Highly selective gas-phase oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde over silver-containing hexagonal mesoporous silica

Silver-containing hexagonal mesoporous silica (Ag-HMS) catalysts with different Si/Ag ratios were synthesized by one-pot hydrothermal method for gas-phase selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde. The samples were characterized by nitrogen adsorption, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron micrograph, transmission electron micrograph, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra. It was found that the Ag-HMS catalysts with different Ag loadings (0.55-3.50 wt.%) and different Ag particle sizes (5-32 nm) showed a similar level of catalytic property because they possess a similar Ag surface area. The Ag-HMS catalyst with a Ag loading of 2.81 wt.% exhibited excellent catalytic properties at 583 K with a high benzyl alcohol conversion of near 100%, benzaldehyde selectivity of around 96.0%, and benzaldehyde yield of about 96.0%, superior to those of other M-HMS catalysts (M = Co, Ce, La, Cu, Sr, Cd, Ni, Mn, V, and Fe). The enhanced catalytic performance could be attributed to the presence of the Ag surface oxygen species generated via oxygen spillover process. The work would be helpful for the development of novel Ag catalysts for selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to obtain high quality of benzaldehyde and understanding the catalytic mechanism.     

水热法制备铜锰纳米复合氧化物及选择氧化苯甲醇制苯甲醛

采用水热法制备出一系列铜锰纳米复合氧化物,考察了样品选择催化氧化苯甲醇的性能。结果表明,铜锰摩尔比小于1时产物主要是尖晶石型的Cu1.5Mn1.5O4,大于1时产物主要是Cu0.451Mn0.549O2,等于1时则是二者共存,所有样品均为厚度约10 nm的纳米片。铜含量增加时催化剂的还原温度降低,Cu0.451Mn0.549O2的催化活性比Cu1.5Mn1.5O4好。反应温度300℃,苯甲醇质量空速3.13 h-1时,苯甲醇转化率和苯甲醛选择性分别为94.14%和83.73%。     

Promoting effect of water vapor on catalytic oxidation of methane over cobalt/manganese mixed oxides

Methane oxidation was conducted in a fixed bed quartz tubular reactor on a series of mixed oxides of cobalt/manganese prepared by a sol–gel method. A unique promoting effect of water vapor on methane conversion was observed for the first time on these cobalt/manganese mixed oxides calcined at 450 or 600 °C. However, these mixed catalysts lost their catalytic activities after being calcined at 850 °C. The catalytic activity of methane oxidation was significantly improved by supporting the cobalt/manganese mixed species onto the high surface area SiO₂ or Al₂O₃–SiO₂ materials. It was noteworthy that the water enhancement effect was retained on these supported catalysts.     

Room temperature oxidation of acetone by ozone over alumina-supported manganese and cobalt mixed oxides

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are among the major sources of air pollution. Catalytic ozonation is an efficient process for removing VOCs at lower reaction temperature compared to catalytic oxidation. In this study, a series of alumina supported single and mixed manganese and cobalt oxides catalysts were used for ozonation of acetone at room temperature. The influence of augmenting the single Mn and Co catalysts were investigated on the performance and structure of the catalyst. The manganese and cobalt single and mixed oxides catalysts of the formula Mn10%-CoX and Co10%-MnX (where X= 0, 2.5%, 5%, or 10%) were prepared. It was found that addition of Mn and Co at lower loading levels (2.5% or 5%) to single metal oxide catalysts enhanced the catalytic activity. The mixed oxides catalysts of (Mn10%-Co2.5%) and (Mn10%-Co5%) led to acetone conversion of about 84%. It is concluded that lower oxidation state of the secondary metal improves ozone decomposition and oxidation of acetone.     

