大型循环流化床锅炉固体颗粒流动及分布的数值模拟

对引进的４１０ｔ／ｈＰｙｒｏｆｌｏｗ商用循环流化床锅炉燃烧系统固体的流动过程及其分布特性进行了数字模拟,建立的流动模型采用小室模型模拟气固两相沿轴向的流动,采用“核心－环”流动结构模拟气固两相在径向的不均匀性,模拟时考虑了给料,固体颗粒磨损以及床料的宽筛分等特性,为引进大型商用循环流化床锅炉技术的消化吸收进行了初步的基础研究,并为进一步分析研究该循环流化床锅炉的整体特性奠定了基础。     

常压循环流化床锅炉的稳态流体动力模型

本文建立了一个数学模型,以描述常压循环流化床锅炉在稳态燃烧下的气固流动特性。循环流化床炉室内的流动模型在密相区考虑了气泡相和乳化相的差别,在稀相区是构建在环核模型基础上的准二维模型,这样的一个流体动力模型为整体循环流化床锅炉的数学模型奠定了基础。     

循环流化床锅炉的出口端头效应及其强化

循环流化床锅炉出口结构对炉内气固两相流动特性有很大影响,称为循环流化床锅炉出口端头效应。本文通过试验分析了循环流化床锅炉出口端头效应的机理,并提出了强化出口端头效应的方法。     

循环流化床锅炉内流动和燃烧特性的理论模型

在对１台１２ＭＷ循环流化床锅炉进行试验研究的基础上,建立了能描述宽筛分循环流化床锅炉的炉内流动体动力特性和燃烧过程的数学模型。循环流化床锅炉总体数学模型以所建流体动力特性模型为子模型,模拟了１２ＭＷ循环流化床锅炉的运行,模拟计算结果合理正确,与试验研究结果吻合良好。     

一种改善循环流化床锅炉性能的方法

循环流化床锅炉出口几何结构对炉内气固两相流动特性和传热有特性很强烈的影响,称为循环流化床锅炉出口端头效应。该文通过试验分析了循环流化床锅炉出口端头效应的机理。结果表明,采用合理的出口几何结构,可以使其具有初级内分离器的功能,进而增强颗粒的内循环,延长颗粒在炉内的停留时间,增强炉内传热,全面改善循环流化床锅炉的性能。     

450t/h循环流化床锅炉燃烧系统数学仿真模型开发

建立了循环流化床锅炉燃烧系统的数学仿真模型 ,该模型采用集中参数法 ,考虑了循环流化床的流体动力、燃烧和传热特性 ,模型沿气体和固体的主要流动方向将流化床炉膛划分为若干小室 ,在每个小室中分别建立质量平衡和能量平衡的动态方程。对国内单机容量最大的 45 0t/h流化床锅炉进行仿真 ,结果表明该模型能准确反映锅炉的动态特性 ,不仅可以用于仿真培训 ,也可用于系统设计优化计算 ,适用性强     

循环流化床复合压降数学模型

建立了同时考虑循环流化床宽筛分物料动态质量平衡以及送风系统流体网络特性的复合压降模型，这是对以往数学模型中采用静态质量平衡及割裂风量和压降关系的修正和改进。该模型可以正确地反映如排渣量、给风流量等锅炉运行参数变化时，床内压降，床料筛分，密相床高度等参数的动态变化情况，从而为建立循环流化床整体动态数学模型奠定了基础。     

220t／h清华循环流化床锅炉的建模与仿真

以清华２２０ｔ／ｈ循环流化床锅炉为对象，建立了一个循环流化床锅炉的通用数学模型。所建模型具有一些突出的优点。首先，模型强调考虑了给煤及床料的宽筛分特性；其次，“小室模型”的采用，使得显示炉内任意位置上主要参数的情况成为可能；最后，细致考虑了诸如流动，煤中挥发份的释放，焦炭燃烧及有害物质的生成及还原等多方面的问题。这一切使得本模型成为一个精细而又具有较强功能的循环流化床锅炉仿真模型。应用此模型对国产２２０ｔ／ｈ循环流化床锅炉的设计工况及非设计工况的性能进行了预测，得到了一些对设计者及将来可能的改进设计有用的结果。     

