基于关键节点和多播节点的多播路由算法

在视频会议等多播应用中，降低多播树网络费用非常重要。本文提出了基于关键节点和目的节点的多播路由KDDMC算法。由于在算法中优先考虑采用关键节点，实现更多链路的共享，从而降低网络费用。在随机网络上的仿真结果表明，KDDMC算法的多播树网络费用优于SPH算法。同时证明了KDDMC算法的复杂度为O(n^3)，且利用所提出的路由表算法易于分布式实现。     

支持延时约束的覆盖多播路由协议的研究

研究有度和延时约束的覆盖多播路由问题,提出了一个新的覆盖多播路由协议-延时受限的树协议(DBTP)。该协议采用分布式和树优先的策略,使多播组成员之间能自组织地构建一棵基于源的覆盖多播树。DBTP协议采用了一种新的启发式局部优化算法,通过调节启发因子,能灵活地在延时和代价之间进行折衷。仿真实验表明,无论在静态还是动态节点模型下,选择适当的启发参数,DBTP都能获得较高的节点接纳率。     

基于QoS的动态组播路由算法

在分析了网络中基于QoS的组播路由问题的基础上,本文提出了一种新的动态算法,并进行了实验和分析,文中构造的路由方案成功地解决了当网络中存在多个组播及组播节点动态变化情况下的QoS路由选择问题,此方案不仅保证了带宽,端到端延时和延时抖动,优化了路由树的代价,而且有效地控制了算法的复杂性并可适用于大规模的网络中。     

Virtual-node-based multicast routing and wavelength assignment in sparse-splitting optical networks

This paper investigates several problems associated with optical multicast routing and wavelength assignment in sparse-splitting optical networks for interactive real-time media distribution. Unfortunately, the constrained multicast routing with optimized wavelength assignment leads to NP-complete condition. Thus, in this paper, a virtual-node-based multicast routing algorithm is first proposed to satisfy the requirements of interactive real-time multicasting as well as the constraints from underlying optical networks. For the constructed multicast tree, we then associate an effective wavelength assignment algorithm. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm combination performs well in terms of (1) the wavelength channel cost, (2) the maximum variation of inter-destination node delays, (3) the signal quality, and (4) the number of wavelength conversions.     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的核心群合并共享树组播算法

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,该文提出了一种低树代价的组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)算法,包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法基于逻辑位置形成的虚拟静态、结构规则的网络拓扑选择核节点。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的传输带宽利用率和组播传输效率。最后,与低轨卫星IP网络中的其他几种典型算法进行了性能对比,仿真结果说明,CCST算法的树代价性能比其它算法有较大改善,而端到端传播时延略高。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的特定源组播算法

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有特定源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套新的特定源组播算法,即基于核心群的特定源组播算法(CSSM)和加权的CSSM算法(w-CSSM).CSSM算法以源节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,所得的树代价最小,从而大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和传输效率.在w-CSSM算法中,加权因子可以自适应调整以适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延,以支持某些有严格端到端时延要求的实时组播业务.通过与低轨卫星IP网络中典型特定源组播算法MRA的仿真比较,可以看出CSSM和w-CSSM算法的树代价性能比MRA有较大改善,不过端到端传播时延略高.     

基于灰狼算法的无线网络组播路由优化

针对无线网络中资源受限的组播路由问题,考虑网络节点的节点度限制和网络链路的带宽约束,以最小化组播路由开销为目标,提出了一种二进制编码方式的基于灰狼优化算法的组播路由策略.在给定的网络拓扑下,基于灰狼优化算法的组播路由策略可以迅速找到一棵包含源和目的节点的最小开销组播树.仿真结果表明,相比于遗传算法,所提出的基于灰狼优化...     

一种新的QoS组播路由算法

针对现有的求解多约束QoS组播路由中存在的问题,结合BP神经网络局部搜索的优势和蚁群算法全局搜索的优势的特点,进行QoS组播路由算法的设计,提出了一种新型的NNAC算法。该算法通过BP神经网络寻找路径的更优解,改善了QoS组播路由路径寻找的方法。通过实验仿真表明,NNAC算法得到最优组播树的总延时为35,总代价费用为21,在完成150个度约束组播路由路径时,NNAC算法在进行最优组播树的寻找成功率上高于AC算法,同时该算法还克服了AC算法易陷入局部最小点的不足。     

基于克隆选择的QoS组播路由优化

衡量QoS组播路由主要性能指标有延时,代价,带宽等,本文所提出的基于遗传算法的多约束QoS组播路由优化算法.引入了一个综合性能指标Q适应度函数,对延时、带宽、代价这3个性能指标进行权衡.以减小组播树的代价和延时,增大带宽,提高组播的服务质量.并对解决传统算法对于存在两组及以上的组播树,他们的代价都是最优的,延时和带宽都满足受限条件时无法选择的问题十分有效的.     

