纳滤膜处理高盐活性染料废水方法的研究

本文探讨了纳滤技术在处理高盐活性染料废水的应用。通过实验数据,确定一种国产芳香聚酰胺类复合纳滤膜,可用于高盐活性染料废水的处理。     

纳滤膜功能材料研究进展

饮用水安全问题纳滤膜,无机膜材料,有机膜材料日益成为现代社会关注的热点.纳滤膜因其独特的分离特性,成为饮用水深度处理的最佳选择之一,本文简要回顾了纳滤膜的历史,综述了近年来一系列纳滤膜制膜材料包括无机纳滤膜材料和有机聚合物纳滤膜材料.重点介绍了聚合物纳滤膜材料的种类和特性,以及发展趋势.     

纳滤膜对PPCPs的截留机理研究

选用NF-C和NF-75两种纳滤膜对药物及个人护理品（PPCPs）进行纳滤实验，考察纳滤膜对PPCPs的截留机理。结果表明：纳滤膜去除PPCPs是由筛分作用、静电作用和吸附作用共同决定的。当PPCPs为非解离亲水性物质时，纳滤膜对PPCPs的去除机理主要为筛分作用；当PPCPs为非解离疏水性物质时，纳滤膜对PPCPs的去除机理为吸附作用。当PPCPs为可解离性物质时，纳滤膜对PPCPs的静电作用随着pH的升高而逐渐增强，纳滤膜的截留率逐渐升高。     

纳滤膜材料研究进展

简单阐述了纳滤膜的特点与应用,综述了乙酸纤维类、芳香族聚酰胺类等常用有机高分子纳滤膜材料,天然高分子、聚电解质等新型有机高分子纳滤膜材料,无机纳滤膜材料以及无机-有机杂化复合纳滤膜材料的研究进展。分别列举了相应膜材料的典型膜,并从高通量、抗污染、耐有机溶剂与耐氯性等多角度对相应膜材料的结构特性、化学特性、膜制备技术与应用特点进行了对比分析与总结,最后对纳滤膜材料的发展趋势与应用前景作了预测与展望,指出特种高性能纳滤膜材料的开发与微观结构的调控和基于不同纳滤膜材料的结构与功能设计将成为今后一段时间内的研究热点。     

界面聚合聚酰胺纳滤膜渗透选择性能优化的研究进展

纳滤因其分离效率高、操作压力低、环境友好等优点,在废水处理、海水淡化和工业分离纯化等众多领域有着重要的应用。界面聚合法制备的聚酰胺（PA）纳滤膜是最为常用的纳滤膜种类之一。然而界面聚合反应速度快,如何通过调控界面聚合过程,优化纳滤膜选择分离层的结构从而提高渗透选择性,以满足不同领域对纳滤膜需求仍是亟需解决的问题。本文从影响界面聚合单体扩散因素的角度出发,综述了近年来PA纳滤膜渗透选择性能优化的研究进展,包括新型PA纳滤膜、纳米材料/PA混合基质膜及超薄PA纳滤膜3个方面,探讨了选择分离层结构调控与纳滤膜渗透选择性能优化的关系,最后指出目前界面聚合制备高渗透选择性PA纳滤膜在规模化、稳定性及可控性存在的问题,并对未来界面聚合纳滤膜在微观结构和聚合过程调控方面的研究进行了展望。     

温敏性抗污染纳滤膜的制备及性能表征

膜污染是制约纳滤膜发展应用的关键问题之一,表面改性是提高纳滤膜抗污染性能的有效途径。利用溶液浸涂工艺,将具有合适低临界温度(LCST)值和亲水性的温敏性聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(PNIPAm)类功能材料涂覆于聚酰胺纳滤膜表面对其进行修饰,制备出一种温敏性抗污染纳滤膜。测试结果表明,改性后的纳滤膜抗污染性能明显提高,死端过滤试验持续运行32h,通量衰减率只有8.7%,通量恢复率可达98.4%。     

纳滤膜在水处理中的应用

概述了纳滤膜的分离特性、材质、组件、制备工艺以及分离机理模型 ,并介绍了双极膜、两性膜两种新型纳滤膜品种和纳滤膜生化反应器 ,综述了纳滤膜在水处理中的应用及研究进展。     

适用于镁锂分离纳滤膜的筛选

纳滤膜广泛应用于各分离领域,市售纳滤膜种类繁多,分离性能差异很大。对6种市售的纳滤膜（NT102、NT103、NT201、NF90、NF270、XN-45）进行镁锂分离实验,通过改变原料液稀释倍数、镁锂比、温度、pH及操作压力等条件,测得在不同条件下6种纳滤膜对镁锂的分离性能。结果表明：6种纳滤膜对镁锂分离性能具有明显差异,NT201和NT103最好,NF270和XN-45次之,NF90和NT102最差,可见NT201、NT103纳滤膜对镁锂分离性能最为优异。     

