微量锶对镁锰牺牲阳极显微组织和电化学性能的影响

采用OM、SEM、EDS、XRD及电化学测试等手段,研究了微量Sr对镁锰牺牲阳极显微组织和电化学性能的影响.结果表明,微量Sr的加入能够细化晶粒,当Sr含量从0增加到0.30mass%时,合金的晶粒尺寸由900 μm减小到80 μm.随着Sr含量的增加,阳极的电流效率升高,开路电位负移,当Sr加入量为0.10%时,电流效率和开路电位达到最佳,其值分别为54.5%和-1.73VSCE;进一步增加Sr的含量,阳极电流效率下降,开路电位正移.研究认为,Sr含量不超过0.10%时,晶界析出的Mg17Sr2(弱阴极相)和α-Mg基体(阳极相)组成了电偶对,阻碍了晶间腐蚀,减少了晶粒大块脱落,电流效率升高,同时晶粒细化,晶界面积变大,杂质相(阴极相)分布更均匀,开路电位负移;Sr含量大于0.10%时,过量的Mg17Sr2相作为阴极相加大了镁阳极的腐蚀,电流效率下降,开路电位正移.     

铁元素含量对Al-Zn-In-Cd牺牲阳极性能的影响

改变Al-Zn-In-Cd合金牺牲阳极杂质铁的含量,在20℃天然海水中研究其电化学性能。采用4d加速试验法测定了开路电位、闭路电位和电化学容量及电流效率,并采用循环伏安法研究了牺牲阳极的极化性能。结果表明,铁含量的变化对Al-Zn-In-Cd牺牲阳极开路电位以及闭路电位影响较小,而对牺牲阳极电流效率的影响较为显著。随着铁元素含量的增加,电流效率呈现下降趋势,但是在0.15%范围内仍可达到国标的要求,电流效率大于85%,且溶解形貌良好。循环伏安曲线表明,Al-Zn-In-Cd牺牲阳极极化性能良好。     

时效时间对Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ti牺牲阳极电化学性能的影响

通过比较时效不同时间的Al-5Zn-0.03In-1Mg-0.05Ti-0.1Si阳极合金的析出相、开路电位、电流效率、腐蚀形貌及电化学阻抗谱等,研究了时效时间对该阳极微观组织和电化学性能的影响。结果表明:该合金中的主要析出相为Mg Zn2相,随时效时间的增加析出相迅速长大且密度逐渐降低。时效30 min试样的电化学性能最好,开路电位约-1.0793 V(SCE),电流效率为94.5%,试样表面腐蚀坑深度很浅、腐蚀形貌非常均匀。随着时效时间延长,合金的开路电位逐渐负移,但电流效率却逐渐降低且腐蚀形貌逐渐恶化。析出相对铝基牺牲阳极的电化学性能影响较大,长时间时效不利于改善铝合金阳极的综合电化学性能。     

熔盐电解共沉积Mg-Sr合金的电化学机理(英文)

采用循环伏安法、计时电位法和计时电流法,研究在700°C时不同MgCl浓度下,MgCl2-SrCl2-KCl熔盐体系中Mg和Sr共沉积的电化学过程。结果表明:由于Sr在Mg上形成欠电位沉积而形成液态Mg-Sr合金,从而使得Sr的实际析出电位降低0.5 V左右。在阴极相对电位低于-1.5 V左右时,Mg会析出,当阴极相对电位低于-2.0 V时,Mg和Sr会共析出。在Mg和Sr共析出时,整个电极过程不再是简单的扩散控制。计时电位法研究表明,Mg和Sr产生共电沉积的条件是在MgCl2浓度分别为2%、5%和10%(质量分数)的熔盐中,阴极电流密度分别为超过0.71、1.57和2.83 A/cm2。     

