高压共轨柴油机高海拔全负荷标定

高原标定是高压共轨柴油机开发过程中的重要环节.利用高海拔(低气压)标定试验系统进行了高压共轨柴油机不同海拔下的全负荷标定试验,研究了最佳喷油参数随海拔的变化,并进行了高压共轨柴油机不同海拔下的功率试验.研究结果表明,最佳循环喷油量随海拔的增加而减小,海拔每升高1 000,m,循环喷油量下降2%～4%;中高转速下最佳喷油提前角和轨压随海拔的增加而增大.海拔每升高1 000,m,最大转矩降低2.8%,标定功率下降2.9%.不同海拔下柴油机速度系数保持不变.不同海拔中高转速燃油经济性基本保持不变,低转速下燃油经济性恶化,海拔每升高1 000,m,低转速下燃油消耗率增加3.9%.     

不同海拔条件下喷油参数对柴油机性能的影响

通过内燃机高原环境模拟试验台,研究了不同海拔条件下高压共轨柴油机在最大转矩转速点(1500 r/min)全负荷(2300 N·m)和部分负荷(500 N·m)工况下喷油提前角、共轨压力及循环喷油量(全负荷)对柴油机燃烧特性与性能的影响规律.结果表明:全负荷工况下,随着喷油提前角增加,柴油机滞燃期增加,最高燃烧压力和最大压力升高率增大,增大趋势随海拔增加而降低,柴油机转矩在0 km和3 km海拔先增加后减小,在5 km海拔时逐步增加.随着共轨压力增加,柴油机燃烧相位提前,最高燃烧压力、最大压力升高率和转矩均增加,排温降低;部分负荷工况下,有效燃油消耗率随共轨压力增加而降低.随循环喷油量增加,转矩、排温和缸内压力均逐渐增大,最大压力升高率在3 km海拔范围内逐渐增加、在5 km海拔时逐渐减小.海拔每升高1 km,柴油机在全负荷工况下,最佳循环喷油量平均降低5.81%,最佳喷油提前角和共轨压力在全负荷和部分负荷工况下平均分别增加了1.2°,CA、0.8°,CA和4 MPa、3 MPa.     

喷油策略对柴油机高原起动过程性能影响研究

基于高原环境模拟装置,以单缸柴油机为试验对象,进行了0～4 000 m海拔起动性能试验,研究了喷油策略对柴油机变海拔起动性能的影响。结果表明,海拔从0增至4 000 m的过程中,起动升速期和过渡期时间分别延长14.2%、15.8%。平原工况下,随着轨压的提高,过渡期先增加后降低,但升速期逐渐降低,起动总时间缩短。海拔4 000 m时,过渡期与升速期均随轨压先增加后降低。在平原工况下,采用阶梯型喷油策略能够有效缩短过渡期,减少起动时间,起动时间较原机策略缩短6.1%,提高过渡转速能够抑制转速上冲,缩短起动时间。当海拔为4 000 m时,增加初始阶段循环喷油量及过渡转速均能缩短过渡时间,改善起动性能。     

非道路涡轮增压柴油机高原适应性研究

为改善非道路柴油机高海拔条件下功率下降、经济性及排放性能恶化、高速增压器超速等问题,利用柴油机高原环境模拟台架试验结合一维仿真研究了0～4 000m海拔环境下增压器运行特性、柴油机综合性能参数等随海拔高度的变化规律及影响机理。针对柴油机的变海拔性能恢复目标,通过对增压系统进行参数计算和选配,提出一种带有废气旁通阀的两级涡轮增压匹配方案。研究结果表明:变海拔条件下,非道路柴油机各性能参数呈现非线性变化,在转速800～2 800r/min全负荷工况下,柴油机动力性、经济性变化梯度呈现出先减小后增大的"浴盆形"趋势。在0～2 000m海拔环境下,柴油机转矩降幅达4.3%,有效燃油消耗率降幅达6%。随着海拔升高,中冷前温度与涡前温度逐渐升高,增压压力与涡前压力逐渐降低,CO、全碳氢和NO_x排放升高。匹配两级增压系统后,对比原机4 000m海拔运行工况,柴油机功率平均升高14.9%,有效燃油消耗率平均降低11.8%,实现了非道路柴油机的高海拔性能恢复目标。     