Preparation of copper-containing mesoporous manganese oxides and their catalytic performance for CO oxidation

Copper-containing mesoporous manganese oxides were prepared by the sol–gel method. The samples obtained were characterized by XRD, N₂ adsorption–desorption, ICP, CO-TPD, redox measurement and XPS. After calcination at 300 °C, amorphous structure was shown by XRD for all the samples. All the samples had mesopores of about 6 nm and high surface areas of 170–230 m² g⁻¹. Using these samples as catalysts, CO oxidation was carried out as a model reaction. Copper-containing mesoporous manganese oxide prepared by the sol–gel method showed a very high activity. On the other hand, copper-supported manganese oxide prepared by the impregnation method using copper sulfate showed a low activity. Differences in activities were correlated with the mobility of lattice oxygen.     

SiO2负载MoP催化剂的制备及其对苯甲醇选择性氧化的催化性能

在SiO2载体上，以乙酰丙酮钼与次磷酸铵为原料，未经煅烧直接还原制备负载型磷化钼（MoP/SiO2）催化剂，通过XRD、N2-物理吸附、TEM和XPS等手段对催化剂进行表征。研究了浸渍液中P/Mo摩尔比（n(P):n(Mo)=1:1，2:1，3:1）、还原温度（500、550、600 ℃）对MoP相的影响，并考察其在苯甲醇选择性氧化生成苯甲醛反应中的催化性能。结果表明，浸渍液中P/Mo摩尔比为2、还原温度为550 ℃时，所获得的MoP/SiO2催化剂（MoP/SiO2-550-2）在苯甲醇选择性氧化生成苯甲醛反应中具有最好的转化率（99.7%）和优异的产物选择性（99.8%），这是由于MoP/SiO2-550-2催化剂上形成了更多小颗粒的MoP相。     

A spillover approach to oxidation catalysis over copper and manganese mixed oxides

The activity of a hopcalite-type catalyst for H₂ and CO oxidation is compared with that of single-phase oxides CuO, Mn₂O₃ and CuMn₂O₄ (spinel) and a mixture of 1:1 CuO and Mn₂O₃ in order to elucidate the effects that are responsible for the high catalytic activity of the former. The reaction rates over the hopcalite catalyst calcined at 550°C (a mixture of CuO, Mn₂O₃ and CuMn₂O₄) are very close to those of the physical mixture of CuO and Mn₂O₃, being much greater than the rates over the single-phase oxides. CuO, Mn₂O₃ and CuMn₂O₄ show a kinetic compensation behavior both in H₂ and CO oxidation. By taking into account the activation energies and the reducibility measured by TPR it was concluded that the oxidation reactions over CuO follow a redox mechanism using lattice oxygen, while over Mn₂O₃ the mechanism is associative involving adsorbed oxygen species. Based on the TPR and kinetic results, the synergy between copper and manganese oxides in hopcalite and in the CuO–Mn₂O₃ mixture is assigned to a spillover effect.     

The reduction and oxidation behaviour of manganese oxides

The reduction of manganese oxides with methane was studied to investigate the suitability of manganese as an oxygen storage compound. Manganese oxides are reduced by CH₄ to a lower-valent manganese oxide, producing CO₂ and water. Once the manganese oxide is reduced, it can be regenerated, i.e. reoxidised. By integrating this exothermic oxidation cycle with endothermic methane reforming, a new setup for exothermic, small scale syngas production is obtained. Manganese oxides can be reduced to manganese(II) oxide with methane at temperatures higher than 723 K. Reoxidation of MnO at 823 K leads to the formation of Mn₂O₃ at 823 K. At 1073 K reoxidation of MnO gives Mn₃O₄ , which corresponds to a lower Mn-valency than expected thermodynamically. Subsequent oxidation–reduction cycles lead to an increase in reduction temperature, probably due to a higher crystallinity.     

