加速器驱动的次临界系统散裂靶热工水力研究

散裂靶位于加速器驱动的次临界系统（ADS）的中心,为核嬗变提供所需的中子源。通过分析散裂靶的热工要求,选取铅铋合金（LBE）作为ADS的靶材料和冷却剂。使用MCNP程序计算质子束轰击靶区产生的能量沉积,并使用CFD程序FLUENT计算靶区热工特性。分析了不同设计参数及不同靶窗形状对ADS靶区温度分布和速度分布的影响,得到满足热工要求的可选方案。     

加速器驱动的次临界系统初步概念设计

基于初始Pu装载对加速器驱动的次临界系统(ADS)嬗变次锕系核素（MA）的影响,提出了6种采用(TRU-10Zr)-Zr*弥散体燃料的ADS概念设计方案。运用MCNP与ORIGEN2程序对ADS嬗变MA堆芯进行稳态与燃耗计算,比较分析MA的嬗变效果、有效增殖因数k_eff、质子束流流强I_p与初始Pu含量的关系。计算结果表明：随着初始Pu含量的增加,MA的嬗变率减小,初始I_p增大;初始Pu含量小于33%,k_eff随时间的变化是先增大后减小,大于33%后一直减小,且随着初始Pu含量的增加,k_eff减小得更加明显。故初始钚含量为33%的方案为最佳,其k_eff的相对变化不超过1%,I_p小于20 mA,MA嬗变率高达28.06%,嬗变支持比为29.23,满足初步设计要求。     

加速器驱动的次临界系统快堆次锕系核素非均匀布置堆芯的中子学研究

运用MCNP与ORIGEN2耦合计算程序COUPLE，对加速器驱动的次临界系统（ADS）钠冷金属燃料快堆堆芯进行稳态与燃耗计算，比较分析次锕系核素（MA）非均匀布置堆芯与均匀布置堆芯在MA嬗变效果与反应性参数方面的差异。计算结果表明，对比均匀布置，非均匀布置具有更高的MA嬗变率与嬗变支持比，在反应性参数方面导致多普勒效应与有效缓发中子分额降低，钠空泡效应增大，在堆芯功率分布与加速器束流功率方面没有明显变化。     

从广义自持链式反应观点看加速器驱动系统

用广义自持链式反应的观点探讨了加速器驱动系统 (ADS)的基本内涵。认为次临界反应堆、质子加速器和靶所组合的整体仍可看成一个 (临界的 )自持链式反应堆。这个反应堆不同于通常临界反应堆的特点是每次裂变后的二次中子不仅包含裂变释放的中子而且还包含部分裂变释能 (通过质子加速器及靶 )所转换的中子。正是有了这些附加中子 ,使得加速器驱动系统每次裂变的有效二次中子数增加了。一个ADS系统能够稳定运行的条件是ADS的次临界堆和加速器能够相互匹配使得ADS系统的有效二次中子数达到这样的水平 ,以致在ADS系统内能够形成自持的中子链式反应。因此尽管ADS的反应堆部分是次临界的 ,但从ADS整体来看只要质子加速器与次临界反应堆匹配得当 ,ADS系统是可以像通常临界反应堆那样 ,维持自持的链式反应的 (或临界的 )。给出了ADS系统维持自持链式反应的匹配条件 (广义临界条件 )。最后根据ADS系统的特点探讨了ADS在核废物处理 (嬗变 )、提高核燃料增殖效率及核能开发中的作用。     

输运-燃耗程序系统及ADS基准题的计算

为了对加速器驱动次临界系统(Accelerator Driven System)的中子经济性和安全性做进一步研究,IAEA启动了ADS合作研究计划,提出了ADS基准题。基准题分为几个阶段,第一阶段主要致力于ADS的中子性能和核数据库及计算程序的验证。本文开发了ANSN-DOT4.2-ORIGEN2输运．燃耗程序系统,并对该基准题进行了给定次临界度下的富集度、零燃耗下的径向与轴向功率分布、空泡效应、外源价值和燃耗的计算,取得了满意的结果。     

上旋式无窗散裂靶件自由界面数值研究

无窗散裂靶件是加速器驱动的次临界系统的重要组成部分。为了使靶件维持稳定的自由界面并具有良好的热移出功能,本文提出一种上旋式无窗靶件设计,以水为工质,采用ANSYS Fluent软件对该靶件设计进行数值模拟。结果表明,该结构散裂靶件能较好地维持稳定自由界面,不会出现漩涡滞止区,并得到不同入口流速对自由界面形状、流场特征及压降的影响。     

启明星Ⅱ号中子吸收体反应性价值测量

为验证加速器驱动的次临界系统（ADS）次临界反应堆设计时理论计算所使用的计算程序和核数据,在ADS启明星Ⅱ号零功率装置的铅冷堆芯中采用不锈钢元件作为中子吸收体,利用周期法对不锈钢中子吸收体的反应性价值进行实验研究。实验结果表明：吸收体的反应性价值随元件与中心径间距离的增加而降低,实验测量与理论计算的反应性价值接近,变化趋势相互吻合。经实验验证的理论计算程序和核数据可用于ADS次临界反应堆的设计。     