利用出口几何结构改善循环流化床锅炉性能

循环流化床锅炉出口几何结构对炉内气固两相流动特性和传热特性有强烈的影响,称为循环流化床锅炉出口端头效应。试验结果表明,采用合理的出口几何结构,可以增强颗粒的内循环和炉内传热。     

具有收缩出口结构的新型循环流化床锅炉的试验研究

通过在冷态循环流化床模型上进行的大量试验研究,提出了强化循环流化床锅炉出口端头效应的方法,分析了收缩出口结构可以强化循环流化床锅炉出口端头效应的机理。结果表明：收缩出口结构的收缩度对循环流化床锅炉流动特性和传热特性的影响存在一个最佳值,一般最佳收缩度与循环流化床锅炉当量直径之比为0．5。这一新发现对循环流化床锅炉的设计和运行有着重要的意义。图9参5。     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Wind power for pumping: The development of the ITP windpump

Water pumping has been one of the main applications for wind power in the past and despite the spread of mains-electric pumps, more than a million windpumps remain in regular use. This paper reviews the general technical and economic requirements for pumping water using wind energy and by way of example gives an overview of the development of the new ITP wind-pump. It then considers the future prospects for this kind of technology.     

Methods of creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to residential roofing materials

We describe methods for creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to a wide variety of residential roofing materials, including metal, clay tile, concrete tile, wood, and asphalt shingle. Reflectance in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum (0.7–2.5 μm) is maximized by coloring a topcoat with pigments that weakly absorb and (optionally) strongly backscatter NIR radiation, and by adding an NIR-reflective basecoat (e.g., one colored with titanium dioxide rutile white) if both the topcoat and the substrate weakly reflect NIR radiation. Coated steel and glazed clay-tile roofing products achieved NIR reflectances of up to 0.50 and 0.75, respectively, using only cool topcoats. Gray-cement concrete tiles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.60 with coatings colored by NIR-scattering pigments. Such tiles could attain NIR reflectances of up to 0.85 by overlaying a white basecoat with a topcoat colored by NIR-transparent organic pigments. Granule-surfaced asphalt shingles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.45 when the granules were covered with a white basecoat and a cool color topcoat.     

Thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body with application to thermal energy storage

The thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body contained in a tank was studied. Analytical solutions (including a group-theoretic solution) were obtained for the one-dimensional heat conduction equation with heat loss from the sides of the tank. The convective heat transfer coefficient was assumed not to be constant over the surface of the tank but to vary with space and time. A very good agreement was obtained between the group-theoretic solution and a numerical solution using the Crank-Nicholson finite difference scheme. The analytical results are discussed in terms of the underlying physical mechanisms.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

秸秆燃烧中温度对钾转化与释放的影响

通过对稻秆原料进行常规特性分析和EDX元素含量分析,发现钾在稻秆无机元素中占有重要地位。参考原料化学分馏法和土壤中钾的分类与测试方法,给出了对生物质原料及其燃烧产物中钾的定性与定量简易方法。通过程序控温型固定床对稻秆先进行缓慢氧化,然后以100℃为间隔从400～900℃进行成灰,并分别测试其成灰率、有效钾和全钾的份额。结合稻秆原料及其灰中钾的份额分析,进行了稻秆灰中有效钾转化与释放的计算,发现有效钾在700～800℃之间有快速的释放和形态转变。稻秆灰的XRD分析结果表明秸秆灰中钾主要以KCl、K_2SO_4形式存在,得到了钾以盐的形式进行转化与释放的机理。该文中燃烧温度对钾转化与释放的影响规律对设计秸秆电厂时的炉型选择和燃烧参数确定有一定参考价值。