Total oxidation catalysts based on manganese or copper oxides and platinum or palladium I: Characterisation

Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), oxidation (TPO), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterise catalysts based on manganese oxides, copper oxides or one of them mixed with platinum or palladium-supported on γ-alumina. The catalysts were characterised before and after they had been exposed either to high temperature in the presence of steam or to sulphur dioxide. Raman spectroscopy, XRD, XPS and TPR performed on the fresh samples of MnO_x, mixed MnO_x–Pt and MnO_x–Pd revealed the presence of a mixture of manganese oxides, particularly Mn₂O₃. In the fresh mixed MnO_x–Pd and CuO_x–Pd samples, Pd catalysed the reduction of both MnO_x and CuO_x, whereas Pt only catalysed the reduction of MnO_x. After hydrothermal treatment at 900°C of the MnO_x, mixed MnO_x–Pt and MnO_x–Pd samples, there was a formation of new manganese oxide phase, Mn₃O₄ detected by Raman spectroscopy. TPR revealed increasing interaction between the metal oxides and the noble metals in the hydrothermally treated mixed MnO_x–Pd and CuO_x–Pd samples, and also the appearance of interaction in the treated mixed CuO_x–Pt sample. The sulphur adsorbed in all the MnO_x samples formed sulphate, which was more difficult to reduce than the oxides. Also, the reduction temperature of sulphates was lowered when noble metals are present.     

An efficient microwave-assisted synthesis of thieno[2,3- b ]quinolines under solvent-free conditions

A novel and efficient method for the synthesis of substituted thieno[2,3-b]quinolines has been developed. A simple one-pot reaction of 3-formyl-2-mercaptoquinolines 2a–l with 1-chloroacetone, 2-chloroacetamide, ethyl chloroacetate and 2-chloro-1-phenylethanone in presence of catalytic amount of potassium carbonate under microwave irradiation and solvent-free conditions gave thieno[2,3-b]quinolin-2-ylethanone derivatives 3a–e, thieno[2,3-b]quinoline-2-carboxamide derivatives 4a–e, ethyl thieno[2,3-b]quinoline-2-carboxylate 5a–e and phenyl(thieno[2,3-b]quinolin-2-yl)methanone derivatives 6a–e compounds respectively. The structures of all the newly synthesised compounds were elucidated on the basis of elemental analysis, IR, ¹H NMR and mass spectral data.     

复合氧化物固体超强酸催化氧化正丁醇合成正丁酸

采用共沉淀法制备了复合二元金属氧化物固体超强酸SO₄^2-/ZrO₂-Fe₂O₃、SO₄^2-/ZrO₂-SnO、SO₄^2-/ZrO₂-SnO₂和SO₄^2-/ZrO₂-NiO,运用XRD和IR等分析技术对所合成的固体超强酸进行表征。并对其催化氧化正丁醇合成正丁酸的性能进行了研究。实验结果表明,NiO的加入明显提高了ZrO₂由四方相向单斜相转化的温度,焙烧温度923 K时,ZrO₂仍然保持四方相。并且发现,4种复合固体超强酸对正丁醇的催化氧化合成正丁酸均有一定的催化活性,且SO₄^2-/ZrO₂-NiO的催化活性最好。正丁醇催化氧化合成正丁酸的最佳反应温度为343 K,在此温度下,以NiO质量分数为10％经923 K焙烧的SO₄^2-/ZrO₂-NiO为催化剂时,产物中正丁酸质量分数最高可达85.5％,选择性99.1%。     

Physicochemical and catalytic properties of nanosized Au/CeO2 catalysts for eco-friendly oxidation of benzyl alcohol

In this work, benzyl alcohol oxidation was investigated over Au/CeO₂-homogeneous deposition–precipitation (ACH) and Au/CeO₂-direct anionic-exchange (ACD) catalysts. Various characterization techniques were employed to study their physicochemical properties. TEM images revealed presence of 5.3 and 7.4 nm Au nanoparticles in ACH and ACD catalysts, respectively. Raman studies showed that only ACH sample exhibits oxygen deficiency (0.0574). Amongst, the ACH catalyst exhibited better catalytic performance owing to smaller gold nanoparticles and abundant oxygen vacancies. The alcohol conversion and product selectivity were strongly dependent on temperature and time-on-stream conditions. The catalytic activity decreased after repeated use due to aggregation of Au nanoparticles.     