150MeV质子入射固态金属靶性质研究

对150MeV质子入射钨、铅和铅－铋合金固态金属靶的性质进行了研究。就靶的几何设计、靶材料选择、150MeV质子入射靶中子产额和从靶中泄漏的中子产额、泄漏中子的能谱和空间分布、靶的放射性活度累积以及靶的辐射损伤进行了研究。     

可用一台ADS验证装置的150 MeV固态金属散裂中子靶的性质研究

对可以用于中国“加速器驱动洁净核能系统”的入射质子能量为150MeV,束流为3 mA的固态金属靶进行了研究。采用锥型几何结构作为靶的结构,材料选择钨,靶厚度为3 mm,对“靶-束窗”一体化结构进行了研究。研究了泄露中子产额和中子产额,泄露中子的能谱分布和空间分布,散裂碎片的分布以及能量沉积和辐射损伤。     

Research and Development Program on Accelerator Driven Subcritical System in JAEA

For a dedicated transmutation system, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) has been proceeding with the research and development on an accelerator-driven subcritical system (ADS). The ADS proposed by JAEA is a lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) cooled fast subcritical core with 800 MWth. JAEA has started a comprehensive research and development (R&D) program since the fiscal year of 2002 to acquire knowledge and elemental technology that are necessary for the validation of engineering feasibility of the ADS. In this paper, the outline and the results in the first three-year stage of the program are reported. Items of R&D were concentrated on three technical areas peculiar to the ADS: (1) a superconducting linear accelerator (SC-LINAC), (2) the LBE as spallation target and core coolant, and (3) a subcritical core design and reactor physics of the ADS. For R&D on the accelerator, a prototype cryomodule was built and its good performance in electric field was examined. For R&D on the LBE, various technical data for material corrosion, thermal-hydraulics and radioactive impurity were obtained by loop tests and reactor irradiation. For R&D on the subcritical core, engineering feasibility for the LBE cooled tank-type ADS was discussed using thermal-hydraulic and structural analysis not only in normal operation but also in transient situations. Reactor physics experiments for subcritical monitoring and physics parameters of the ADS were also performed at critical assemblies.     

多时空通道中子注量率密度数据采集系统方案设计

介绍了用在加速器驱动核能系统(ADS)次临界原理验证装置上的微机化多时空通道中子注量率密度数据采集系统设计方案．该数据采集系统用于采集多个空间位置的中子注量率密度水平随时间变化的数据。     

ADS次临界实验装置--启明星1#

文章介绍加速器驱动次临界系统（ADS）中次临界实验装置——启明星1#的设计目的、要求、结构和可开展的工作。启明星1#是由快中子能谱区和热中子能谱区耦合组成的堆芯和由高压倍加器氘-氚反应中子源来驱动的次临界系统。快中子能谱区处在堆芯内部，该区提供快中子谱，还可放大外中子源，以驱动热区；热中子能谱区处在堆芯外部，主要用来能量放大，以维持装置的链式裂变反应。     

Optimal ion beam,target type and size for accelerator driven systems: Implications to the associated accelerator power

In interactions of different energetic ions with extended targets hydrogen isotopes are the most effective projectiles for the production of spallation neutrons. It is shown that for every target material and incident ion type and energy there is an optimal target size which results in the escape of a maximum number of spallation neutrons from the target. Calculations show that in an ADS, combination of a beam of 1.5 GeV deuteron projectiles and a uranium target results in the highest neutron production rate and therefore highest energy gain. For fast 1.5 GeV d + ²³⁸U ADS with lead or lead–bismuth eutectic moderator, the required ion beam current is only 38% of that for 1 GeV proton projectiles on lead target. It is shown that for a modular ADS with uranium target and output power of 550 MW_th a 1.5 GeV deuteron beam of current 1.8 mA is required, which is easily achievable with today’s technology. For an ADS with k_eff = 0.98 and output power of 2.2 GW_th, the required beam currents for (a) 1 GeV p + Pb and (b) 1.5 GeV d + U systems are 18.5 and 7.1 mA, respectively.     

ADS次临界反应堆的中子共轭方程

与临界反应堆相比,ADS次临界反应堆的外源中子和裂变中子的空间分布具有严重的不均匀性,对应的中子价值也不同。本工作对次临界反应堆的稳态输运方程作分群扩散近似,得到了多群方程,进一步推导出按堆芯功率归一化的中子共轭方程表达式和与功率相关的中子价值函数表达式,给出了次临界反应堆中子价值的物理意义。由稳态中子共轭方程组出发,给出了两种带外加中子源的次临界反应堆增殖因数的表达式。     

Implementation of an LBE spallation target in an accelerator-driven molten salt subcritical reactor

