部扩展路径可见少量的次生裂纹。     

气体静压轴承单跨四圆盘结构稳定性试验分析

在气体静压轴承支承的单跨四圆盘结构转子试验台上,试验研究轴承-转子系统的振动特性。采用轴心轨迹、时域分析、频谱图等振动测试分析方法,呈现了半速涡动、双低频、低频共振等非线性动力学现象;分析了半速涡动、双低频、低频共振随转速的变化关系,定性分析了工频与低频的能量转化关系。结果表明:升速过程中采用较高升速率可避免低频振动的发生,降速过程中过大的降速率会引起半速涡动及双低频振动现象;试验中低频振幅增加导致工频能量减少,转速下降。     

基于虚拟示波器的涡流应力测量装置研制

为将涡流阻抗法应用于金属构件应力的快速测量,基于改进的矢量伏安法,采用虚拟示波器技术,研制出一套测量参数可控的便携式阻抗测量装置。实验测试了信号平均次数、电路采样电阻等对涡流传感器阻抗-频率特性曲线测量精度的影响规律,在优化参数条件下,研制的阻抗测量装置与Agilent 4294a的测试结果较为一致,相对偏差在±5%范围。将便携式装置应用于金属杆件的涡流应力测量:先后对45号钢杆和LY12铝合金直杆进行拉伸实验,测量粘贴于直杆上涡流传感器的阻抗变化,回归分析得到阻抗变化率与拉力的直线拟合方程(拟合优度大于0.9)。实验结果表明,基于虚拟示波器的阻抗测量装置可以基于涡流测力原理,实现金属构件应力的快速、有效测量。     

Precision forging technology for aluminum alloy

Aluminum alloy is a preferred metal material for lightweight part manufacturing in aerospace, automobile, and weapon industries due to its good physical properties, such as low density, high specific strength, and good corrosion resistance. However, during forging processes, underfilling, folding, broken streamline, crack, coarse grain, and other macro- or microdefects are easily generated because of the deformation characteristics of aluminum alloys, including narrow forgeable temperature region, fast heat dissipation to dies, strong adhesion, high strain rate sensitivity, and large flow resistance. Thus, it is seriously restricted for the forged part to obtain precision shape and enhanced property. In this paper, progresses in precision forging technologies of aluminum alloy parts were reviewed. Several advanced precision forging technologies have been developed, including closed die forging, isothermal die forging, local loading forging, metal flow forging with relief cavity, auxiliary force or vibration loading, casting-forging hybrid forming, and stamping-forging hybrid forming. High-precision aluminum alloy parts can be realized by controlling the forging processes and parameters or combining precision forging technologies with other forming technologies. The development of these technologies is beneficial to promote the application of aluminum alloys in manufacturing of lightweight parts.     

振动疲劳试验寿命确定方法研究

提出了一种确定振动疲劳试验寿命的方法,首先基于有限元分析获得2A12铝合金简支梁试件的裂纹长度与试件固有频率的关系曲线,借助断裂力学失效准则,计算试件在试验载荷下疲劳失效时的临界裂纹长度,根据临界裂纹长度对应的固有频率能够确定试件疲劳失效时固有频率下降的幅度,从而根据振动疲劳试验固有频率跟踪控制技术确定停机标准,停机时所经历的循环数即为振动疲劳的试验寿命。该方法结合理论与实际,为振动疲劳试验寿命的确定提供了理论依据,统一了试验标准,并且在实际操作试验过程中容易操作,所得的结果安全可靠。     

DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF AN ULTRAHIGH SPEED MICRO-MACHINING SPINDLE

A new ultrahigh speed micro-spindle has been developed for micro-milling that can be used at rotational speeds approaching 500,000 rpm. Since conventional ball bearings or fluid lubricated journal bearings cannot be used at such speeds, the new micro-spindle uses a set of journal and thrust foil bearings. Prior to fabrication of the micro-spindle, rotordynamic analysis of the rotor with an attached cutting tool confirmed that the rotor would be stable at the desired speeds. The cutting tool was then attached to the rotor using a shrink-fit approach. The micro-spindle was integrated with a 3-axis micro-milling machine. Cutting experiments were performed on an aluminum alloy at speeds greater than 300,000 rpm using 125 and 300 μm end-mills. Vibration spectra for free rotation and during cutting confirmed the dynamic stability of the micro-spindle. The vibration spectrum was dominated by the rotational frequency and was free of deleterious vibrations. The increase in rotational speed to 450,000 rpm in micro-milling of aluminum alloy allowed an increase in feed rate to nearly 750 mm/min, thus increasing the material removal rate by more than two orders of magnitude. The dimensional accuracy of several straight cuts made at different feed rates was measured.     

Damping performance of metal swarfs in a horizontal hollow structure

The scope of this paper is to investigate the damping performance of metal swarfs in hollow structures and to compare its vibration suppression performance with existing granular damping technologies. The effectiveness in suppressing vibrations in a hollow aluminum beam using aluminum, mild steel and stainless steel swarfs is compared to that of rubber spheres. Performance is compared using swept sine wave across a range of amplitudes from 0.1 g to 10 g for both first and the second modes of the beam. Considerable vibration suppression is observed for both modes, and the effect of filler type on damping and natural frequency variation is presented.     

Investigation of Fatigue Damage of 20Kh13 Structural Steel and its Compositions with Fused Coatings by the Free Vibration Method

The frequency of free vibrations of samples of 20Kh13 steel and its compositions with fused coatings is measured during fatigue tests. The dynamics of the frequency spectrum of the samples is investigated during the development of a fatigue crack. It is shown that the dynamics of variation of the free vibration frequency of the samples is tightly related to the kinetics of fatigue damage. Features of variation of the frequency spectrum of free vibrations in samples with fused coatings which are characterized by complex kinetics of the development of a fatigue crack are noted. Results of an analysis of the possibilities of diagnostics of fatigue damage of pieces from metallic materials and compositions with coatings obtained with the use of the free vibration method are given.     

HG80钢及其焊接接头的疲劳裂纹扩展

为适应大型工程机械焊接用钢需要，对低合金高强度钢HG80及其焊接接头的疲劳裂纹扩展速率进行了研究。结果表明，疲劳裂纹扩展速率对钢板的轧制方向不敏感，焊缝及热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展速率明显低于基材。在排除焊接残余应力导致的裂纹闭合效应后，焊缝及热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展速率与基材相当。