过渡金属氧化物修饰的金纳米催化剂苯甲醇氧化性能

采用一步法合成介孔二氧化硅负载的金纳米催化剂,以氯化锡为前驱体,通过浸渍法向金纳米催化剂中引入助剂氧化锡,得到过渡金属氧化物修饰的金纳米催化剂。通过N2吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、透射电镜和固体紫外漫反射光谱等对催化剂结构进行表征。将所合成的催化剂用于苯甲醇选择性氧化反应,考察助剂组分对催化剂性能的影响,结果表明,氧化锡的引入改变了金纳米颗粒的表面电子结构,增加了催化剂活性与选择性;但随着氧化锡含量继续增加,催化剂活性降低,这主要是因为金纳米颗粒表面过渡金属氧化物覆盖度增加,减少了催化剂活性组分与苯甲醇的接触。当氧化锡质量分数0.2%时,催化剂效果最佳,在100℃和氧气压力0.2 MPa下反应3 h,苯甲醇转化率25.7%,苯甲醛选择性75.9%,苯甲酸选择性15.8%,苯甲酸苄酯选择性6.3%。     

无定型MnO2的制备及其催化苯甲醇选择氧化性能

用KMnO₄和MnSO₄为原料，通过简单的氧化还原过程合成了无定形MnO₂，并用于催化苯甲醇氧化制苯甲醛，发现制得的无定形MnO₂在催化苯甲醇氧化制苯甲醛中表现出较高的活性和苯甲醛选择性（100%）。考察了反应温度、氧浓度、催化剂用量以及反应时间对苯甲醇氧化的影响。结果表明，较高的反应温度和氧浓度以及合适的催化剂用量有利于无定形MnO₂催化苯甲醇氧化生成苯甲醛，在反应温度110 ℃、常压和通氧条件下反应3 h, 苯甲醇转化率和苯甲醛选择性均为100%。     

Catalytic oxidation of solid carbon and carbon monoxide over cerium‐zirconium mixed oxides

A series of cerium‐zirconium mixed oxides was prepared and evaluated in the catalytic oxidation of solid coke with 10 vol % O₂ in He at 673 K using a thermogravimetric analyzer. The measured first order rate constant for coke oxidation was proportional to the catalyst loading when the mass ratio of catalyst to coke was low, which enabled the calculation of a surface area specific reaction rate. The validity of the normalization method was confirmed by performing CO oxidation over the cerium‐zirconium mixed oxides in a fixed bed reactor at 573 K. Although there was no correlation between the coke oxidation rate and the oxygen storage capacity or the reducibility of the catalysts, there was an excellent correlation to the CO oxidation rate. Kinetic studies of both coke and CO oxidation suggested an important role of surface lattice oxygen from the catalyst in the two reactions. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 725–738, 2017     

Nanocomposites of manganese oxides and carbon nanotubes for aqueous supercapacitor stacks

Symmetrical supercapacitors and their serially connected two-cell stacks via a bipolar electrode were constructed with nanocomposites of manganese oxides and carbon nanotubes (MnO_x/CNTs) as the electrode materials. Nanocomposites with different contents of MnO_x were synthesised through the redox reaction between KMnO₄ and CNTs in aqueous solutions. The nanocomposites were characterised by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, BET nitrogen adsorption and X-ray diffraction before being examined in a three-electrode cell with a novel trenched graphite disc electrode by electrochemical means, including cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charging-discharging, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The nanocomposites demonstrated capacitive behaviour in the potential range of 0-0.85 V (vs Ag/AgCl) in aqueous KCl electrolytes with less than 9% capacitance decrease after 9000 charging-discharging cycles. Symmetrical supercapacitors of identical positive and negative MnO_x/CNTs electrodes showed capacitive performance in good agreement with the individual electrodes (e.g. 0.90 V, 0.53 F, 1.3 cm²). The bipolarly connected two-cell stacks of the symmetrical cells exhibited characteristics in accordance with expectation, including a doubled stack voltage and reduced internal resistance per cell.     

