超低碳贝氏体钢的显微组织分析

对两阶段控轧控冷的超低碳贝氏体钢显微组织进行了光学显微镜和扫描电镜分析.结果表明:扫描电镜更能显示超低碳贝氏体钢的特点,纵向显微组织细小,奥氏体晶粒沿轧向被轧成扁平状,方向性明显,晶界清晰可见,奥氏体晶粒宽度在6～13 μm之间;而横向显微组织、心部显微组织、表面显微组织以粒状贝氏体为主,没有明显的方向性,组织粗大,分布弥散、均匀;粒状贝氏体和板条贝氏体只有在两个极端的温度下才有明显的差异,而处于中间过渡温度时很难截然分开.     

弛豫过程中的纳米析出及贝氏体组织的细化

合金钢变形过程中奥氏体区域内的位错演变行为与析出行为有着密切的关系.为了验证贝氏体细化结构与室温模拟的Fe-40Ni合金纳米级析出相钉扎位错网络结构的关联,本文采用热模拟、金相显微技术和透射电镜(TEM)显微术研究了低碳微合金钢变形后850℃弛豫过程中的析出行为及其对随后冷却过程中形成的贝氏体组织的影响.结果表明,实验用钢的微观组织结构(超细晶贝氏体及马氏体的混合物)在弛豫过程中可以得到有效细化,变形后在850℃弛豫60～200 s可以得到最佳的组织细化结果.同时,应变诱导析出的小于10 nm的析出相可以有效地钉扎住位错.实验结果与Fe-40Ni合金模拟结果一致.     

热变形和弛豫对低碳贝氏体钢相变的影响

采用Thermeemastor Z热模拟机研究了低碳贝氏体钢奥氏体熟变形以及弛豫时间对低碳贝氏体相变的影响。结果表明：塑性变形抑制贝氏体相变,随着变形量增大,相变开始温度降低,初始转变速率加快,最终转变量减小;随着弛豫时间延长,相变开始温度和转变量逐渐升高并最终趋于稳定。弛豫一定时间使贝氏体板条束界面清晰,板条细化。     

形变热处理工艺对低碳微合金管线钢晶粒细化的影响

以管线钢X52为研究对象，在Gleeble1500热模拟机上，进行了奥氏体未再结晶区不同形变速度、形变量和冷却速度对X52的相变行为及显微组织影响的研究。通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜分析可以发现，随变形速率、形变量和冷却速度的增加，晶粒明显变细。同时，低碳钢不同的是在奥氏体未再结晶区扎制时，第二相的析出可以抑制再结晶，并且析出物的存在不仅阻碍位错的运动，而且全造成位错的增殖，因而微合金钢细化昌粒的机理主要有：形变诱导铁素体、铁素体的动态再结晶和第二相的析出抑制晶粒长大使晶粒细化。     

奥氏体区压缩变形对低碳贝氏体钢贝氏体相变的影响

通过热膨胀相变仪得到热膨胀曲线,结合显微组织和硬度测试结果,绘制Si-Mn-MoCr-V低碳贝氏体钢的静态过冷奥氏体连续冷却转变曲线;利用热模拟试验机在奥氏体区对试验钢进行不同变形量的压缩变形,随后冷却到不同温度保温150s再空冷至室温,研究了奥氏体区压缩变形对贝氏体相变和显微组织的影响。结果表明:未经奥氏体区压缩变形、奥氏体区单道次压缩变形40%、奥氏体区两道次压缩变形58%条件下,试验钢贝氏体相变起始温度分别约为400,385,300℃;奥氏体区压缩变形后试验钢在冷却过程中的贝氏体相变延迟,相变起始温度降低,且变形量越大,贝氏体相变的起始温度越低;与未奥氏体区压缩变形试验钢相比,奥氏体区变形后试验钢在冷却过程中形成的贝氏体组织明显细化,晶粒取向增多,且硬度明显升高。     

变形条件对高洁净微合金钢组织性能的影响

讨论了变形对高洁净微合金钢贝氏体转变及转变组织的影响,并与两种工业钢STE355(8Y）、X60(6B）进行了比较,试验在720-1100℃进行。结果表明,在同样试验条件下,高洁净钢的贝氏体相变温度要比大桥用钢STE355低50-70℃;高洁净钢冷却到室温时得到了微米级的细化组织;并且高洁净钢室温硬度及抗拉强度均明显高于两种工业钢。     

温轧原始组织及冷却速率对低碳微合金钢终态组织的影响

为了研究温轧原始组织及冷却速率对材料终态组织的影响,利用两种低碳微合金钢在不施加变形的前提下结合快速加热及冷却工艺,对不同条件下的终态组织进行了比较。结果表明：舍金元素含量较高的钢中,温轧组织不同对终态组织的影响比较显著,其中以原始组织为温轧回火马氏体的更能有效获得细化和多相的终态组织;随着冷却速率的增加,铁素体平均晶粒尺寸减小,且在合金元素含量较高的钢中,更容易获得贝氏体和马氏体组织,而合金元素含量较低的钢中,冷却速率对终态组织的影响不大。     