Fe含量对Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ti-Si牺牲阳极电化学性能的影响

采用电化学方法、电偶实验、EPMA和ICP-MS对不同Fe含量的Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ti-Si牺牲阳极在海水中的电化学性能进行了研究。结果表明,铝合金牺牲阳极随着Fe含量的增加,Fe的析出相随之增多。Fe主要富集在晶界处,少数呈点状在晶内弥散分布。Al-5Zn-0.02In-1Mg-0.05Ti-0.12Si-0.1Fe合金的阳极表面溶解均匀,工作电位处于-1.047~-1.068V之间,电流效率达到93%以上,耦合电位较负且稳定,耦合电流较高,2 h时的Al和Zn溶解量为2.2×10-8和3.8×10-9g/L,48 h时的扫描电流峰值为36 mA,增加了溶解活性点,铝合金的溶解均匀性得到增强。而Fe含量超过0.1%后,会限制In的活化作用,活性溶解阻力逐渐增大,电流效率明显下降。Fe含量为0.1%的Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ti-Si合金具有较好的阳极性能。     

Mn含量对Mg-Mn阳极显微组织和电化学性能的影响

采用高纯镁为原料制备高效Mg-Mn牺牲阳极,探讨了Mn含量分别为0.3%、0.6%、0.8%、1.0%时,对Mg-Mn牺牲阳极显微组织和电化学性能的影响.结果表明,Mn能够有效降低镁熔体中Fe的含量,提高镁阳极的电流效率,但过多的Mn能够和Si、C、O形成相对于α-Mg基体的少量阴极相,加重镁阳极的自腐蚀,使镁阳极的电流效率降低,不同Mn含量的Mg-Mn阳极基体组织均为α-Mg固溶体,Mn含量较低时组织为粗大的柱状晶,增大Mn的含量组织为等轴晶,继续增大Mn含量晶粒细化不明显.     

Al-Ga-Mg合金组织与阳极性能研究

在25℃、4 mol/LKOH溶液中,测定了固溶及未固溶的Al-0.05Ga-1Mg和Al-0.1Ga-1Mg合金的开路电位、工作电位、自腐蚀速率及阳极效率,电子探针（EPMA）分析了铝阳极的基体及偏析相.结果表明,随着Ga含量的增加,开路电位变负;铝合金的偏析相中主要含Fe、Si两种元素;Mg元素能较显著降低Al-Ga合金的自腐蚀;固溶处理增多了铝合金阳极的阴极相,阴极相的增加及脱落,增大了自腐蚀,使阳极效率降低.     

动态海水温度对Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ti牺牲阳极性能的影响

采用恒电流法、电化学阻抗谱并结合表面形貌观察研究了动态海水中温度对Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ti牺牲阳极电化学性能的影响,并与静态条件下测试结果进行比较。结果显示,随着海水温度降低,Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ti阳极试样的开路电位和工作电位负移,电化学容量增大,电流效率升高,溶解形貌更好;温度相同时,动态海水中Al-Zn-In-Mg-Ti阳极试样的开路电位、工作电位较静态条件下正移,电化学容量及电流效率下降,溶解形貌稍差。     

纯Mg熔体净化工艺与纯镁阳极电化学性能研究

采用粗Mg直接精炼熔铸的短流程工艺制备了纯Mg牺牲阳极。在硅热还原法炼Mg的还原罐中设置结晶器过滤器净化粗Mg,精炼过程中采用低压转注提纯、分层加热精炼的新工艺净化Mg熔体,并分析净化机理。结果表明,结晶过滤器直接捕获含杂质相的氧化物降低Ni、Si、Fe元素含量,并建立结晶温度梯度使Al先于Mg结晶,降低Al的含量;低压转注和分层加热提纯能够有效减少Mg熔体夹杂物。电化学性能测试表明,纯Mg阳极电流效率和开路电位均高于高电位Mg阳极的行业标准。     

直冷半连续铸造高电位Mg-Mn牺牲阳极研究

采用直冷半连续铸造法制备了高电位Mg-Mn牺牲阳极,对其化学成分、金相组织、夹杂物的分布、电流效率和开路电位进行了研究,并与金属型制备的铸锭进行对比。结果发现,两种工艺下基体组织相同,直冷半连续铸造铸锭的晶粒细小,晶内和晶界上未发现氧化夹杂和熔剂夹杂,这使得镁阳极自腐蚀电偶对中的阴极和阳极的电位差减小,阴极和阳极的面积比减小,使得其电流效率和开路电位明显升高,且内、外电化学性能基本一致。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.