有机酸纳滤膜分离过程中膜污染的控制及清洗

纳滤膜技术是目前普遍使用的膜过滤技术,主要介绍了纳滤膜系统在有机酸生产过程中的使用情况,并且对膜污染的原因做了多方位的分析,同时对有机酸使用的纳滤膜污染提出了污染控制及清洗方法。     

氧化石墨烯改性复合纳滤膜的研究进展

氧化石墨烯(GO)掺杂到膜表面制备的GO-复合纳滤膜具有抗污染能力强、污染物截留率高的特点,是目前研究解决复合纳滤膜污染问题的热点。本文综述了GO-复合纳滤膜的材料选择和主要制备方法,并讨论了GO对GO-复合纳滤膜抗污染性能的影响,为进一步提高GO-复合纳滤膜抗污染性能的研究提供了理论依据和建议。     

国产液体活性染料的开发和应用

该文介绍国产液体活性染料的开发和应用。它具有流动性和溶解度佳、适用于喷墨印花和小浴比（1：3）汽雾染色等印染工艺,大大减少印染厂的有色污水,节约能源（电或热能）,改善生产和印染车间劳动条件,方便加料计量自动化。它可以通过纳滤膜装置或物理法使染料脱盐,然后在染料液中选择性加入合适的助剂,如￡．已内酰胺等,非离子表面活性剂、分散剂、pH稳定剂和适量的水,搅拌1小时后,调节pH到4．5～6．5。获得的液体活性染料,在0～25℃可贮存3～6个月,不沉淀,不降低染料强度。     

Application of sodium benzoyl thiosulphate from aqueous solution to wool and its effect on substantivity of disperse dyes. Part 1: synthesis and characterisation of sodium benzoyl thiosulphate

The introduction of bulky aryl residues into wool fibres not only enhances their disperse dyeability but also improves their settability, shrink resistance and imparts easy‐care properties. It would be highly desirable for colourists to achieve such effects when dyeing or printing wool from an aqueous solution as wool/polyester blend fabrics could be dyed and printed with the same dye; furthermore, in the case of an all‐wool fabric pretreated with such arylating systems, following dyeing or printing with disperse dyes, dye fixation can be achieved by dry heat procedures. A water‐soluble, fibre‐reactive arylating agent, sodium benzoyl thiosulphate, was therefore synthesised, characterised and its stability to hydrolysis in aqueous media was examined.     

Sulphite‐based resist styles for digital printing cotton fabrics

Discharge printing provides a method of producing either a white or coloured image on a solid ground fabric; unfortunately, the shade range from this process is limited. An alternative approach to discharge printing is resist printing, which provides prints that are almost indistinguishable from those achieved by the discharge printing process and has the advantage of offering a wider shade range. In resist printing, the resist agent prevents fixation of the background colour by chemical (resist agent inhibits dye fixation) or physical (resist agent inhibits dye absorption) processes and so yields a white print. Printing is carried out on grounds that have been pad‐dry ‘dyed’ with selected reactive dyes; the dyes must not fix during this process otherwise white grounds are not achievable – subsequently fixation is achieved by steaming after digitally printing the resist agent. In this paper, the resist agent studied is sodium sulphite, which selectively blocks reactive groups in reactive dyes – the ground shade reactive dye must be deactivated in this reaction to produce the resist effect. A coloured print may be achieved by incorporating a suitable reactive dye, of a different class to that used in the ground shade, which is not deactivated by the resist agent, in the resist ink.     

Synthesis and Application of Some New Reactive Chlorohydrin Dyes

Azo and phthalocyanine dyes carrying the chlorohydrin group, as the precursor of the reactive epoxy group, were prepared using new catalyzed reactions. The reactive group is attached to the coupling component in some cases and to the diazonium component in other cases. A phthalocyanine dye carrying two reactive groups was also synthesized. The dyeing of cotton, wool and multifibre fabrics was studied, under different dyeing conditions. Various techniques of dyeing and printing were used. Exhaustion and padding methods were investigated for dyeing, and direct, reserve and discharge methods for printing. One–stage and two–stage procedures were employed for both printing and dyeing. It was found that the chlorohydrin reactive dyes prepared in the present work could be applied by nearly all known methods of dyeing and printing on cotton, wool, viscose rayon, nylon and acrylic fibres. The dyeings obtained had satisfactory fastness properties and showed fairly good dye fixation on the substrate.     

The Physical and Chemical Properties of Reactive Dyes and their Effect on Printing Behaviour

The currently available methods of fixation of prints on textiles are reviewed and the influence of the reactivity, diffusion coefficient and substantivity of reactive dyes on their behaviour in printing is described. It is shown how the suitability to the various fixation methods and the stability in alkaline printing paste of reactive dyes can be correlated with the values of reactivity, diffusion coefficient, and substantivity measured by simple techniques. Changes that can be made to the reactivity of a dye by modification of its structure or its application conditions are also illustrated. The influence of hydrolysis of reactive dyes and of breakage of the dye–fibre bond during processing on the fixation achieved is discussed and a method is developed enabling the actual rate of reaction of reactive dyes with cellulose to be calculated.     