铁改性HMS催化氧化苯甲醇合成苯甲醛

以十二胺为模板在中性条件下合成了Fe-HMS介孔分子筛,研究了不同硅铁比Fe-HMS对苯甲醇催化氧化反应的影响。利用XRD、BET、SEM和H₂-TPR等方法对合成的催化剂进行了表征。考察了Fe-HMS对苯甲醇氧化反应的影响。结果表明,Fe³⁺ 离子进入了分子筛骨架,Fe-HMS分子筛具有均一的蠕虫状介孔结构。焙烧后的Fe-HMS中Fe³⁺ 主要以Fe₂O₃形式存在于骨架中。对苯甲醇液相选择性氧化反应,Fe-HMS分子筛的催化活性高于Fe-SiO₂。在85℃、Si/Fe摩尔比为25∶1、醇/双氧水摩尔比为1∶2、催化剂含量为4%、反应时间4 h条件下,苯甲醇的转化率和苯甲醛的选择性分别为65.1%和74.6%。     

复合金属氧化物催化丙烷选择氧化制丙烯酸

采用溶液法制备Mo-V-Te-Nb-O催化剂,研究了焙烧次数对催化剂性能的影响,考察催化剂在普通密封条件下储存时间和连续反应过程中的稳定性。结果表明,二次焙烧制备的催化剂中M1和M2相增强,对丙烯酸生成有利,且晶相形态不随焙烧次数的增加而改变,而烧结现象逐渐增加。催化剂可在普通密封条件下储存24个月,性能不发生变化,催化剂活性和选择性随反应进行不断震荡升高,丙烯酸初期收率为24.7%,反应180 h左右达31.8%,随后催化剂迅速失活。XRD、BET表征及催化剂再生实验表明,其失活的主要原因是Te流失。     

Solvent-free partial oxidation of cyclohexane to KA oil over hydrotalcite-derived Cu-MgAlO mixed metal oxides

A highly efficient and stable hydrotalcite-derived Cu-MgAlO catalyst was developed for the partial oxidation of cyclohexane with molecular oxygen. The physical-chemical properties of Cu-MgAlO catalysts were studied, and the results indicated that the copper component had been successfully introduced into the hydrotalcite unit layer structure. The catalytic reaction results showed that copper as the active species could activate C-H bond and effectively promote the decomposition of cyclohexyl hydroperoxide (CHHP) to the mixture of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone (KA oil). 8.3% of cyclohexane conversion and 82.9% of selectivity for KA oil were obtained over 9%Cu-MgAlO catalyst at 150℃ with 0.6 MPa of oxygen pressure for 2 h. Especially, its catalytic performance was still stable after five runs.     

Phase diagram and supercritical deoxidation kinetics of manganese oxides in organic solvent N,N-dimethylformamide

Deoxidation of manganese oxides in supercritical N,N-dimethylformamide (SC-DMF) is revealed, contrasting to previous amounts of reports on supercritical water oxidation. Mn₃O₄ and MnO can be produced by the reaction starting from layered manganese oxides (δ-MnO₂) in a uniform supercritical process. Time effect can give rise to the transition to Mn₃O₄ under low temperature, but the prolonged time, under a temperature lower than 200 ̊C, cannot cause this transition. Phase diagram is obtained, including three regions of MnO₂, Mn₃O₄ and MnO as the main material phase. The completion of transition accompanies with an oxygen loss course. Comparison between supercritical oxidation of water and supercritical deoxidation of organic DMF demonstrates the unique mechanisms of supercritical processing. In terms of the surface contacting fluid, deoxidation kinetics has a reciprocal law of growing size for manganese oxides. The new deoxidation procedure using organic solvent is proposed for the processing of metal oxides.