弛豫时间对X100管线钢组织和力学性能的影响

采用拉伸试验、冲击试验以及显微组织观察等方法研究了轧后弛豫时间对X100管线钢显微组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:随着弛豫时间延长,贝氏体铁素体板条变宽,板条内部位错密度降低,碳氮化物析出量增多,屈服强度呈现先减小后增大的趋势,抗拉强度缓慢增加,屈强比与断后伸长率先降低后升高然后再降低,-20℃下的冲击功先升高后降低;弛豫时间为52s时能够获得较高的强度、韧性和均匀伸长率,可满足X100管线钢抗大变形的要求。     

温轧原始组织及冷却速率对低碳微合金钢终态组织的影响

为了研究温轧原始组织及冷却速率对材料终态组织的影响,利用两种低碳微合金钢在不施加变形的前提下结合快速加热及冷却工艺,对不同条件下的终态组织进行了比较。结果表明:合金元素含量较高的钢中,温轧组织不同对终态组织的影响比较显著,其中以原始组织为温轧回火马氏体的更能有效获得细化和多相的终态组织;随着冷却速率的增加,铁素体平均晶粒尺寸减小,且在合金元素含量较高的钢中,更容易获得贝氏体和马氏体组织,而合金元素含量较低的钢中,冷却速率对终态组织的影响不大。     

低碳微合金钢中碳化钛的等温析出行为

采用电阻法和透射电镜观察等方法测定了含钛0.088%微合金钢中碳化钛(TiC)的等温析出(PTT)曲线,分析了其析出行为。结果表明:在γ→α转变区的530~630℃范围内,TiC析出速率最大;在高温固溶及等温析出条件下,TiC在奥氏体中以针状析出,而在铁素体中呈相间或弥散析出;在530~630℃温度区间等温,可得到最好析出强化效果。     

Particle size effect on abrasion resistance of mottled cast iron with different retained austenite contents

Effects of particle abrasive sizes on wear resistance of mottled cast iron with different retained austenite contents were studied. Abrasive wear tests using a pin test on alumina paper were carried out, using abrasive sizes between 16 μm and 192 μm. Retained austenite content of the matrix was determined by X-ray diffraction. The wear surface of samples and the alumina paper were examined by scanning electron microscopy for identifying the wear micromechanism. The results show that at lower abrasive sizes the mass loss was similar for the iron with different austenite contents. However, at higher abrasive sizes the samples with higher retained austenite content presented higher abrasion resistance. For lower abrasive sizes tested, samples with higher and lower retained austenite content both presented microcutting. On the other hand, the main wear micromechanism for the samples with higher retained austenite content and higher abrasive sizes was microploughing. The samples with lower retained austenite content presented microcutting and wedge formation at higher abrasive sizes. Higher abrasive size induced more microcutting in samples with lower retained austenite. The iron with lower retained austenite content presented wider grooves for the different abrasive sizes measured. SEM on the abrasive paper used on samples with higher retained austenite showed continuous and discontinuous microchips and the samples with lower retained austenite showed discontinuous microchips at 66 and 141 μm. This research demonstrates the relation between abrasive size, wear resistance, groove width and wear micromechanism for mottled cast iron with different retained austenite contents.     

Influence of grain refinement on the high temperature fretting behaviour of IN 738 LC

The wear and friction behaviour of Inconel 738 LC in contact with SiSiC was studied for the case of oscillating sliding motion. The test temperature was varied in the range from room temperature up to 700 °C. A large-grain IN 738 LC and a grain-refined modification were compared. In both cases, the wear dropped drastically at temperatures above 400–500 °C and remained low for the grain-refined modification, but increased again for the large-grain modification at temperatures above 600 °C. The high wear/low wear transition was accompanied by a transfer of metal on the ceramic surface.     

基于不同积分时间帧累加的红外图像超帧方法

针对大多数常规红外成像系统单帧成帧时间内探测器组件响应动态范围有限,以及超帧算法需要借助其他复杂装置或专用电路的不足,提出了一种基于不同积分时间帧累加的红外图像超帧处理方法,采用电子学处理方法对整个超帧处理过程进行了研究。分析了限制红外探测器响应动态范围的原因,简单介绍了帧积分方法的原理和利弊。然后对不同积分时间下获得的图像进行了非均匀性校正、帧信息融合和新帧映射。实验结果表明:本文方法提高了系统的噪声等效温差(NETD),捕获了更多的场景原始图像信息,丰富了图像的灰度层次,增加了图像的信息熵。该方法能够等效拓展探测器的响应动态范围,增加场景原始信息的捕获,提高成像系统的输出信号信噪比以及探测灵敏度。     

