几种基于参数估计的图像分割比较

基于变分水平集方法建立了两相图像分割的通用模型,其区域模型基于图像的一般概率分布函数,通过变分方法得到水平集函数的演化方程和符合常值分布、Gauss分布及Rayleigh分布的参数估计。通过半隐式差分格式对演化方程离散求解,对含不同噪声分布图像采用不同的参数估计模型进行分割,得到了有意义的结论,得出三种模型适用范围,并分析各个模型驱动曲线演化所依据的图像蕴含信息。此外,通过在能量泛函中增加使水平集函数为符号距离函数的约束项,有效地避免了水平集函数需要重新初始化的问题。     

水平集图像分割中重新初始化规避的探索

水平集方法有效地解决了图像分割中曲线演化过程中的拓扑变化问题,其实质是水平集方法与模型的结合,以水平集方法来求解模型得到的偏微分方程的方法.要想约束水平集函数在迭代过程中保持为符号距离函数,保证水平集函数的稳定收敛,就必须对SDF重新进行初始化.但是每次都对SDF重新进行初始化,大大增加了计算量,浪费了宝贵的时间,从而大幅降低了曲线的演化速度.一直以来,大家在不断地改进算法,缩短每次初始化所需的时间,但收效甚微.SDF重新初始化的规避,使图像分割时曲线演化速度加快,实验结果表明这种方法是非常有效的,并且具有很强的鲁棒性.重新初始化的规避,减少了计算量,使水平集图像分割法能满足更多的生活、工业应用中的实时性要求.     

基于径向基点插值的Chan-Vese模型图像分割算法

基于水平集方法的Chan-Vese模型是一种典型的几何活动轮廓模型,已成功应用于众多领域中的图像分割问题。为了提高该模型的演化速度和分割效果,提出了一种基于径向基点插值求解Chan-Vese模型的高效数值算法。通过用径向基点插值法逼近水平集函数,Chan-Vese模型被离散为常微分方程组初值问题并可用向前Euler法求解。该算法不需要网格单元,对水平集初始轮廓不敏感,不涉及复杂费时的重新初始化过程,并且有明确的演化终止条件,无需事先设置演化次数。实验表明该算法在没有初始轮廓时也能正确分割图像,具有很快的演化速度。     

基于改进符号距离函数的变分水平集图像分割算法

为保证水平集图像分割算法的稳定性,传统水平集方法常采用重新初始化的方法或引入符号距离函数,但这两种方法存在计算量大或计算不稳定的问题.因此,提出一种基于改进符号距离函数的变分水平集图像分割算法.首先,改进已有的Double-Well型符号距离函数约束项,改进后的约束项可避免重新初始化、提高计算效率,同时也能更好地保证水平集函数演化过程的稳定.然后,利用基于全局灰度信息和局部灰度信息的活动轮廓模型构造能量泛函,该能量函数继承了全局模型和局部模型的优点,可驱动水平集函数准确演化至目标边界,且可动态调整组合权重.最后,引入高斯卷积运算,加快演化速度同时也对水平集函数起到平滑的作用.对人工合成和自然图像的数值实验及与同类模型的对比实验证明,提出的模型具有较高的分割准确度及对噪声和初始轮廓的鲁棒性.     

隐式曲面上两相图像分割的变分水平集方法

在平面图像分割的Chan-Vese模型基础上,提出隐式曲面上两相图像分割模型。用静态水平集函数的零水平集表达图像所在的闭合曲面,用另一动态水平集函数的零水平集与静态水平集函数零水平集的交线表达静态曲面上图像分割的动态轮廓线。所研究模型的能量泛函的数据项即为曲面上两分割区域的图像强度与对应区域平均图像强度的差的平方,其轮廓线长度项为两水平集函数的零水平集交线的长度。为避免动态水平集函数的重新初始化,在能量泛函中引入水平集函数为符号距离函数的约束惩罚项。通过变分方法得到图像分割空间轮廓线演化的梯度降方程。通过显式差分格式对演化方程进行离散。实验结果表明,该模型能有效实现复杂封闭曲面上图像的两相分割。     

一种改进的活动区域轮廓模型——无需水平集重新初始化

基于区域的活动区域模型已经成功应用在图像分割、目标跟踪等领域,较之基于梯度的活动轮廓模型具有很多优点。但是,这些水平集模型在演化过程中,为了保持为符号距离函数,必须对其重新初始化,降低了曲线演化速度,增加了实现复杂度。为了解决重新初始化问题,在测地活动区域模型的能量函数中,加入惩罚项来约束水平集保持为符号距离函数,无需再重新初始化,极大地提高了演化速度。将其运用在纹理图像、脑MR图像分割以及视频跟踪中,实验证明该模型是有效的。     

改进的双水平集医学图像分割方法

由于基于简化M_S模型的多相水平集图像分割模型仅仅利用了图像的区域信息,对图像的另一个重要信息(边缘信息)没有有效的利用,同时在分割的过程中需要对水平集函数不断进行重新初始化.为了解决上述模型的不足,本文提出改进的双水平集医学图像分割方法.该方法主要是在基于简化M_S模型的多相水平集图像分割模型的基础上将图像的边界信息项和为避免重新初始化水平集函数的惩罚项加入模型中.实验结果表明,添加了边界信息后的模型能够在边界位置定位更容易,同时改进后的双水平集模型在实现多目标分割时,无需重新初始化水平集函数,减少了计算量,简化了算法实现的复杂度.     

实现测地线活动轮廓模型的改进变分水平集方法

传统的实现测地线活动轮廓（Geodesic Active Contour,GAC）模型的水平集方法中,采用迎风方案作数值求解,需要使用足够小的时间步长,在曲线演化的过程中需要重新初始化,故效率低,据此,给出一种基于测地线活动轮廓模型的变分水平集方法,引入了一个水平集函数的强制项,避免了重新初始化,简化了初始化的工作,通过实验证明了这种方法是有效的,稳定的。     

基于区域GAC模型的二值化水平集图像分割算法

针对测地线主动轮廓(GAC)模型进行了改进,提出了一种基于区域的GAC模型.通过构造基于区域统计信息的符号压力函数取代边界停止函数,有效解决了弱边界目标或离散状边界目标的分割问题.该模型采用二值化水平集方法实现,避免了传统实现方法水平集函数需要重新初始化为符号距离函数,从而导致稳定性差、计算量大、实现复杂等缺点.对不同类型图像的试验结果表明:该算法迭代收敛速度比GAC模型传统实现方法明显加快,且可有效防止边界泄漏,分割效果优于传统GAC模型与C-V模型.     

BEMD-分层水平集侧扫声纳图像快速分割算法

针对侧扫声纳图像不同区域的像素分布特点,提出了一种改进的BEMD(二维经验模态分解)-分层水平集分割算法。介绍了CV(Chan和Vese)水平集模型和分层水平集模型,利用分层水平集模型进行三类分割。为了提高分割精度,利用BEMD重新描述模型的能量函数。通过BEMD的加权参数,在不影响分割精度的前提下提高模型的抗噪性能。分析了c-均值算法与水平集算法的联系,利用改进的c-均值算法初始化水平集演化曲线,以减少迭代次数。对水平集能量函数添加惩罚项,以提高水平集演化速度。利用改进的BEMD-分层水平集分割算法进行无监督的图像分割实验并与其他算法比较,验证了该算法的抗噪性、分割的准确性和快速性。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.