Efficient routing and wavelength assignment for multicast in WDMnetworks

The next generation multimedia applications such as video conferencing and HDTV have raised tremendous challenges on the network design, both in bandwidth and service. As wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) networks have emerged as a promising candidate for future networks with large bandwidth, supporting efficient multicast in WDM networks becomes eminent. Different from the IP layer, the cost of multicast at the WDM layer involves not only bandwidth (wavelength) cost, but also wavelength conversion cost and light splitting cost. It is well known that the optimal multicast problem in WDM networks is NP-hard. In this paper, we develop an efficient approximation algorithm consisting of two separate but integrated steps: multicast routing and wavelength assignment. We prove that the problem of optimal wavelength assignment on a multicast tree is not NP-hard; in fact, an optimal wavelength assignment algorithm with complexity of O(NW) is presented. Simulation results have revealed that the optimal wavelength assignment beats greedy algorithms by a large margin in networks using many wavelengths on each link such as dense wavelength-division-multiplexing (DWDM) networks. Our proposed heuristic multicast routing algorithm takes into account both the cost of using wavelength on links and the cost of wavelength conversion. The resulting multicast tree is derived from the optimal lightpaths used for unicast     

一种多约束QoS多播路由算法

提出了带宽时延约束、代价最小的QoS多播路由模型,并提出了一种启发式算法求解该问题,分析了算法的复杂度。仿真试验证明,该算法是稳定有效的。它能够在满足两种约束的情况下,使多播树的代价优化。     

A Distributed Routing Method for Dynamic Multicasting

Single point, sender based control does not scale well for multicast delivery. For applications, such as group video or teleconferencing a low total cost multicast tree is required. In this article we present a destination driven algorithm to minimize the total tree cost of multicast tree in a dynamic situation for the whole session duration. In this heuristic approach we considered the staying duration of participants are available at the time of joining. The performance of our algorithm is analyzed through extensive simulation and evaluated against several other existing dynamic multicast routing and also against one well known near optimum heuristic algorithm used for solving Steiner tree problem. We have further tested our algorithm using erroneous information given by the joining participants. Simulation results show that its performance does not degrade that much even when the range of error is considerably high, which proves the robustness of our algorithm.     

动态多播最小生成树算法

在IP多播网络中,如何选择合适的路由、优化配置,以减少开支,是IP多播业务推广使用的关键。该文针对IP多播动态路由选择的特点和现有算法的不足,提出了一种新的动态多播最小生成树算法(DMPH),随机网络模型的仿真结果表明:DMPH算法生成的多播树总费用与静态算法基本一致,优于现有的动态算法;计算复杂性较静态算法有很大降低。     

基于WDM网络的多播动态选路算法研究

提出了一个改进的稀疏分光器配置约束下的改进算法。在稀疏分光器配置约束下,多播路由不再是图论中”树”的形状,多播路由可能存在逻辑圈。现有的多播路由算法没有考虑这个特点,改进对此算法作了一下改进,通过仿真证明改进算法提高了网络性能。     

基于THMLD的移动多点发送方法的性能分析

Mobile multicast is important for the emerging applications such as mobile video or audio conference and mobile IPTV. Some mobile multicast schemes have been proposed in the past few years, but most of them study the reconstruction ofmulticast delivery tree, and few consider the group membership management for mobile subscribers. In this paper, we propose a new mobile multicast method based on the Two-Hop Multicast Listener Discovery （THMLD） protocol which provides the mobile multicast membership management function by forwarding the traditional MLD messages to its neighboring subnets. To evaluate its performance, we analyze the THMLD and set up the simulation platform to compare it with the several traditional mobile multicast methods. The results show that THMLD can reduce the multicast join time, and the THMLD-based mobile multicast method can reduce the multicast join delay at a cost of increasing additional multicast maintenance cost.     