Treatment of effluents from textile-rinsing operations by thermally stable nanofiltration membranes

Thermally stable nanofiltration membranes were used to recover hot water from rinsing effluents from acid and reactive dyeing operations. Two types of flat-sheet membranes, MPF-34 (MWCO 200) and MPF-36 (MWCO 1000), were tested at 60°C and 10 bar. Experiments carried out with the made-up feeds containing acid dye and acetic acid showed that both membranes were able to retain more than 99% of dye. MPF-36 suffered from substantial flux decline due to the dye and acid in the feeds but still provided higher fluxes than MPF-34. Furthermore, reactive dye rejection of MPF-36 was acceptable, ranging from 97 to 99.5%, while the fluxes, 105-140 1/m².h, were exceptionally high. MPF-36 was then further tested with the wastewater from industrial processes. The membrane could recover hot water by removing more than 98% of acid dye and 90% of reactive dyes. Despite severe fouling by acid dye, the membrane was still able to provide 40-50 1/m².h of permeate fluxes. For the reactive dye rinsing effluents, remarkably high fluxes of 120-1501/m2.h were obtained. Chemical cleaning of the used membrane with 0.2% wt. HNO₃ and subsequently 0.5% wt. NaOH recovered 80-100% of the flux.     

The Influence of Different Substitution Levels of Guar on the Quality of Viscose Prints with VS Monoreactive Dye

Abstract

The basic problem of reactive printing on viscose with polysaccharide guar thickeners is the capability of dye molecule to react with the hydroxyl groups of cellulose (binding of the dye) as well as with the hydroxyl groups of water (the dye hydrolyzes) or the thickener (binding of the dye) (1, 2]. This latter is most clearly expressed in combination of the polysaccharide unmodified guar thickener and the bifunctional reactive dye where the bifunctional dye forms, due to the presence of two reactive groups, a bridge between the cellulose fibre and the guar thickener (3). The unmodified guar has a large number of free hydroxyl groups which cause crosslinking with cellulose and hinder the thickener to wash off, thus increasing the stiffness of the printing fabric. The further investigation has shown that this undesireous reaction with the guar molecules can be partly diminished by the suitable selection of chemically modified guar thickener or by lowering the dry substance content [4, 5].

In this paper the influence of nonsubstituted and different substitutited guar thickeners with monoreactive (vinylsulphone) dyes on the changing of fabric stiffness will be shown.     

添加剂对喷墨印花用液态活性染料性质的影响

对喷墨印花用液态染料而言,助剂对其性能的改善有很大的作用,但同时助剂的添加又会对液态染料本身的性质产生影响。本文通过对液态染料溶解性、上染性和固色性的测试,考察了有机溶剂、助溶剂和表面活性剂对液态染料性质的影响。结果表明,对于有机溶剂,当其浓度适当时,不会影响染料的溶解度,并能改善液态染料的上染和固色性能;而助溶剂及表面活性剂对液态染料性质的影响则随助剂种类及用量的不同而不同。     

用于喷墨印花染料纯化的自组装GO/TiO2复合纳滤膜的制备

数码喷墨打印技术对墨水高纯度和低含盐量要求,不断促使染料纯化技术的开发与研究。基于氧化石墨烯(GO)/纳米二氧化钛(TiO₂)自组装的纳滤膜材料的开发,探究了纳米TiO₂颗粒尺寸和与GO共混比例,所获最优GO/TiO₂复合纳滤膜中TiO₂颗粒尺寸为60 nm,与GO共混比例为1∶1。其纯水通量为10.69 L/(m²·h·bar),对NaCl和Na₂SO₄的截留分别为12.6%和15.7%,对铬黑T、刚果红和考马斯亮蓝R的截留均高于99%。采用自制的连续恒容渗滤装置对粗品墨水进行染料脱盐浓缩的实验,所获染料的浓度由最初的2.0 g/L浓缩至9.74 g/L,NaCl和Na₂SO₄浓度则由起始10 g/L分别下降至5.3 mg/L和11 mg/L,满足数码印花对墨水高纯度以及低盐度的要求。     

活性染料及其真丝绸印染工艺探讨

研究了活性染料对丝绸进行染色和印花的工艺，提高了丝绸染色产品的色牢度、染深性、得色量和提升力。优选了酸浴法、中性浴法和碱浴法染色工艺条件以及印花工艺条件。指出一氟三嗪活性基优于一氯三嗪活性基，双活性基优于单活性基。国产活性染料应在溶解度、配套助剂、染料筛选等应用方面要加强研究。