高原自适应柴油机涡轮增压技术研究

针对某柴油机面临的变海拔适应性问题,基于可变截面增压器,建立了柴油机变海拔自适应增压系统,利用高原柴油机性能模拟试验台,进行了0~4 000 m高原性能模拟对比试验,研究了高原环境下增压对换气过程及柴油机性能的影响。研究结果表明:通过采用可变截面增压技术,柴油机高海拔性能下降得以改善,并解决了柴油机在高海拔低速工况下不能工作、增压器喘振等问题,使柴油机在4 000 m海拔下最大扭矩点转速恢复到原机平原条件下的转速1 300 r/min,扭矩降幅小于5%。通过初步研究得出可变截面增压技术在柴油机高原恢复功率、降低热负荷方面具有一定的潜力。     

非直喷式增压柴油机燃用生物柴油的性能与排放特性

研究了非直喷式增压柴油机燃用柴油一生物柴油混合燃料的性能和排放特性。未对原机作任何调整和改动,研究了不同生物柴油掺混比例的混合燃料对功率、油耗、烟度和NOx排放的影响。结果表明：非直喷式柴油机燃用生物柴油后柴油机功率略有下降,油耗有所上升,烟度大幅下降,NOx排放增加明显。油耗、烟度和NOx的变化均与生物柴油掺混比例呈线性关系,合适的生物柴油掺混比例即可以保持柴油机的性能,又可有效地降低碳烟排放,且不引起NOx排放的显著变化。对于该增压柴油机,掺混生物柴油对外特性下的排放影响最大,影响最小的为标定转速下的负荷特性。不论是全负荷还是部分负荷,燃用生物柴油时低速下的烟度降低和NOx上升幅度均比高速时大,而同转速下高负荷时烟度降低和NOx上升更为明显。     

高海拔增压柴油机喷油定时模拟与试验研究

在海拔3 500m和海拔4 550m环境下对某增压柴油机进行外特性试验,重点研究了喷油定时对柴油机高海拔性能的影响。试验结果表明:喷油提前后,柴油机在两个海拔高度下功率最高提升了6.32%和5.78%,燃油消耗率分别平均下降了8.40%和4.59%,涡前排气温度及增压器转速满足柴油机参数控制要求。结合缸内燃烧数值模拟分析,发现高海拔高转速下喷油提前角较大时,碳烟排放增加,缸内燃烧反而变差。     

CA6110／125ZLRA5高压共轨电控柴油机的开发研究

阐述了高压共轨燃油系统的结构与工作原理 ,对原样机进行了性能与排放试验。在对共轨样机的试验中 ,通过改变共轨压力、喷油定时、预喷间隙和预喷量以及发动机的进气涡流比等参数 ,找出了这些参数对柴油机性能和排放的影响规律 :降低涡流比可使柴油机的烟度、颗粒度及标定点的比油耗明显改善 ;提高轨压可明显改善柴油机的烟度和比油耗 ;增大提前角可使烟度降低。对两种柴油机均进行了负荷特性、速度特性、排放特性试验 ,共轨样机与原样机相比烟度、比油耗明显下降 ;随着负荷的增大NOX 也大幅度下降。研究结果表明 :共轨发动机的各排放指标均超过了欧Ⅱ排放标准。     

高压共轨柴油机怠速工况喷射控制参数匹配研究

为优化高压共轨柴油机的怠速性能,以降低油耗、NOx排放以及烟度为优化目标,采用正交试验法对一台共轨柴油机怠速工况下的喷射控制参数进行了匹配试验研究。结果表明：在怠速工况下,喷射控制参数对柴油机油耗影响的主次因素依次是怠速值、喷油提前角、轨压;对NOx排放影响的主次因素依次是轨压、喷油提前角、怠速值;对烟度影响的主次因素依次是喷油提前角、轨压、怠速值。不同优化目标下的喷射控制参数最优组合也可由正交试验分析得到。     

电控高压共轨柴油机高海拔性能试验研究

在内燃机高原环境性能模拟试验台上,对不同海拔高度(大气压力)下的电控共轨柴油机性能进行了试验研究,分析了大气压力的变化对电控共轨柴油机性能的影响规律。结果表明:海拔3 000m以下,柴油机的动力性和经济性随海拔的升高基本保持不变;海拔5 000与0m相比,在低转速时,有效功率下降42.1%,燃油消耗率增加18.6%;在中高转速时,有效功率下降15.1%,燃油消耗率小于7.0%,排温基本保持在710℃以内。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.