A novel efficient multicast routing algorithm in sparse splitting optical networks

The advances in wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) technology are expected to facilitate bandwidth-intensive multicast applications through light splitting. Due to complexity and cost constraints, light splitting (or optical multicast) nodes are sparsely configured in a practical WDM network. In this article, we investigate the multicast routing problem under the sparse light-splitting constraint. An efficient sparse splitting constrained multicast routing algorithm called Multicast Capable Node First Heuristic (MCNFH) is proposed. The key idea of MCNFH is to include the shortest path, that includes most of the multicast capable nodes, for configuring the multicast tree. Simulations and comparisons are used to demonstrate the performance of MCNFH. Simulation results and analysis show that MCNFH builds multicast trees with the least wavelength channel cost and with the smallest number of wavelengths used per link. In addition, MCNFH requires only one transmitter at the source node.     

QoS multicast routing by using multiple paths/trees in wireless ad hoc networks

In this paper, we investigate the issues of QoS multicast routing in wireless ad hoc networks. Due to limited bandwidth of a wireless node, a QoS multicast call could often be blocked if there does not exist a single multicast tree that has the requested bandwidth, even though there is enough bandwidth in the system to support the call. In this paper, we propose a new multicast routing scheme by using multiple paths or multiple trees to meet the bandwidth requirement of a call. Three multicast routing strategies are studied, SPT (shortest path tree) based multiple-paths (SPTM), least cost tree based multiple-paths (LCTM) and multiple least cost trees (MLCT). The final routing tree(s) can meet the user’s QoS requirements such that the delay from the source to any destination node shall not exceed the required bound and the aggregate bandwidth of the paths or trees shall meet the bandwidth requirement of the call. Extensive simulations have been conducted to evaluate the performance of our three multicast routing strategies. The simulation results show that the new scheme improves the call success ratio and makes a better use of network resources.     

On Multicast Routing for Wavelength-Routed WDM Networks with Dynamic Membership

Future broadband networks must support integrated services and offer flexible bandwidth usage. In our previous work in [1], we explored the optical link control (OLC) layer on the top of optical layer that enables the possibility of bandwidth on-demand (BoD) service directly over wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) networks. Today, more and more applications and services such as video-conferencing software and Virtual LAN service require multicast support over the underlying networks. Currently, it is difficult to provide wavelength multicast over optical switches without optical/electronic conversions although the conversion takes extra cost. In this paper, based on the proposed wavelength router architecture (equipped with ATM switches to offer O/E and E/O conversions when necessary), a dynamic multicast routing algorithm is proposed to furnish multicast services over WDM networks. The goal is to join a new group member into the multicast tree so that the cost, including the link cost and the optical/electronic conversion cost, is kept as low as possible. The same algorithm can be applied to other wavelength routing architectures with redefinition of electronic copy cost. The effectiveness of the proposed wavelength router architecture as well as the dynamic multicast algorithm is evaluated by simulation.     

A new delay‐constrained algorithm for multicast routing tree construction

New multimedia applications provide guaranteed end‐to‐end quality of service (QoS) and have stringent constraints on delay, delay‐jitter, bandwidth, cost, etc. The main task of QoS routing is to find a route in the network, with sufficient resources to satisfy the constraints. Most multicast routing algorithms are not fast enough for large‐scale networks and where the source node uses global cost information to construct a multicast tree. We propose a fast and simple heuristic algorithm (EPDT) for delay‐constrained routing problem for multicast tree construction. This algorithm uses a greedy strategy based on shortest‐path and minimal spanning trees. It combines the minimum cost and the minimum radius objectives by combining respectively optimal Prim's and Dijkstra's algorithms. It biases routes through destinations. Besides, it uses cost information only from neighbouring nodes as it proceeds, which makes it more practical, from an implementation point of view. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

光组播路由代价与波长使用量的联合优化方法

为解决光组播路由中组播中路由代价和波长资源消耗单一化造成的组播路树路由的代价过高问题,在分光节点约束条件下,提出了光组播路由代价与波长使用量联合优化的长路优先(LPF)方法和短路优先(SPF)方法。算法通过检查最小光组播树是否存在节点分光约束的问题,根据设置的波长使用代价控制因子,使LPF或SPF的路由代价和波长使用量最小。LPF方法首先选择组播树最长路径或新波长通道重路由受分光约束的目的节点,SPF方法先选择组播树中最短路径或新波长通道重路由受分光约束的目的节点,仿真结果表明,本文提出的两种联合优化方法都能实现路由代价较低和波长需求较少的目的。