Magnetic refinement of tips for magnetic force microscopy

Silicon cantilever probes with monolithically integrated tips are commercially available and are routinely used for atomic force microscopy (AFM). For such probes, amagnetic refinement of the silicon tip has been developed and results in a deposition of ferromagnetic material such as nickel or CrCoTa in the top area of the tip. The method consists of essentially three steps: (1) A broad-area sputter deposition of a ferromagnetic material; (2) a selective electron beam-induced carbon deposition at the top of the tip; (3) a broad-area ion-beam sputter etching, which removes the magnetic layer everywhere except underneath the carbon cap. The method allows to control the total amount and extension of the magnetic material left at the tip. It is applicable to all kinds of ferromagnetic materials which can be deposited as a thin layer by sputter deposition or evaporation. Experiments indicate that the method is reliable and improves the resolution of magnetic force microscopy (MFM). With such magnetically refined tips on silicon cantilevers, MFM measurements have been performed in contact mode as well as in dynamic and static noncontact modes. In this paper, the method for magnetic tip refinement is described and MFM measurements with these tips are presented.     

Comparing the effect of different strategies of continuous improvement programmes on repair time to reduce lead time

To cope with uncertainty in semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities (fabs), scheduling methods are required to produce quick real-time responses. They should be well tuned to track the changes of a production environment to obtain good operational performance. This paper presents an efficient adaptive dispatching method (ADM) with parameters determined dynamically by real-time state information of fabs. ADM is composed of a dispatching rule considering both batch and non-batch processing machines to obtain improved fab-wide performance, several feature selection methods to determine key scheduling-related real-time state information, and a linear regression model to find the relations between the weighting parameters of the dispatching rule and the determined real-time state information. A real fab simulation model is used to demonstrate the proposed method. The simulation results show that ADM is adaptive to changing environment with better performance than a number of commonly used rules (such as FIFO, EDD, CR, LPT, LS, SRPT, and SPT) and an adaptive dispatching rule that considers only real-time ratio of hot jobs to the number of all jobs in a fab and the ratio of jobs with one third of photo steps left to the number of all jobs.     

车削叶轮方法对泵性能的影响

介绍了用两种方法车削叶轮外径时,在改变泵性能上所产生的差别,通过分析解释了产生这种差别的原因,并提出了改进切削叶轮外径的方法。     

Structure and electromagnetic properties of ZhGr-type powder steel deformed by rolling with different porosity and temper

The results of studying the structure and electromagnetic properties of powder construction steels of the ZhGr type with different temper (0.03, 0.45, and 0.95 wt %) and porosity (8, 12, and 18%) after deformation by rolling to the degree of strain ɛ = 30% and a step of 0.5–6.0% are presented. The data of microstructure studies that indicate anisotropy of the structural elements in the direction of rolling are presented, and typical types of pores are identified and described. The porosity value of steels with any composition is halved when the strain is about 30%; here, the maximal magnetization monotonically increases because the volumetric portion of pores decreases.     

Reducing the formation of FIB-induced FCC layers on Cu-Zn-Al austenite

The irradiation effects of thinning a sample of a Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloy to electron transparency by a Ga(+) focused ion beam were investigated. This thinning method was compared with conventional electropolishing and Ar(+) ion milling. No implanted Ga was detected but surface FCC precipitation was found as a result of the focused ion beam sample preparation. Decreasing the irradiation dose by lowering the energy and current of the Ga(+) ions did not lead to a complete disappearance of the FCC structure. The latter could only be removed after gentle Ar(+) ion milling of the sample. It was further concluded that the precipitation of the FCC is independent of the crystallographic orientation of the surface.     

不同车钩组合方式对列车纵向冲动的影响

车钩缓冲装置传递车辆之间的纵向作用力并缓和车辆之间的冲击力,对于改善车辆受力状况和运行性能具有非常重要的意义.利用空气制动仿真系统与三维空间耦合动力学仿真系统联合仿真,将普通车钩与拉杆式车钩进行编组,分析了列车分别由以下三种情况下连接的纵向车钩力:普通车钩、普通车钩与拉杆式车钩组合、拉杆式车钩.对比三种编组,提出一种相...     

基于Delaunay细分的旋转对称模型最优对称单元的构造

为了最大限度地提高有限元分析的效率,提出一种基于Delaunay细分构造旋转对称模型的最优对称单元的方法.该方法把对称单元及其网格的构造统一起来,通过一种带对称约束的局部Delaunay细分算法直接生成对称单元网格.其关键是在细分过程中增添移动三角形操作,由此可将对称边转化为内部边,从而能够对其进行翻转来维护其Delaunay属性,并可保持对称边界的一致性.细分结束后得到的局部网格就是所要求的最优对称单元网格.理论证明与实验结果均表明该方法是有效的.