An accelerator-driven system (ADS) combined with a subcritical molten salt reactor (MSR) is a type of hybrid reactor originally designed to use Th/U (or U/Pu ) fuel cycles. In most accelerator-driven molten salt reactor (AD-MSR) concepts, the salt material is also used as a target for inducing spallation neutrons. Although a neutron source is an important component in the design of ADS, only a few studies have addressed the effects of the neutron spallation source in the AD-MSR. Incidentally, there is no quantitative study on how much the beam power can be reduced by installing a spallation target in a sodium chloride-based fast reactor. We studied the proton and the neutron source efficiencies of an AD-MSR with chloride fuels by considering an Lead Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) spallation target. This LBE target is found to increase the proton source efficiency significantly. The required beam power for an AD-MSR can be reduced by 33 % and 16 % for NaCl-Th/²³³U and NaCl-U/Pu fuels, respectively, relative to the AD-MSR without the LBE spallation target by keeping the same k_eff. The energy gain can be increased up to 1.5 times and 1.2 times for NaCl-Th/²³³U and NaCl-U/Pu fuels, respectively. Thus, incorporating a spallation target module in an AD-MSR can significantly reduce the burden on the accelerator.     

PDS-XADS散裂靶热工水力分析

本文对小型加速器驱动的次临界系统（ADS）--PDS-XADS散裂靶进行了热工水力分析。分析的XADS型实验堆基于欧洲PDS-XADS实验项目的设计,使用铅铋合金（LBE）作为冷却剂。散裂靶是ADS的核心部件之一,用以确保反应堆功率维持在指定水平。本文利用计算流体力学软件ANSYS CFX 11.0对散裂靶的下部区域进行热工水力分析。分析采用稳态计算、剪切应力输运（SST）湍流模型,在壁面边界条件处采用自动壁面函数法,针对不同的散裂靶设计进行计算流体力学（CFD）分析,最后根据散裂靶设计限值选择最优设计方案。     

Neutronic characterization of the MEGAPIE target

The MEGAPIE project aimed to design, build and operate a liquid metal spallation neutron target of about 1 MW beam power in the SINQ facility at the Paul Scherrer Institut (Villigen, Switzerland). This project is an important step in the roadmap towards the demonstration of the accelerator driven system (ADS) concept and high power liquid metal targets in general. Following the design phase, an experimental program was defined to provide a complete characterization of the facility by performing a “mapping” of the neutron flux at different points, from the center of the target to the beam lines. The neutronic performance of the target was studied using different experimental techniques with the goals of validating the Monte Carlo codes used in the design of the target; additionally, the performance was compared with the solid lead targets used before and after the MEGAPIE experiment.     

ADS次临界反应堆的点堆中子动力学方程

加速器驱动的次临界系统（ADS）中的次临界反应堆与临界反应堆相比,中子注量率的空间分布具有严重的不均匀性,同时中子平均能量较高且中子能量变化复杂,中子价值变化大,因而传统的点堆动力学方程不能较为真实地模拟ADS次临界反应堆。本文从含多群中子多组缓发中子先驱核的动力学方程出发,给出其共轭方程。然后利用稳态扩散方程及其共轭方程的共轭关系,推导得出含有归一化功率的动力学方程表达式。进而定义多个特征算子,导出了含有源中子价值的点堆中子动力学方程,并对几种简单情况进行了初步验证,为进一步分析ADS次临界反应堆的动态过程奠定了基础。     

Experimental study on gas-injection enhanced circulation performed with the CIRCE facility

This paper describes the results of an experimental campaign concerning the possibility of achieving a steady state circulation by gas-injection in a pool containing lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) as working fluid. The activity was aimed at gaining information about the basic mechanisms of the gas injection enhanced circulation intended as a pumping system for a liquid metal cooled reactor. In particular, the paper is focused on the experimental work performed in the CIRCE large-scale facility, installed at the ENEA Brasimone Centre for studying the fluid-dynamic and operating behaviour of ADS reactor plants cooled by LBE. The gas enhanced circulation tests were carried out for different LBE temperatures (from 200 to 320 °C), under isothermal conditions and with a wide range of argon injected flow rates (from 0.5 to 7.0 Nl/s). The gas is injected from the bottom of the riser, by means of an appropriate nozzle, and the liquid metal flow rate is measured by a Venturi-Nozzle flow meter installed in the single phase part of the test section. The obtained results allowed formulating a characteristic curve of the system and evaluating the void fraction distribution along the riser path by means differential pressure measurements, which play an important role to generating the driving force for the circulation.     

Concept of electron accelerator-driven system based on subcritical cascade reactor

A concept of accelerator-driven system consisting of electron accelerator, neutron-generating target and two-core subcritical blanket with fast and thermal neutron spectrum has been presented. Some general features of the cascade neutron multiplication in the two-core subcritical blanket are discussed. Calculation results are demonstrated for the processes of electron–photon–neutron interactions of electron beam with the target material. Neutronic and heat engineering characteristics of the facility are also described. It has been shown that with the system's subcritical level of 2% and electron beam power of 4 MW, the facility power is as high as 50 MW.